उपवनविनोद (आचार्य शार्ङ्गधर - वृक्षायुर्वेद, भू-जल संधान एवं उद्यान-विज्ञान सटीक)

28 UPAVANA VINODA
XI. NOURISHMENT & XII. KUNAPA WATER
The origin of manuring the soil, a necessity for the nourishment of plants,
can be traced as early as to a verse of the Atharva Veda (II, 8.3). But a
more elaborate instruction in manuring is given in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā¹, the
Agnipurāṇa², the Kṛṣi Saṁgraha of Parāśara³ and the Śukranīti⁴.
"To promote inflorscence and fructification a mixture of one adhaka (64
palas) of sesame, two adhakas (128 palas) of excreta of goats or sheep, one
prastha (16 palas) of barley powder, one tulā (100 palas) of beef, thrown into
one droṇa (256 palas) of water, and standing over for seven nights, should
be poured round the roots of the plant. The measures given are for one
plant." This measure is for all kinds of plants (...वनस्पतेः वल्लीगुल्मलतानां च
फलपुष्पाय सर्व्वदा). 17 & 18.
The Agnipurāṇa has almost precisely the same thing :
"To increase the production of flowers and fruits one should sprinkle
ghee with cold milk, also a mixture of sesame, excreta of goats and sheep,
barley powder and beef, thrown into water, and standing over for 7
nights should be poured round the roots of the plant (गोमांसमुदकाञ्चैव सप्तरात्र'
निधापयेत् etc.) 11 & 12.
It further adds that mango is specially benefited by cold fish-washings
(मत्स्योदकेन शीतेन आम्राणां etc.), and also prescribes pouring of fish-washings as
a general measure for luxuriant growth of trees. (मत्स्याम्भसा तु सेकेन वृद्धिर्भवति
शाखिनः).
Parāśara gives the following direction :
"On an auspicious day in the month of Māgha after taking out with the
help of a spade the manure from a dung-heap, one should dry them in the
sun and grind them. In the month of Fālgoona these are then burried in the
fields and on the eve of sowing (seeds) should apply them to the soil, else
the yields of crops will not increase." 107—109.
Śukrāchāryya has the following recipes : As a general measure to cause
healthy growth, the plants should be nourished "by stools of goats, sheep,
cows, water as well meat." (94) "If trees have their fruits destroyed the
pouring of cold water after being cooked together with Kulattha, Māṣa,
Mudga (all pulses), Yava and Tila would lead to the growth of flowers and
fruits." (107—108). "Growth of trees can be helped by the application
of water with which fishes are washed and cleansed (109). The powder
of the dungs of goats and sheep, the powder of Yava, Tila, beef as well as
1 Chap. 58, Translations are Dr. Seal's.
2 Chap. 281.
3 Slokas 107, 108 and 109. Bangabasi Ed. Cal. 1322 B. S.
4 Śukra IV, iv, 94, 107—112.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 29
water should be kept together (undisturbed) for seven nights. The applica-
tion of this water leads very much to the growth in flowers and fruits of
all trees (110-112)."
Dr. Seal concludes: these elaborate recipes are emperical contrivances
for supplying the plant with the requisite nitrogen compounds, phosphates,
etc., these being potentially contained in the mixtures and infusions pres-
cribed."
XIII. TREATMENT OF TREES—TO BE READ ALONG
WITH VIII. PROTECTION OF TREES
Treatment of plant-diseases as a distinct branch of knowledge was recog-
nised by our ancestors at a very early date. Destruction of plants by fungi
and pestiferous insects, are referred to in ancient literature.
For the first time, in the Vedic literature, we find a hymn in Atharva
Veda (Bk. VI, 50) which refers to the destruction of corns by vermins, such
as, the tarda (borer) the jabhya (snapper), the upakvasa (a noxious insect
injurious to seeds-Vedic Index), the vyadvaras (rodents), samanka (hook), the
mole, and such other devourers of corn¹.
Sāyana's commentary thereon gives a long list of pestiferous insects (Kāuśik,)
51, 17-22—मूषकशलभपतङ्गटिढिभकीटककोटिकाद्दरिवारुकशल्यकगोसीधागोकाम्यादि सस्य विनाशकानि²।
The next definite mention of plant diseases, as such, is found in the Vinaya
Piṭaka (C. X. 1. 6.). Here by way of analogy Lord Buddha mentioned the two
most important of cereal diseases, namely, the "mildew" and the "blight".
The text is well worth quoting here: "And just Ānanda, as when the disease,
called mildew, falls upon a field of rice (corns) in fine condition, that field of
rice does not continue long; just so etc. And just, Ānanda, as when the
disease called blight falls upon a field of sugarcane in good condition, that
field of sugarcane does not continue long; just so, etc."³ It may here be point-
ed out that in the old Testament there are about half a dozen references to
the existence of "blights" and "mildews", and Aristotle (350 B. C.) knew of the
epidemic nature of wheat rust.⁴
Next in the Śukranīti (IV. ii. 56-57) we find the following text: "He
(king) should not preserve those (grains) that have been attacked by poisons,
fire or snows, or eaten by worms or insects, or those that have been hollowed
out, but should use them for immediate use".⁵
1 Harvard Oriental Series, Vol 7. Eng. Tran. Whitney.
2 The Kauśika-Sūtra of the Atharva Veda, Ed. Maurice Bloomfield. The Journal of the
Amer. Soc. Vol XIV. 1890. New Haven. See also S. B. E. Vol. 42, pp. 485-487.
3 S. B. E. Vol 20, p. 326.
4 The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 13th Ed. Vol. 21-22. Plant Pathology, p. 754.
5 S. B. H. Vol 13, p. 140,

30 UPAVANA VINODA
In the Arthaśāstra,¹ Bṛhatsaṃhitā² and the Agnipurāṇa,³—all non-Botanical
treatises, we find distinct sections devoted to "Vṛkṣāyurveda", or "the
treatment of plants in health and diseases.⁴ In the Arthaśāstra we find that the
Officer in charge of the department of Agriculture (सीताध्यक्ष) must be versed in
kṛṣitantragulmavṛkṣāyurveda (कृषितन्त्रगुल्मवृक्षायुर्वेदः). Varāhamihira, author of the
Bṛhatsaṃhitā, gives the following etiology and diagnosis of the diseased
condition of a plant (एतैश्चिह्नैस्तरः सरोगोर्ज्ञेयः) :—
"Cold climate (low temperature), wind (dryness) and sun (high temperature)
are the causes of diseases. (When the plant is diseased), the leaves become
yellow (etiolated), buds (प्रवालानां) do not develop, or their growth arrested,
branches become dry and the sap exudes." 14. Kāśyapa, another autho-
rity, says, "those plants that have yellow leaves (पाण्डुरैः पत्रैश्च), that are fruitless
and denuded of leaves,—and these caused by coldness, excessive heat, too
much rain, dry wind, and by the intermingling of roots of different plants, are
to be known as diseased, and are to be treated accordingly."
He then prescribes the following remedies :
"To cure the plants first scrape off, or otherwise remove, the parts affected
with a knife, then apply mud kneaded with ghee and viḍaṅga to these parts,
after which milk diluted with water should be poured at the roots." 15.
The Agnipurāṇa has almost a similar prescription : शस्त्रेनादौ हि शोधनम् ।
विड़ङ्गघृतपङ्काक्तान् सेचयेच्छीतवारिणा ). 9 & 10.
Varāhamihira then prescribes a recipe for the cure of barrenness. He
recommends that "as a remedy against barrenness (cause may be anything) a
hot decoction should be made of Kulattha, Māṣa, Mudga, Tila and Yava,
which when cooled should be poured round the roots." 16.
Almost an identical recipe occurs both in the Śukranīti and the Agnipurāṇa.
Thus :
The Śukranīti—"If trees have their fruits destroyed, the pouring of cold
water after being cooked together with Kulattha, Māṣa, Mudga. Yava and
Tila would lead to the growth of flowers and fruits" (IV. iv, 107-108).
The Agnipurāṇa—"Viḍaṅga and ghee kneaded with mud and sprinkled
with cold water together with Kulattha, Māṣa, Mudga, Yava, and Tila should
be used in a case of barrenness." 10.
As a prophylactic measure the Agnipurāṇa further prescribes :—
"Viḍaṅga mixed with rice, fish and flesh,—all these mixed together con-
stitute a remedy invigorating to the plants and curative of their diseases." 13.
1 Chap. 24. Eng. Tran. Syama Sastri (1915) p. 142.
2 Chap. 54, Vol. II, pp. 743, et sqq.
3 Chap. 281, pp. 43. Biblio. Ind. Vol. II, 1876.
4 Vanaspati—Majumdar, pp. 1-7.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 31
Guṇaratna (circa 1200 A, D.), the commentator of Ṣaḍdarśana Samuc-
caya draws the following analogy to prove the existence of consciousness
in plants :
“Just as human body is subject to jaundice, dropsy, shofa (?) emaciation,
and defects (dwarfness) of fingers, nose, etc., etc., so also plants suffer from
similar diseases, such as inception of disease, displacement or dislocation of
flowers, fruits, leaves and bark.”
“And just as by the application of the appropriate remedies unnatural
growth, deterioration, wounds, fractures, etc., etc., can be cured, so also in
plants by the application of proper drugs as prescribed in the Vṛkṣāyurveda.”¹
Unfortunately for us this treatise on the treatment of plants referred to in
the Arthaśāstra, Śukranīti, Bṛhatsaṁhitā, Agnipurāṇa and other non-Botanical
treatises is no longer available.
XIV. BOTANICAL MARVELS
Botanical marvels constitute an interesting subject by itself and it has receiv-
ed sufficient attention in our ancient literature.
Varāhamihira gives us a few recipes by the application of which some
botanical wonders may be produced. Thus he says that “any seed, being
steeped a hundred times in a paste of Alangium fruit, or in its oil, or in (the
dregs and oil of) Cordia, will, when planted in clay impregnated with hail-
water, sprout instantaneously and what wonder, that the branches should be
loaded with fruits ? 27 & 28.
When you wish to plant Cordia seeds take the precaution of stripping
them of the shell, and of steeping them in the shade, seven times in water
mixed with a thick sauce from Alangium fruits ; then rub them with buffalo's
dung and lay them in manure. Being afterwards planted in clay soaked with
hail water, they will produce fruits (so to say) in a day.² 29 & 30.
Prof. Benoy Sarkar writes, and we completely agree with him, that “if the
complete transformation of orders and genera be absurd, that of species is not
so, and has been verified by experiments. With the horticultural miracles
guaranteed by Varāhamihira & Śārṅgadhara of old we are tempted to compare
the epoch making new creations in plant life by Luther Burbank, the American
plant-breeder of modern times. The wonderful achievements of this great and
unique genius include among other creations the following : the improved
thornless and spineless edible cactus, food for man and beast, to be the recla-
mation of the deserts of the world ; the primus berry, a union of rasp-berry
and blackberry, the first recorded instance of the creation of a new species,
a tree which grows more rapidly than any other tree ever known in the
1 Biblio. Indica, New Series, 1151 (1907).
2 Chap. 54.

32 UPAVANA VINODA
temperate zones of the world; a dahlia with its disagreeable odour driven out,
and in its place the odour of the magnolia blossom substituted; a chestnut tree
which bears nuts in eighteen months from the time of seed planting, etc., etc.¹"
Like other branches of applied art or science in ancient India Arbori-Horti-
culture had developed under the patronage of kings and aristocracy. Marvels
or extraordinary results were achieved by the specialists and experts from
time to time in different branches, and, as the ancient records clearly indicate,
did not pass unnoticed or unrewarded. The Uddānapālas (Uyyānopālas)
or experts under whose charge the royal gardens were placed had ample
opportunities of making their experiments, and incentive to producing marvellous
results was, of course, the expectation of recognition and reward. We have
not a full information of all Botanical marvels achieved by the ancient Indian
experts in Horticulture. But there is one Buddhist Birth-story, the Dadhivāhana
Jātaka, which records the interesting instance of a twofold marvel: (1) of
bringing in conditions by which a mango tree bearing wonderfully sweet
fruits began to bear fruits with bitter taste, and (2) of restoring the former
sweetness of the fruits. Whether scientifically correct or not the means
whereby this change was made possible, are said to have been this: that the
tree was caused to be closely surrounded by nimba trees so that the roots
of the latter might form an intimate connection with those of the mango tree,
and to be entwined and overgrown with the Paggava plant (evidently a
parasitic creeper) to inject its bitter sap into the host plant. In restoring
the normal condition of the mango tree not only the nimba trees and Paggava
creeper were completely removed, roots and branches, but the whole infected
soil was also replaced by fresh nutritious earth, well scented.
The Birth-Story further mentions 'the early blossoming of trees out of
season' (akālapupphani pupphapento) and 'the early bearing of fruits out
of season' (akālaphalāni gaṇhāpento), as two among the accomplishments
of the expert. In the same connection we learn that the improvement of a
species or a variety depends primarily on the selection of seeds, the soil and
the condition under which plants grow.
XV. ASCERTAINMENT OF THE PRICES OF THINGS
A chapter² in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā is devoted towards the subject, which is
translated below:—

1. "One can infer the cheapness of commodities and success of crops by
   1 S. B. H. 16, pp. 178-179; for details see New Creations in Plant Life by Harwood. Mac-
   millan & Co. 1905.
   2 Chap. 29, Vol. I, pp. 422-426. Sanskrit ed. Here the translation is author's.
   See also Verspreide Geschriften—H. Kern, Vol. I, pp. 268-269, Eng. trans.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 33
means of looking at the abundance of the growth and development by
flowers and fruits of trees (वनस्पतीनां)''.
One can infer the cheapness—
2. "Of Kalama Śāli from the abundant growth of flowers and fruits of
Sāla; of red Śāli from red Aśoka; of Pāṇḍuka from Dugdhika; and of
Sūkaraka from blue Aśoka".
3. "Of Yavaka from Nyagrodha, of Ṣaṣṭika from Tinduka, and of all
cereals from Aśvattha".
4. "Of Tila and Māṣa from Jambu; of Priyaṅgu from Śirī'ṣa; of
wheat from Madhuka; of barley from Saptaparṇa".
5. "Of cotton from the abundance of Atimuktaka and Kunda, of
Sarṣapa from Asana, Kulattha from Vadari' and Mudga from Karañja".
6. "Of Atasī from the flowers of Vetasa, Kodrava from the flowers Palāśa,
Śaṅkha, Mukta, and silver from the Tilaka, and Śaṇa (hemp) from Iṅgudī".
7. "Of elephants from Hastikarṇa, and horses from Aśwakarṇa; kine from
Pātalā and goats and lambs from plantain".
8. "Of gold from the flowers of Champaka; cheapness or abundance
of Bidruma (coral) from Bandhujīva, Bajra (diamond) from the overgrowth
of Kuruvaka, and Vaidūryya (beryl) from Nandikāvartta".
9. "One can infer the cheapness of Mauktika (pearls) from the Sindhu-
vāra; (longevity and prosperity of artists (कारुका:) from the Kusumbha, and
those of Raja from the red lotus and of minister from the blue lotus."
10. "(Prosperity of) a Śreṣṭhī is to be inferred from the Svarṇapuṣpa,
of the Brahmanas from the lotus, of the Purohita (king's spiritual preceptor)
from the white lily; of the Senāpati from the Saugandhika, and increase of gold
(wealth) from the Arka."
11. "(General) well-being is indicated by the mango, danger (fear) by the
Bhallātaka, recovery (from illness) by the Pīlu, famine by the overgrowth of
Khadira and Śamī, and good rain by the Arjuna."
12. "Abundance of crop by the flowers of Picumanda and Nāgaku-
suma, good air (climate) by Kapittham, fear of drought (अवृष्टिभयम्) by Nichula,
and epidemic (fear of disease) by Kutaja."
13. "Of Ikṣu by the flowers of Darva and Kuśa; fear of fire by Kovidāra,
and the increase of courtesans by the overgrowth of Śyāmālatā."
Signs of coming rains (वृष्टिलक्षणम्) :—
14. "When vṛkṣas (trees), gulmas (shrubs and herbs), and latās (creepers)
become full of snigdha (graceful) and niśchidra (entire, untorn) leaves,
(it is sure) that rains are coming; and when the plants (trees, etc.) bear leaves
that are dry, ungraceful (रूक्ष:), torn with many holes (छिद्रै:), it predicts scar-
city of water, i.e., of coming drought."
5

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UPAVANA-VINODA
THE TEXT

UPAVANAVINODA
EDITED

अथ वृक्षायुर्वेदः ॥८२॥
उपवन-विनोदः ॥
पुंसां सर्वसुखैकसाधनफलाः सौन्दर्य्यगर्वाङ्कुर—
क्रीडालोलविलासिनीजनमनः स्फीतप्रमोदावहाः ।
गुञ्जद्भृङ्गविनिद्रपङ्कजभरस्फारोल्लसद्दीर्घिका—
युक्ताः सन्ति गृहेषु यस्य विपुलारामाः स पृथ्वीपतिः ॥१
नवं वयो हारि^a वपुर्वराङ्गनाः
सखा कलावित्कलवल्लकीस्वनः ।
धनं हि^b सर्वं विफलं सुखैषिणो
विना विहारोपवनानि भूपतेः ॥२
शास्त्राणि तावदवलोक्य मया मुनीना—
मर्थः स एव गदितः परमार्थयुक्त्या^c ।
एनं^d विलोक्य निखिलं च विचारयन्तः
सन्तः स्वभावसरला मुदमाप्नुवन्तु ॥३
अथ तरुमहिमा ।^1
बहुभिर्वत किं जातैः पुत्रैर्धर्मार्थवर्जितैः ।
वरमेकः पथि तरुर्यत्र विश्रमते जनः^e ॥४
दशकूपसमा वापी दशवापीसमो ह्रदः ।
दशह्रदसमः पुत्रो दशपुत्रसमो द्रुमः ॥५

(a) गणनाथ—नवं मनोहारि
(b) ,, धनानि
(c) ,, परमार्थयुक्ता ।
(d) ,, एवं
(e) ,, विश्राम्यते जनैः ।
1 Cf. Matsya P. 154, 511—512.
Padma P. 26, Vṛkṣaropanam.
Agni P. Chap. on Tarāgavṛkṣapraśaṁsā.

38 UPAVANA VINODA
क्रीडारामं तु यः कुर्याद्द्रुमफलसंयुतम् ।
स गच्छेच्छंकरपुरं वसेत्तत्र युगत्रयम् ॥६ᵃ
एतत्सर्वं परिज्ञाय वृक्षारोपं समारभेत्ᵇ ।
धर्मार्थकाममोक्षाणां द्रुमेभ्यः साधनं यतः ॥७
यावद्दिनानि तुलसी रोपिता यद्गृहे वसेत् ।
तावद्वर्षसहस्राणि वैकुण्ठे स महीयते ॥८¹
यस्तु संरोपयेद्विल्वं शङ्करं प्रीतिकारकम् ।
तत्कुलेऽपिᶜ सदा लक्ष्मीः संतिष्ठेत्पुत्रपौत्रिकी ॥६
एवमेव हि योश्वत्थं रोपयेद्विधिना नरः ।
यत्र कुत्रापि वा स्थाने गच्छेत्सᵈ भवनं हरेः ॥१०
तेनेष्टा बहवो यज्ञास्तेन दत्ता वसुन्धरा ।
स सदा ब्रह्मचारी स्याद्येन धात्री प्ररोपिता ॥११
वटवृक्षद्वयं मर्त्यो रोपयेद्यो यथाविधि ।
शिवलोके वसेत्सोपि सेवितस्त्वप्सरोगणैःᵉ ॥१२
निम्बत्रयं समारोप्य नरो धर्मविचक्षणः ।
सूर्य्यलोकं समासाद्य वसेद्वब्दायुतत्रयम् ॥१३
चतुर्णां प्लक्षवृक्षाणां रोपणात्र संशयः ।
राजसूयस्य यज्ञस्य फलं प्राप्नोति मानवः ॥१४
पञ्चाम्रांश्चोपयेद्यस्तु मार्गेषूपवनेषु च ।
भूतानभविष्यान्युरुषांस्तारयेत्स चतुर्दᶠश ॥१५
(a) गणनाय—युगे युगे ।
(b) ,, वृक्षारामं समाचरेत् ।
(c) ,, तत्कुले हि
(d) ,, कुत्रापि चापन्नः स गच्छेद्भवनं
(e) ,, वटद्वयं हि यो मर्त्यो रोपयेच्च यथाविधि ।
शिवलोके वसन् सोऽपि सेवित etc. ॥
1 Cf. Matsya P. 59, 17—20.
Agni P. 70, 1—9.
Saṁyutta-Nikāya I, and Kṛiakāṇḍavāridhi.
2 Cf. Varāha P. Chap. on Gokārṇamāhātma.
Kṛiakāṇḍavāridhi, pp. 663—664.
Bṛhatsaṁhitā, Chap. 54.
Indian Arts, i, pp. 85—91.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 39
शिरीषशाखिनां पञ्चाणां यः कुर्यात्प्रतिरोपणम्^a ।
गारुडं लोकमासाद्य^b मोदते देववत्सदा ॥१६
पलासशाखिनः सप्त रोपयेदेकमेव वा ।
ब्रह्मलोकमवाप्नोति पूज्यते चामरोत्तमः^c ॥१७
उदुम्बरद्रुमानष्टौ रोपयेत्स्वयमेव यः ।
प्रेरयेद्रोपणायापि चन्द्रलोके स मोदते ॥१८
पार्वती तोषिता तेन स भवेच्च निरामयः ।
पूजिता देवताः सर्वाः मधूको येन रोपितः^d ॥१९
क्षीरिकाकदलीद्राक्षाप्रियालपनसान्वितान् ।
तरून्सरोप्य नो दुःखी जायते सप्तजन्मसु ॥२०
अज्ञानाज्ज्ञानतो वापि जम्बूश्चैन प्ररोपिता ।
गृहेपि स वसन्नित्यमतिधर्मेण^e युज्यते ॥२१
अन्यानपि तरूण्रोप्य फलपुष्पोपयोगिनः ।
रत्नधेनुसहस्रस्य फलं प्राप्नोति मानवः ॥२२
अश्वत्थमेकं पिचुमन्दमेकं
न्यग्रोधमेकं दश चिञ्चिणीकाः^f ।
कपित्थबिल्वामलकत्रयं च
पञ्चाम्रवापी नरकं न पश्येत् ॥२३
अथ निवासासन्नतरुशुभाशुभलक्षणानि ।^1
गृहस्य पूर्वदिग्भागे न्यग्रोधः सर्वकामिकः ।
उदुम्बरस्तथा याम्ये वारुण्यां पिप्पलः शुभः ।
प्लक्षश्चोत्तरतो धन्यो विपरीतांस्तु^g वर्जयेत् ॥२४
(a) गणनाथ—कुर्यात् पथि रोपणं ।
(b) ,, गारुडं लोकमास्थाय etc.
(c) ,, पूज्यते सोऽमरैः सदा ॥
(d) ,, येन निर्मितः ।
(e) ,, वसन्नित्यं यतिधर्मेण युज्यते ॥
(f) ,, चिञ्चिणीकं ।
(g) ,, विपरीतं तु etc.
1 Cf. Gṛhyasūtra of Gobhila, IV. 7. 22-26.

तद्गृहं न प्ररोहति ॥२८ Wait, footnote index afterयस्यisd: यस्यᵈ`.

• Verse 29:
  पलाशाः काञ्चनाराश्च तथा श्लेष्मातकार्जुनाः ।
करञ्जश्चेत्यमी वृक्षा न रोप्याः सुखिना गृहेᵉ ॥२९
• Verse 30:
  आसन्नाः कण्टकिनो रिपुभयदाः क्षीरिणोर्थनाशाय ।
फलिनः प्रजाक्षयकरा दारुयपि वर्जयेत्तेषाम्ᶠ ॥३०
  Wait, let's re-verify दारुयपि:
  Could it be दारुण्यपि?
  Wait, look at दारु: दा रु
  Then the next glyph:
  It has a vertical on the left? No!
  Wait! In Bengali or Devanagari? It's Devanagari script.
  In Devanagari: ण्य is ण joined to य.
  Half-ण is ण without vertical bar (i.e. just the loop: ण्), followed by य: ण्य!
  Wait! Does it have the half-ण loop?
  Look closely at दारु... then there is a loop!
  Wait

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 41
न कुर्यान्नैऋत्याग्नेयेष्वपि हि वाटिकाम् ।
अन्यथा कलहोद्वेगौ कष्टं वा लभते भृशम् ||३२
तस्माद्राज्ञा हि शुभदं पुत्रसंनिधिवर्धनम् ।
पश्चिमोत्तरपूर्वेषु भवेदुपवनं कृतम् ॥३३
अथ भूमिनिरूपणम् ।
जाङ्गला नूपसामान्यस्वभावापि च मेदिनी ।
भेदैः सा भिद्यते षड्भिर्वर्णतो रसस्तस्तथा ॥३४
असितविपाण्डुश्यामल्ललोहितसितपीतरोचिषः क्रमशः ।
मधुराम्ललवणतिक्तककटुककषाया भुवो रसतः ॥३५
विषपाषाणवल्मीकविलदुष्टा तथोषरा ।
दूरोदका शर्करिला तरुभ्यो न हिता मही ॥ ३६
इन्द्रनीलशुकपक्ष कोमला
शङ्खकुन्दकुमुदेन्दुसंनिभा ।
तप्तकाञ्चनविकासिचम्पक-
स्पर्धिनी वसुमती प्रशस्यते ॥ ३७
समा समासनजला हरित्तरुतृणाङ्कुरा ।
तस्यां सर्वे यथास्थानं प्ररोहन्ति महीरुहाः ॥ ३८
न जाङ्गला न चानूपा भूमिः साधारणा शुभा ।
तस्यां सर्वेपि तरवः प्ररोहन्ति न संशयः ॥ ३६
(a) गणनाथ-लभते क्षते ॥
(b) " तस्माद्राज्ञा हि शुभदं पुत्रपौत्रादिवर्धनं ।
(c) " शुकपुच्छ कोमला
(d) " श्यामा समासन्नजला हरिता तरुणाङ्कुरा ।
(e) " साधारणी शुभा ।
1 Cf. Vanaspati, Section VI, pp. 66-70.
2 Cf. Charaka, Kalpasthāna I, Madanaphalakalpa, 6, 7, 9. For Eng. trans. see Fasc. Lxi,
Lesson I, pp. 1917-1918.
Suśruta, chap. 35, 34-42; Eng. trans. Vol. II. pp. 325-326.
Arthaśāstra, XXIV, 116-117, where details as to the amount of rainfall in
these region are given. Eng. Ed. (1915), pp. 143-145.
6

42 UPAVANA VINODA
पनसलिकुचतालीवंशजम्बीरजम्बू
तिलकवटᵃकदम्बाम्रातकखर्जूरपूगाः ।
कदलीतिनिशमृद्वीकेतकीनालिकेर
प्रभृतय इति चान्ये प्रायशोनूपजाः स्युः¹ ॥ ४० ᵇ
बीजपूरकपुंनागचम्पकाप्रातिमुक्तकाः ।
प्रियंगुदाड़िमाद्याश्च साधारणसमुद्भवाः ॥ ४१
निधिदेवमहीपानां प्रभावाच्चातियत्नतःᶜ ।
असात्म्यभूमिसंपन्नाᵈ अपि सिध्यन्ति पादपाः ॥ ४२
अथ पादपविवक्षा।²
वनस्पतिद्रुमलतागुल्माः पादपजातयः
बीजात्काण्डात्तथा कन्दात्तजन्म त्रिविधं विदुः³ ॥ ४३
ते वनस्पतयः प्रोक्ता विना पुष्पैः फलन्ति ये ।
द्रुमाश्च तेᵉ निगदिताः सहपुष्पैः फलन्ति ये ॥ ४४
प्रसरन्ति प्रतानैर्यास्ता लताः परिकीर्त्तिताः ।
बहुस्तम्बा विटपिनो ये ते गुल्माः प्रकीर्त्तिताः ॥ ४५
(a) गणनाथ—तिलकघटकदम्बामात etc.
(b) The following additional sloka is found in Gananath Sen's edition :
शोभाञ्जन-श्रीफल-सप्तपर्णी
शेफालिकाशोक-शमी-करीराः ।
कर्कन्धु-राकेचर-निम्ब-शोका
वृद्धिं लभन्ते भुवि जाङ्गलायाम् ॥
(c) गणनाथ—प्रभावाच्चापि यत्नतः ।
(d) ,, असात्म्य-भूमि-सम्पन्ना etc.
(e) ,, द्रुमाश्चान्ये etc.
1 Cf. Bṛhatsaṁhitā, chap. 54, 10-11, (Vol. II. p. 745), where 16 predominant trees of this
region are mentioned; also Amarakoṣa, Pātālavarga, 50-56. (See Colebrook's
edition (1807) Bk. I. Chap. 2, Sec 3, Aquatic plants, 36-42).
2 See Vanaspati, Sec. V. pp. 62-65 ; Sec. VII. pp. 79-127.
3 Cf. Ṛgveda X. 97, 15.
Manu Saṁhitā, I. 46-48.
Charaka, Sūtrasthāna, I. 36-37.
Suśruta, Sūtrasthāna, I. 23.
Dalvana, quoted in Dr. Seal's Positive Science, p. 170.
Amarakośa—ibid, pp. 171-173.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 43
जम्बूचम्पकपुंनागनागकेशर चिञ्चिणी ।
कपित्थबदरीबिल्वकुम्भकारिप्रियङ्गवः ॥ ४६
पनसाम्रमधूकाद्याः करमर्दश्च बीजजाः ।
ताम्बूली सिन्धुवारश्च तगराद्याश्च काण्डजाः¹ ॥ ४७
पाटलादाडिमीप्लक्षकरवीरवटादयः ।
मल्लिकोदुम्बरः कुन्दो बीजकाण्डोद्भवा मताः ॥ ४८
कुङ्कुमार्द्र रसोनारुकन्दाः कन्दसमुद्भवाः ।
एलापद्मोत्पलादीनि बीजकन्दोद्भवानि तुᵃ ॥ ४९
अथ बीजोप्तिविधिः ।
सम्यक्कृष्टे समे क्षेत्रे माषानुप्त्वा तिलांस्तथा² ।
सुनिष्पन्नानपनयेत्तत्रᵇ बीजोप्तिरिष्यते ॥ ५०
अथर्तु पक्वात्फलतोवशोपिता-ᶜ
न्विकृष्य बीजं पयसा निषिच्य ।
विशोषितं पञ्चदिनानि सर्पिषा
विडङ्गमिश्रेण च धूपयेत्ततः ॥ ५१
क्षीरनिषिक्तं बीजं वृहतीतिलभस्मसर्पिषा लिप्तम्ᵈ ।
गोमयमृदितमथोप्तं सद्यो जायेत धूपितं वसया ॥ ५२
पयसि निषिक्तं बीजं गोमयपरिमर्द्दितं विशोष्य ततः ।
माक्षिकविडङ्गचूर्णैर्बहुशो मृदितं प्रजायेत ॥ ५३³
(a) गणनाथ—बीजकन्दोद्भवानि च ॥
(b) ,, सुनिष्पन्नान् समुद्धृत्य तत्र etc. ।
(c) ,, अथर्तुपक्वं फलतो विशुष्कतः
(d) ,, क्षीरे निषिक्त-बीजं बृहती तिलमेव सर्पिषायुक्तं ।
1 Cf. Ṛgveda, Atharvaveda, where scattered references are met with all throughout
the texts ; Dīgha-Nikāya I. p. 3.
Buddhaghoṣa's Sumaṅgala, Vilāsinī, D.I. 1, 11. (P. T. S. I, p. 81).
Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra, chap. 24. p. 141.
Manu Saṃhitā I, 46-48 ; Bṛhatsaṃhitā, chap. 54.
Maskarin Gosāla—Barua, chap. xxi., p. 307 ; Hemchandra, quoted in Śabdakalpa-
druma, iv, p. 475.
2 Cf. Atharva Veda, II. 8. 3.
3 Cf. Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra, chap. 24. 117, p. 145.
Bṛhatsaṃhitā, chap. 54. 19, 26.

44 UPAVANA VINODA
जम्बूपनसचूतानां सरलं लकुचस्य च ।
क्षीरसिक्तं वपेद्विजं घृतगोविङ्‌विडङ्‌गवत् ॥ ५४
शुचिस्नातः विप्रहृसनममल˙ पूजितसुरो
गुरुं नत्वा दत्वा वसु वसुमतीं वा गुणवते ।
स्वयं बीजान्यादौ वपति कतिचिद्वास्तुपुरुषं
मनस्यन्तः कृत्वा तदनु परितोऽन्यः परिजनः ॥ ५५
बीजधानीं तृणास्तीर्णां कृत्वा सिञ्चेत्पयोऽम्बुना ।
जाताङ्कुरां च सलिलैर्निस्तृणां शोषमानयेत् ॥ ५६
अथ रोपणविधानम् ।
अन्यथाविहितानां यन्मनोज्ञतासंपदौ नस्तः ।
कथयाम्यतस्तरूणां रोषविधानं$^a$ यथोद्दिष्टम्$^b$ ॥ ५७
ध्रुवमृदुमूलविशाखागुरुभं श्रवणस्तथाश्विणी हस्तः ।
उक्तानि दिव्यदृग्भिः पादपसंरोपणे भानि ॥ ५८$^1$
हस्त प्रमाणानपयसा सुसिकान्
संक्रामयेन्मूलबहः$^c$ समृत्कान् ।
सर्पिर्मधुशीर$^d$ विडङ्गलिप्ता-
न्बिले निदध्याच्च करीषयुक्ते$^e$ ॥ ५९
अबालुकाश्लक्ष्णमृदा पूरिते गर्त्तशोधनम् ।
कीदशार्धमिते खाते जलसिके वपेत्तरुम् ।
कदलीचीरिणौ रोप्यौ$^f$ मूले दत्वा तु गोमयम् ॥ ६०
(a) गणनाथ—रोपणविधिना etc.
(b) The following additional sloka is found in Gananath Sen’s edition :
रोहिणी सहितमुत्तरात्रयं कीर्त्तयन्ति मुनयो ध्रुवाख्यम् ।
त्वाष्ट्र-मित्र-शशि-पूष-दैवता-—न्यामनन्ति मुनयो मृदूव्यथ ॥
(c) गणनाथ—संक्रामयेन्मूलवतः etc.
(d) ,, ससर्पिषोशीर etc.
(e) ,, करीषपूर्णे ॥
(f) ,, कदली चीरिनो रोप्यौ etc.
1 Cf. Bṛhatsaṃhitā, chap. 54, 31.
Agni P. chap. 281, 3, 4 & 6.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 45
रम्भायाः सुपरिणतैः फलैर्बिलिप्तां
संशुष्कां भुवि निहितां पलालरज्जुम् ।
शुद्धायामुपरि तृणेन गाढगुप्ता-ᵃ
मासिञ्चेद्वहुजलैर्बहून्यहानि ॥ ६१
सा रज्जूस्तदनु तमालनीलभासोᵇ
बिभ्राणानरुणरुचोङ्कुरानप्रसूते ।
भूयस्तानुपचितपत्रकाण्डमूला-
नारोप्य प्रथितविधानतो निषिञ्चेत् ॥ ६२
आषाढ़े श्रावणे मासि बीजावपन रोपयो ।
ग्रीष्मादन्यत्र वल्लीनां केचिदिच्छन्ति रोपणम् ॥¹ ६३
मण्डपन्यावर्त्त स्वस्तिकचतुरस्रसर्वतोभद्रैःᶜ ।
बीथीनिकुञ्जपुञ्जकविन्यासैः पादपा रोप्यः ॥ ६४
दशविंशतिषोडशभिस्तु करै-
रधरोत्तरमध्यकृतान्तरकान् ।
द्विचतुस्त्रिभिरन्तरितान् क्रमशःᵈ
स्तृणपादपगुल्मभृतश्च वपेत् ॥² ६५
सान्द्रारोपणमवृद्धिकारणं
वातभीतिरतिदूररोपणात् ।
भिन्नवर्णरचनाल्पपीड़ना
नैव युक्तिरियमेव शस्यतेᵉ ॥ ६६
(a) गणनाथ—शुद्धायामुपरितया च गाढगुप्तां
(b) ,, सा रज्जुस्तरुण-तमाल-नील-भासा
(c) ,, मण्डप-नन्दावर्त्तैः स्वस्तिक etc.
(d) ,, द्विचतुस्त्रिभिरन्तरितान्रुचिरां—
(e) ,, भिन्नवर्ण-रचनाल्प-पीड़िता—
नान्तु युक्ति etc.
1 Cf. Bṛhatsaṁhitā, 54. 7; also Kaśyapa quoted by Bhaṭṭotpala in his Commentory on this sloka.
2 Cf. Agni P. chap. 281, 8 & 9.
Śukranīti, IV, iii, 91–93.
Bṛhatsaṁhitā, 54, 12,

46 UPAVANA VINODA
कुसुमं फलमप्युपभोगसहं
फलिनो हि न यस्य दलन्ति शिखाः ।
कुसुमेन बिनैव फलन्ति च ये
न भवन्ति शुभास्त इहापनसाःᵃ ॥ ६७
मातुलुङ्गरजनी सकण्टकः
किंशुकश्च गिरिकर्णिका सिता ।
तिन्तिड़ीकविफलाक्षनीलिकाः
कोविदार इति भीतिदो गणः ॥ ६८
फलिन्यशोकपुंनागशिरीषनिम्बचम्पकाः ।
मङ्गल्याः प्रथमं रोप्य भल्लातश्च गदापहःᵇ ॥ ६६
पूर्बस्यां करमर्दवंशबिटपाः पारावता दक्षिणे
कौवेर्यां बदरी कपित्थतरबो धात्री च पश्चात्किबा ।
अन्ये चोत्तममध्यमाधमशिखा रोप्यः स्ववर्गैः समं
कृत्वा चान्तरकं यथायथममी यत्नैर्नृपर्य्येरुपृशः ॥¹ ७०
अथ निषेचनविधिः ।
सर्व्वस्यापि नवोत्थस्य सायं प्रातर्निषेचनम् ।
शीतातपसमीरेभ्यो रक्षेच्च सुबिधानतः ॥ ७१
हेमन्ते शिशिरे देयं जलं चैकान्तरे दिने ।
बसन्ते प्रत्यहं ग्रीष्मे सायंप्रातर्निषेचनम् ॥² ७२
बर्षासु च शरत्काले यदा वृष्टिर्न दृश्यते ।
तदा देयं जलं तज्जैरालबाले महीरुहाम् ॥ ७३
वारिणा यावता यस्य मूले सौहित्यमिष्यते ।
तावत्तस्य तरोर्देयं किं घटार्थविवक्षया ॥ ७४
(a) गणनाथ—न भवन्ति शुभा इह ते पनसाः ॥
(b) ,, भल्लातस्तु गदावहः ॥
(c) ,, तदा देयं जलं तव आलवाले महीरुहि ॥
1 Cf. Bṛhatsaṁhitā, 54, 13, which states that
मिश्रैर्मूलैश्च न फलं सम्यग्यच्छन्ति पीडिताः ॥
2 Cf. Agni P. chap. 281, 7.
Śukranīti, IV. iv, 105—106.
Bṛhatsaṁhitā, 54, 9.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 47
आलबालस्थिते तोयं शोषं न भजते यदा ।
अजीर्ण तद्विजानीयान्न देयं तादृशे जलम् ॥ ७५
समीपजातं यत्नेन तृणगुल्मलतादिकम् ।
स्फोटनीयं विधिज्ञेन द्रुमाणां वृद्धिरिच्छति ॥ ७६
अथ द्रुमरक्षा ।$^1$
नीहाराच्चण्डवाताच्च धूमाद्वैश्वानरादपि ।
जालकारात्प्रयत्नेन रक्षणीयाः क्ष्माहरुहाः ॥ ७७
पङ्क्तिमध्ये तु सुफला बाह्ये तत्परोतपरे ।
वृत्ताः कार्या युतावृत्त्या सा चापि परिखायुता ॥ ७८
विद्युदाहतवृक्षस्य भूमिमादाय सर्वतः ।
रक्षार्थं विकिरेदेषां तया न हिमबाधनम् ।
दीप्तोऽप्यग्निः शमं याति वज्रदग्धद्रुभस्मना ॥ ७९
सितशाल्योदनं दध्ना सैन्धवेन युतं बने ।
क्षेपणीयं च परितो गराणां दृष्टिवारणम् ॥ ८०
शलभाखुपतङ्गानां पिपील्यादेर्भये सति ।
अष्टोत्तरशतं जप्त्वा मन्त्रं पत्रे ततो लिखेत् ॥ ८१
मन्त्रः । ॐ स्वस्ति किष्किन्धास्थितप्रकटपराक्रमान्तर्हितार्कमण्डलोपजीवितस्य
श्रीहनूमानाज्ञापयति मूषकपतङ्गपिपीलिकाशलभकरभान्वककीटगन्धिकानिवहैर्र्गा-
स्थातव्यम् । आज्ञामतिक्रममाणस्य शरीरनिग्रहः समावर्त्तयति । तस्य वानरसिंहस्य
क्रममानस्य सागरम् । कल्पान्तरगतो वायुर्जीमूत इव नर्दति ॥ हूं फट् नमः ॥
पत्रे मनुंस्मालिख्य जप्त्वा तं निखनेद्भुवि ।
क्षेत्रे कीटपतङ्गाखुपिपील्यादिर्विनश्यति ॥ ८२
(a) गणनाय—तादृशं जल' ॥
(b) " वृद्धिमित्छुता ॥
(c) " महीरुहाः ॥
(d) " परिखावृता ।
(e) " परितः etc.
(f) " पत्रे तरोर्लिंखेत् ॥
1 To be read with Section on तरुचिकित्सा, p. 58.