वेदान्त पारिजात सौरभ (भगवद् निम्बार्काचार्य - द्वैताद्वैत वेदान्त ब्रह्मसूत्र भाष्य सटीक)

736 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [SŪ. 3. 4. 22.
ADH. 2.]
something new". That is, that a knower is at liberty to act at will is
not enjoined before, and it is enjoined in the above texts ¹
SŪTRA 22
"AND ON ACCOUNT OF TEXTS (INDICATIVE OF) THE EXISTENCE (OF
INJUNCTION)."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
"And" on account of the injunctive "text", viz. "Let one medi-
tate on the udgītha" (Chānd 1.1.1 ²).
Vedānta-kaustubha
"And" on account of injunctive "texts" like: "Let one meditate
on the udgītha" (Chānd. 1 1.1), "Let one meditate on the sāman"
(Chānd. 2 2.1) and so on, it is established that the quoted texts enjoin
the udgītha and the rest to be viewed (i e. meditated on) as the best
essence and so on.
Here ends the section entitled "Mere Eulogy" (2).
COMPARISON
Baladeva
Here he concludes the topic that a knower may perform actions at
will. Thus the sūtra: "And on account of texts (indicative of) in-
tense love". That is, the pariniṣṭha devotee is so absorbed in love
and devotion for the Lord that he has no time for performing ordinary
works.³
¹ G.B. 3.4.21, pp. 257-258, Chap. 3.
² Ś, R, Bh, Śk.
³ G.B. 3.4.22, pp. 258-259, Chap. 3.

[sū. 3. 4. 23.
ADH. 3.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 737
Adhikaraṇa 3: The section entitled "The
legends recited at the Aśva-medha". (Sūtras
23-24)
SŪTRA 23
"IF IT BE SAID THAT (THE SCRIPTURAL STORIES) ARE MEANT TO
BE RECITED AT THE AŚVA-MEDHA, (WE REPLY:) NO, ON ACCOUNT
OF BEING SPECIFIED."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
It is not to be thought that the scriptural stories in the Vedāntas
are meant to be recited at the Aśva-medha sacrifice,¹—since only
some are specified (to be so) by texts, beginning: "He is to tell
the legends recited at the Aśva-medha" and continuing: "Manu,
Vivasvat's son, the King" (Śat. Br. 13 4.3, 3 ²) and so on.
Vedānta-kaustubha
Apprehending the objection that the texts about the best essence
are concerned with something else, it has been shown that they relate
to meditation (and not to action). Similarly, apprehending the
objection that the texts dealing with particular stories are concerned
with something else, (the author) shows that they (too) relate to
meditation.
In the different Vedāntas, there are many texts relating stories,
such as: "Forsooth, Pratardana, the son of Divodāsa, went to the
favourite place of Indra" (Kauṣ. 3.1), "Now, there was Jānaśruti,
the great-grandson (of Janaśruti) a pious giver, a liberal donor, a
preparer of much food" (Chānd. 4.1.1), "Now, there was Śvetaketu,
the son of Aruṇa" (Chānd. 6.1.1), "Yājñavalkya had two wives,
Maitreyī and Kātyāyanī" (Bṛh. 4.5.1) and so on. Here the doubt
is, viz. whether they are meant to be recited at the Aśva-medha
sacrifice, or whether they subserve the injunction of meditation.
What is reasonable to begin with? "If it be said that they are meant
to be recited at the Aśva-medha, (we reply) no." Why? "On
¹ A pāriplava is a legend to be recited at the Aśva-medha sacrifice and
repeated at certain intervals throughout the year.
² Ś, R, Bh, Śk, B.

[SŪ. 3. 4 24
738 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA ADH. 3.]
account of being specified," i.e. in the text beginning "He is to tell
the legends recited at the Aśva-medha" and continuing "Manu,
Vivasvat's son, the King" (Śat Br 13 4.3, 3) and so on, certain texts
alone are specified as those to be recited at the Aśva-medha.
COMPARISON
Bhāskara
He takes this sūtra and the next as constituting a single sūtra,
and reads "pāriplavārtha" instead of "pāriplavārthā" ¹.
———
SŪTRA 24
"AND THIS BEING SO, ON ACCOUNT OF THE CONNECTION (OF THESE
STORIES WITH MEDITATION) AS FORMING PART OF A COHERENT
WHOLE."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
This being so, on account of the connection" of other (stories)
with injunction,—such as: "Should be seen" (Bṛh. 2.4.5, 4.5.6 ²)
and so on—"as forming part of a coherent whole", they subserve the
purpose of meditation.
Vedānta-kaustubha
"And this being so," i.e. all the scriptural stories being not legends
to be recited at the Aśva-medha, only some being so, these former
scriptural stories subserve the end of the injunction of meditation,
"on account of their connection" with injunctions like "O, the self
should be seen" (Bṛh. 2.4.5; 4.5.6) and so on, "as forming part of a
coherent whole". Hence it is established that the scriptural stories
subserve the purpose of the injunction of meditation.
Here ends the section entitled "The legends recited at the
Aśva-medha" (3).
¹ Bh. B. 3.4.23, p. 207. ² Ś, R, Bh, B.

[sū. 3. 4. 25.
ADH. 4.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 739
Adhikaraṇa 4: The section entitled “The
kindling of fire” (Sūtra 25)
SŪTRA 25
“AND FOR THIS VERY REASON, (IN THE CASE OF THOSE WHO
OBSERVE CHASTITY, KNOWLEDGE IS) INDEPENDENT OF THE KIN-
DLING OF FIRE AND SO ON.”
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
In accordance with the scriptural text: “One who is devoted to
Brahman goes to immortality” (Chānd 2.23 1 ¹), in the case of those
who are bound by chastity, knowledge is “independent of the kindling
of fire and so on”
Vedānta-kaustubha
It has been stated above that the stages belonging to one bound
by chastity are mentioned in Scripture. Immediately after that,
two more points ² were considered by reason of their association with
what has been shown Now, on the doubt, viz. whether by reason
of the absence of acts like sacrifices and so on which are subsidiary
parts of knowledge, knowledge too, the whole, is possible in those
stages or not: and on the suggestion that it is not possible, but is
possible in the stage of a house-holder, involving the knowledge of
sacrifices and so on,—(the author) states the correct conclusion.
From the scriptural texts, such as: “Desiring which people live
the life of religious studentship that word I declare to you in brief”
(Kaṭha 2.15), “Desiring this world alone mendicants wander forth”
(Bṛh. 4.4.22), “One who stands firm on Brahman attains immortality”
(Chānd. 2 23.2), “And those who meditate on faith and austerity in
the forest” (Chānd. 5.10.1) and so on, they (viz. those who are bound
by chastity) are known to have knowledge. “And for this very
reason,” it is definitely ascertained that in their case knowledge is
“independent of the kindling of fire and so on”, i.e. independent

¹ Correct quotation, “Brahma-saṁsthā”. C.U., p. 656.
² Viz. that the (a) udgītha texts and (b) the scriptural stories subserve the
purpose of meditation.

[SŪ. 3. 4. 25.
740 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA ADH. 4.]
of the sacrificial acts to be accomplished by placing the fire on the
sacrificial fire-place, i e is brought about by the proper duties, in-
cumbent on their own stage of life, such as hearing, thinking, medita-
ting and so on. During the stage of a house-holder there being a
variety of unavoidable worldly and scriptural duties, the full develop-
ment of knowledge, the means to the highest end of men, is not possible;
and hence the intentional giving up of the life of a house-holder for
the sake of that (viz knowledge) is known from Scripture itself.
Therefore, it is established that in the case of those who are bound
by chastity, knowledge is all the more possible.
Here ends the section entitled "The kindling of fire" (4).
COMPARISON
Śaṁkara
While Nimbārka holds that knowledge is independent of works
only in the case of those who are bound by chastity, Śaṁkara is of the
opinion that this is so in all cases, and does not speak here especially
of those only who observe chastity. Accordingly he, interprets the
phrase "ata eva" as "because the highest end of men arises from
knowledge" (established Br. Sū. 3.4.1 ¹).
Baladeva
He also does not speak here of those alone who are bound by
chastity. Hence the sūtra: "For this very reason, (i.e. because vidyā
is independent of karma, it) does not depend on the kindling of fire
and the like, (for manifesting its fruit)". That is, there is no necessity
for a combination of vidyā and karma for leading to salvation, but
vidyā alone is sufficient.²
¹ Ś B. 3.4.25, p. 874.
² G.B 3.4.25.

[sū. 3. 4. 26.
ADH. 5.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 741
Adhikarana 5: The section entitled "Depend-
ence on all". (Sūtra 26)
SŪTRA 26
"AND DEPENDENCE ON ALL, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SCRIP-
TURAL TEXT ABOUT SACRIFICE AND SO ON, AS IN THE CASE OF A
HORSE."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
In accordance with the scriptural text: "Him the Brāhmanas
desire to know by the recitation of the Veda, by sacrifice" (Bṛh 4.4.2 ¹),
knowledge depends for its own origination on all the works which are
the means, as one depends on a horse for going
Vedānta-kaustubha
Knowledge being established to be the means to the highest end
of men, it might be thought that all works are to be given up.
Apprehending this objection, (the author) is now exhibiting their use
for producing the desire to know.
On the doubt, viz If the highest end of men arises through
knowledge alone, then is it independent of all duties incumbent on the
stages of life or dependent ?—if it be suggested that the desired end
being accomplished through it (viz. knowledge) alone, what is the
use of works ? Hence it is independent of all,—
We reply: "Dependence on all".
The compound "dependence on all" ("sarvāpekṣā") is to be
explained as follows. That which depends, for its origin, on all the
duties, incumbent on the stages of life, i.e. the subsidiary parts (of
knowledge), which are performed by those who are desirous of salva-
tion and aim at knowledge. But when it has originated, it does not
depend on anything for bringing about the highest end of men. Why ?
"In accordance with the scriptural text about sacrifice and the rest,"
viz. "Him the Brāhmaṇas desire to know by the recitation of the
Veda, by sacrifice, by charity, by austerity, by fasting" (Bṛh. 4.4.22).
The word 'Vividiṣanti' is to be explained as: They 'desire to know'
by sacrifices and the rest. Here, if the primacy of the meaning of the
suffix be admitted, then sacrifices and the rest are to be regarded as
subsidiary parts of knowledge by way of (producing) a desire (for
1 Ś, R, Bh, Śk, B.

742 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [sū. 3. 4. 26.
ADH 5.]
knowledge), (i.e. indirectly). If the primacy of the meaning of the
root be admitted, then sacrifices and the rest are to be regarded as
the subsidiary parts of so desired knowledge directly.¹
A parallel instance is cited: "As in case of a horse". A horse
is needed for accomplishing a journey to a desired place; but when
the journey is accomplished, it is no longer needed—so is the case
here.² It has been said by the Lord as well: ' "The acts of sacrifice,
charity and austerity are not to be given up, but are to be performed
Sacrifice, charity and austerity are the purifiers of the wise" ' (Gītā
18 8), ' "From whom proceeds the activity of all beings, by whom
all this is pervaded, by worshipping Him with his own work, a man
attains perfection" ' (Gītā 18.46) Thus it is established that know-
ledge,—having the form of worship, meditation, highest devotion,
steady remembrance and so on; the destroyer of all evil; the special
cause of the attainment of the nature of the Highest Person, denoted
by the terms 'Highest Brahman' and so on; and attainable through
His grace,—arises, through the grace of Scripture and the spiritual
teacher, from the proper performance of the daily and occasional
duties, incumbent on one's own stage of life, and constituting the
means to the worship of Lord Vāsudeva.
Here ends the section entitled "Dependence on all" (5).
COMPARISON
Śaṁkara
The example "aśva-vat" interpreted differently. He points
out that knowledge is dependent on work in the sense that work
gives rise to it; and independent of work in the sense that once gene-
rated, it does not depend on work for bringing about its result, viz.
salvation. Hence there is no contradiction in saying that knowledge
is independent of work (as done in the previous sūtra) and dependent
on it (as done in this sūtra). In this world everything has its own
particular use. A horse, e.g. is of no use for drawing the plough,
but is of use for drawing the chariot only. Similarly, works are of
¹ See Br. Sū. 1.1.4, pp. 37-38.
² I.e. Karma is needed for the rise of vidyā; but when vidyā has once
originated, it is no longer needed.

[SŪ. 3. 4 27.
ADH 6] VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA 743
no use in bringing about the result of knowledge, but are of use only
for giving rise to it.¹
Rāmānuja and Śrīkaṇṭha
They too interpret the example "aśva-vat" differently thus:
Just as a horse, though the real means of going, depends on some other
assisting factors, viz. saddle, attendants, grooming and the like, so
knowledge, though the real means to salvation, depends on the co-
operation of works.²
Bhāskara
This is sūtra 25 in his commentary. Interpretation different.
In direct contrast to Nimbārka, he points out that Karma is not the
cause of the origin of knowledge ³, but its essential part bringing
about salvation. Thus, here he stresses his doctrine of the combina-
tion of knowledge and work. He interprets the example "aśva-vat"
thus: "Just as a horse is fit for carrying a man, but not for drawing
a plough, so knowledge, combined with work, is fit for leading to
salvation, and not mere knowledge".⁴
Adhikaraṇa 6: The section entitled "Calm-
ness, self-control and so on". (Sūtra 27)
SŪTRA 27
"BUT STILL (THE SEEKER AFTER THE KNOWLEDGE OF BRAH-
MAN) MUST BE ENDOWED WITH CALMNESS, SELF-CONTROL AND
SO ON; SINCE, ON ACCOUNT OF THE INJUNCTION OF THESE
AS THE SUBSIDIARY PARTS OF THAT (VIZ. KNOWLEDGE), THEY
ARE TO BE PRACTISED NECESSARILY."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
Although in the case of one who desires to know Brahman,
knowledge may be brought about through the proper performance
¹ Ś.B. 3.4.26, pp. 875-876.
² Śrī. B. 3.4.26, p. 376, Part 2; ŚK. B. 3.4.26, p. 398, Parts 10 and 11.
³ "Na ca jñāna-svarūpotpattau karma vyapriyate; śravaṇamananādi
tad-utpatti-kāraṇam.
⁴ Bh. B. 3 2.25 (written as 3.2.26), p. 210

744 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [SŪ. 3. 4. 27.
ADH. 6 ]
of the duties incumbent on his own stage of life, yet he "must be
endowed with calmness, self-control and so on", since, "on account
of the injunction" of calmness and the rest in the passage. "Hence,
he who knows thus, having become calm, self-restrained, indifferent,
patient and collected, should see the self in the self alone" (Bṛh
4.4.23 ¹), "they are to be practised necessarily".
Vedānta-kaustubha
Having thus determined the external means to the origination
of knowledge, the author is now determining the internal means.
On the doubt, viz. whether a seeker after the knowledge of
Brahman must be endowed with calmness, self-control and so on
in order that there may be the rise of knowledge, or not,—if it be sug-
gested: Since calmness and the rest, being posterior to the rise of
knowledge, are not its subsidiary parts, and since the rise of know-
ledge is possible by means of those works alone which are mentioned
in the text: "Him the Brāhmaṇas desire to know by the recitation
of the Veda" (Bṛh. 4.4.22), it is not reasonable to suppose that the
seekers after the knowledge of Brahman should be endowed with
calmness and so on,—
We reply: the word "but" is meant for disposing of the objection.
Although knowledge is possible on the part of a seeker after the
knowledge of Brahman through the purification of the mind by
works, "still" he "must be endowed with calmness, self-control and
so on". Why? They "are to be performed necessarily", on account
of the injunction of them as subsidiary parts of that, i.e. because
calmness, self-control and the rest have been enjoined as the subsi-
diary parts of knowledge, and because "they" are enjoined in the
text: "Hence, he who knows thus, having become calm, self-
restrained, indifferent, patient and collected, should see the self in the
self alone" (Bṛh. 4.4.23). Through calmness, self-control, and so
on, one-pointed attention arises (directly), in accordance with the
scriptural text: "By religious duty he drives away evil (Mahānār.
22.1). And through works, one-pointed attention arises (indirectly)
by way of the removal of sins; thence there is the rise of knowledge;

¹ Ś, R, Bh, ŚK, B.

[sū. 3. 4. 28.
ADH. 7 ] VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA 745
thence, again, there is a still greater rise of calmness and so on 1
Hence it is established that one who seeks knowledge must be endowed
with calmness and so on.
Here ends the section entitled "Calmness, self-control and so
on" (6).
COMPARISON
Śaṃkara
The word "tathāpi" interpreted differently, viz. even if it be
granted that the text about sacrifices and so on (Bṛh. 4.4.22) contain
no injunction and the rest It is shown later on that the above text
is really injunctive. He does not take it as constituting an adhikaraṇa
by itself, but as included under the previous one.2
Adhikaraṇa 7: The section entitled "The per-
mission of all food" (Sūtras 28-31)
SŪTRA 28
"AND THE PERMISSION OF ALL FOOD (IS VALID) IN THE EVENT
OF DANGER TO LIFE, ON ACCOUNT OF THAT BEING SEEN."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
The permission of all food in the text: "Verily, to one who knows
thus, there is nothing whatever that is not food" (Chānd. 5.2.1 3),
is valid only "in the event of danger to life", for Cākrāyaṇa ate the
leavings of a rich man when his life was in danger, this being found
in Scripture.
1 I.e. calmness and the rest produce (1) attention, which produces (2)
knowledge; while works first produce (1) mental purity, which produces (2)
attention, which finally produces (3) knowledge. Hence, the former are more
direct means to knowledge than the latter. Further, calmness, and the rest
are both causes and effects, i.e. they give rise to knowledge, but when knowledge
has originated, it in its turn produces a greater degree of calmness and so on.
2 Ś.B. 3.4.27, pp. 876-877. 3 Ś, R, Bh, ŚK, B.

746 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [SŪ. 3 4. 28.
ADH. 7.]
Vedānta-kaustubha
It has been stated that calmness and the rest are subsidiary
parts of knowledge. Now, wishing to dispose of the objection, viz.
like that, the eating of all food, too, is a subsidiary part of knowledge,—
the author points out that such eating relates only to cases of life
being in danger.
In the Bṛhadāraṇyaka, it is said "Verily, what is not food is
not taken by him" (Bṛh 6.1.14); as well as in the Chāndogya · "Verily,
to one who knows thus, there is nothing whatever that is not food"
(Chānd 5.2.1) Here the doubt is, viz, whether this eating of all food
by one who knows the vital-breath is valid, as a subsidiary part of
the doctrine of the vital-breath, like calmness and so on, even when
one is in a healthy state; or only in the event of danger to life. What
is reasonable? If it be suggested: when one is in a healthy state,—
we reply: only "in the event of danger to life", there is "permission
of all food". Why? "On account of that being seen," i e because
in the text: "When the Kurus were destroyed by hail-storm ¹"
(Chānd. 1.10 1), the eating of improper food is found to be allowable
only in the event of life being in danger. When all food being eaten
up by a kind of animals called 'maṭacī' there came to be a famine
among the Kurus, then the sage Cākrāyaṇa, seized with hunger, ate
the leavings of an elephant-keeper ². From this it is known that the
eating of all food is permitted even to one who knows the vital-breath
only in the event of danger to life.
COMPARISON
Baladeva
Interpretation same, but he takes this adhikaraṇa as concerned
specially with the pariniṣṭha devotee.
¹ Śrīnivāsa, however, understands the word as a kind of crop-destroying
animals. See below.

• Vide Chānd. 1.10.1–5 for the story. The sage ate the leavings because
  he would have died without food, but refused to drink leavings because he could
  survive without drink.

[Sū. 3. 4. 30.
ADH. 7.] VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA 747
SŪTRA 29
"AND ON ACCOUNT OF NON-CONTRADICTION."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
"And on account of the non-contradiction" of the text: "If there
be purity of food, there is purity of life" (Chānd. 7.26.2 ¹).
Vedānta-kaustubha
In the text: "If there be purity of food, there is purity of exist-
ence. If there be purity of existence, there is steady remembrance",
(Chānd. 7.26.2), the purity of food is enjoined as a means to the rise
of knowledge. "On account of the non-contradiction also" of that,
it is definitely ascertained, that there is permission of all food only
in the event of danger to life.
COMPARISON
Baladeva
Interpretation different, viz. "On account of non-obstruction".
Although in ordinary cases the taking of improper food obstructs
the full manifestation of knowledge, yet when a knower of Brahman
is obliged to do so, it does not obstruct his knowledge.²
――――――――――
SŪTRA 30
"MOREOVER (IT IS) DECLARED BY SMṚTI."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
And it is declared by Smṛti too in the passage: "He who being
in danger of life eats food from anyone whatsoever is not touched by
sin, as a lotus-leaf is not touched by water".³
――――――――――
¹ Ś, R, Bh, ŚK.
² G.B. 3.4.29, p. 268, Chap. 3.
³ The first line of the passage is similar to Manu 10.104, last line to Gītā
5.10. Ś, R, Bh, ŚK.
18

[SŪ. 3. 4. 31.
748 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA ADH. 7.]
Vedānta-kaustubha
“Moreover,” the eating of all food from anyone whatsoever both
by a knower and a non-knower in the event of danger of life “is
declared by Smṛti” thus: “He who being in danger of life eats food
from anyone whatsoever is not touched by sin, as a lotus-leaf is not
touched by water”.
COMPARISON
Rāmānuja and Baladeva
They omit the “Ca”.
SŪTRA 31
“AND SO THERE IS A SCRIPTURAL TEXT AS TO NON-PROCEEDING
ACCORDING TO LIKING.”
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
For this very reason, there is “a scriptural text” for prevent-
ing wanton acting, viz.: “Hence let not a Brāhmaṇa drink wine”
(Kāṭh. Saṃ. 12.12¹).
Vedānta-kaustubha
As the permission of all food to both who knows and who does
not is valid only in the event of life being in danger, “so” the “scrip-
tural text” of the Kaṭhas “as to non-proceeding according to liking”,
i.e. the text regarding the reverse of acting as one likes, viz. “Hence
let not a Brāhmaṇa drink wine” (Kāṭh. Saṃ. 12 12) fits in. The
permission of all food to a worshipper of the vital-breath refers to his
being in danger of life. The texts not referring to such a danger, on
the other hand, are for the purpose of glorifying those particular
vidyās, but are not enjoined as subsidiary parts of the doctrine of the
vital-breath, like calmness and so on,—this is the resulting meaning.
Hence it is established that the eating of all food is allowable only
in cases of danger to life.
Here ends the section entitled “The permission of all food” (7).

¹ P. 174, last line but four. Ś, R, Bh, Śk.
18B

[SŪ. 3. 4. 32.
ADH. 8.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 749
Adhikaraṇa 8: The section entitled "Being
enjoined". (Sūtras 32-35)
SŪTRA 32
"AND ON ACCOUNT OF BEING ENJOINED, THE WORK INCUMBENT
ON THE STAGES OF LIFE TOO"
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
Sacrifices and the rest, which are subsidiary parts of knowledge,
are to be performed also by one, who does not desire for salvation,
as the duties incumbent on one's stages of life, "on account of being
enjoined" in the passage: "He performs the Agni-hotra sacrifice as
long as he lives".¹
Vedānta-kaustubha
Under the aphorism: "And dependence on all, in accordance with
the scriptural text about sacrifice" (Br. Sū. 3.4.26) it has been said
that works like sacrifices and the rest are subsidiary parts of the
knowledge of Brahman. After that, two relevant problems have
been considered. Now the question is being considered as to whether,
for the sake of gaining prosperity, works like sacrifices and the rest
are to be performed even by one, who is not desirous of salvation, as
the duties incumbent on one's stages of life.
On the doubt, viz. the works, mentioned in the text: "Him the
Brāhmaṇas desire to know by the recitation of the Veda, by sacrifice"
(Bṛh. 4.4.22) and so on, have been accepted previously as auxiliaries
to the means to salvation. Do they incur on the part of one who
does not desire for salvation, but wishes to fulfill the duties of his
stage of life merely, or not? The prima facie view is that sacrifices
and the rest, relating to a definite object, cannot be supposed to be
mere duties incumbent on the stages of life, and so they do not incur
on his part,—
We reply: "The work incumbent on the stages of life too". The
works like sacrifice, charity and so on, which are mentioned in Scrip-
ture as auxiliaries to knowledge, are "works incumbent on the stages
1 Ś, R, Śk.

[SŪ. 3. 4 33.
750 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA ADH. 8 ]
of life too", i e are to be performed even by one, not desirous of salva-
tion, as the duties incumbent on his stage of life too. Why? "On
account of being enjoined," i e. because in texts like "He performs
the Agni-hotra sacrifice as long as he lives" and so on, they are en-
joined as merely the works incumbent on the stages of life and to be
performed always. The sense is that such works are obligatory on the
part of one who carries out only the duties incumbent on his own
stage of life, but does not desire for salvation
COMPARISON
Baladeva
He begins a new adhikaraṇa here (two sūtras) concerned with the
svaniṣṭha devotees. Hence the sūtra: "On account of being enjoined,
the worked incumbent on the stages of life too (are to be performed
by the svaniṣṭha devotee)". That is, even when the devotee has
come to acquire knowledge, he must go on performing his duties in
order to increase his knowledge ¹
SŪTRA 33
"ALSO BECAUSE OF BEING AUXILIARY."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
Since sacrifice and the rest are enjoined "also as auxiliary" to
knowledge in the text: "The Brāhmaṇas desire to know by sacri-
fice" (Bṛh. 4.4.22 ²), they are to be performed also by one who is
desirous of salvation, a double purpose being possible in accordance
with the maxim of conjunction and separateness.
Vedānta-kaustubha
To the objection, viz. : If this be so, then sacrifices and the rest
cannot be auxiliaries to knowledge,—the author replies :
Since sacrifice and the rest are enjoined "also as auxiliary" to
knowledge, by way of bringing about its origination, in the passage :
¹ G.B. 3.4.32, p. 271, Chap. 3. ² Ś, R, Bh.

[SŪ. 3. 4. 34.
ADH. 8.] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 751
"Him the Brāhmaṇas desire to know by sacrifice" (Bṛh. 4.4 22) and
so on, works like sacrifice and the rest are to be performed also by
one who is desirous of salvation. If it be objected that the same works
cannot serve the purpose of a stage of life and that of knowledge,—
we reply: that is not so, because even the same works may serve
different purposes, in accordance with the maxim: "But with regard
to one and the same thing being both, there is conjunction and sepa-
rateness" (Pū. Mī. Sū. 4.3.5¹). Just as the same quality of being
made of the Khādira-wood is laid down as serving the purpose of
sacrifices in the passage: "The sacrificial post is made of the Khādira-
wood"; and is, again, laid down as serving the purpose of men in the
passage: "For one desiring power, let one make a post of the Khādira-
wood", so is the case here.
COMPARISON
Baladeva
Here he continues the topic, viz. that the svaniṣṭha devotee
should continue to act even after attaining knowledge. Hence the
sūtra: "And (the works must be done by the svaniṣṭha devotee) as
being auxiliary (to knowledge)", i. e. with a view to its further
increment.²
SŪTRA 34
"IN EVERY WAY EVEN, THOSE VERY (SACRIFICES AND THE REST
ARE THE SAME) ON ACCOUNT OF A DOUBLE INDICATORY MARK."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
"Those very" sacrifices and the rest are to be taken as serving
a double purpose, since in both the cases, the works of the same form
are recognized.
Vedānta-kaustubha
The author is proving the non-difference of works.
"In every way," i.e. whether taught as duties incumbent on a
stage of life or as serving the purpose of knowledge, "those very"
¹ P. 493. ² G.B. 3.2.33, p. 271, Chap. 3.

752 VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA [SŪ. 3. 4. 35.
ADH. 8.]
sacrifices and the rest are to be understood. Why? "On account
of a double indicatory mark," i.e. because in both the cases works of
the same form are recognized. The sense is that sacrifices and the
rest, each of the same form indeed, are taught, in both the cases,
as duties incumbent on a stage of life, and as auxiliaries to knowledge,
by respective texts.
COMPARISON
Baladeva
He begins a new adhikarana here (two sūtras), concerned with the
parinistha devotees. The sūtra means according to him, "Under
all circumstances even (the pariniṣṭha devotee is to perform his duties
of worship and so on), on account of a double mark (viz. Scripture and
Smṛti)". That is, the pariniṣṭha devotee should first perform his
duties of worship and so on, and do other ordinary duties afterwards.¹
SŪTRA 35
"AND (SCRIPTURE) SHOWS THE NON-OVERPOWERING (OF KNOW-
LEDGE)."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
The scriptural text: "By means of religious observance one re-
moves one's sins" (Mahānār. 22.1²) "shows the non-overpowering"
of knowledge through the removal of sins—which are the cause of the
overpowering of knowledge—by the very same sacrifices and so on,
celebrated in Scripture.
Vedānta-kaustubha
The scriptural text: "For the self which one finds out through
the life of a religious student does not perish" (Chānd. 8.5.3³) "shows
the non-overpowering" of the knowledge of the self by the duties
¹ G.B. 3.4.34, pp. 274-275, Chap. 3. "Pariniṣṭhitena tena bhagavad-
dharmāḥ evānuṣṭheyāḥ. Svadharmās tu kathañ cit gauṇa-Kāle."
² P. 23, last line, reading: "anudanti".
³ Note that Śrīnivāsa understands a different passage here by the term
"darśayati".

[sū. 3. 4. 36.
ADH. 9.] VEDĀNTA-PĀRIJĀTA-SAURABHA 753
incumbent on the stages of life, such as, the life of a religious student
and so on. The phrase: ‘The self does not perish’ means that the
self is not forgotten. Sacrifices and the rest, performed as the mere
duties incumbent on the stages of life, lead to the attainment of
heaven and so on; those very sacrifices and the rest, performed as
auxiliaries to knowledge, give rise to knowledge. Hence there is
difference of application, but not difference of works. Hence it is
established that the same things are to be performed by both one who
is desirous for salvation and one who is not.
Here ends the section entitled “Being enjoined” (8).
COMPARISON
Baladeva
He concludes here the topic of the pariniṣṭha devotees. “And
(Scripture) shows the non-overpowering (of a pariniṣṭha devotees).”
That is, a pariniṣṭha devotee is not overpowered by the fault of not
performing the duties incumbent on his own stage of life. He incurs
no sins by such an omission.¹
Adhikaraṇa 9: The section entitled “Widower”.
(Sūtras 36-39)
SŪTRA 36
“BUT (THOSE) ALSO (WHO STAND) BETWEEN, ON ACCOUNT OF THAT
BEING SEEN.”
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
Those “also” who stand “between” the stages of life, are entitled
to knowledge, since Raikva and the like are found to be well-grounded
in knowledge.
¹ G.B. 3.4.35, pp. 275-276, Chap. 3.

754 VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA [SŪ. 3. 4. 36.
ADH. 9 ]
Vedānta-kaustubha
It has been stated above that those who belong to one or other of
the stages of life are entitled to knowledge, and that the works per-
formed by them are auxiliaries to knowledge. Now a discussion is
being undertaken with a view to establishing that even those who
stand midway are entitled to knowledge and the works done by them
also are auxiliaries to knowledge.
The doubt is as to whether those who stand ‘between’ the stages
of life, such as widowers and so on, are entitled to the knowledge of
Brahman or not. The prima facie view is that the knowledge of
Brahman depends for its origin on the duties incumbent on the stages
of life and since those who stand “between” have no duties incumbent
on the special stages of life, they are not so entitled.
With regard to it, we reply: “Between”. That is, even those
who stand between, i.e. outside, the stages of life are entitled to the
knowledge of Brahman. Why? “On account of that being seen,”
i.e. because “that”, viz the right to the knowledge of Brahman, is
found in Scripture and Smṛti to be belonging to Raikva, Saṁvarta
and so on. The scriptural text indicating that Raikva is entitled to
the knowledge of Brahman has been quoted in the first chapter.¹ The
details of the story of Saṁvarta, the son of Aṅgiras, may be seen in the
Mahā-bhārata in the chapter treating of the horse-sacrifice thus:
‘“O King, Saṁvarta, Aṅgiras’s son, a pious man, roamed about in all
directions, sky-clothed (i.e. naked), perplexing all beings” (Mahā.
14. 137 ²) and so on.
The purport is this: Religious duties like sacrifices and the
rest, auxiliaries to knowledge and mentioned in the scriptural
text: “Him” (Bṛh. 4.4.22) and so on, are to be understood, in the case
of house-holders, as Agni-hotra and the rest, productive of knowledge
and fit for a house-holder who desires for salvation. In the case of
those who belong to those stages of life in which chastity is compulsory,
the religious duties, incumbent on those stages of life and other than
Agnihotra and so on, are to be understood (as productive of know-
ledge). Similarly, in the case of those also who do not belong to any
stage of life, muttering of prayers, fasting, worship of the deity and so
¹ Vide V.K. 1.3.34.
² P. 278, line 1, vol. 4.

[SŪ. 3. 4. 37
ADH 9 ] VEDĀNTA-KAUSTUBHA 755
on, not obligatory to the special stages of life, are to be understood
(as productive of knowledge)
COMPARISON
Baladeva
Here he too begins a new adhikaraṇa (three sūtras), but concerned
specially with the nirapekṣa devotees only. Literal interpretation
same.
SŪTRA 37
"MOREOVER, (IT IS) DECLARED IN SMṚTI."
Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha
In the Smṛti passage, viz. "But through the muttering of prayers
alone a Brāhmaṇa may attain success,—there is no doubt about it.
Whether he does something else or not, a friendly man is called a
Brāhmaṇa" (Manu 2.87 ¹), it is declared that they too may easily
attain knowledge through the muttering of prayers and so on.
Vedānta-kaustubha
In the Smṛti passage: "But through the muttering of prayers
alone, a Brāhmaṇa may attain success,—there is no doubt about it.
Whether he does something else or not, a friendly man is called a
Brāhmaṇa" (Manu 2.87), it is declared that through the muttering
of prayers alone even those who do not belong to any stage of life
may have success. The sense is that when the mind is purified through
the muttering of prayers and so on, knowledge arises. Hence they,
too, come to have their ends fulfilled.
COMPARISON
Rāmānuja, Bhāskara and Baladeva
They omit the "Ca". Baladeva is here speaking of the nira-
pekṣa devotees.
1 P. 46. Ś, R, Śk.