उपवनविनोद (आचार्य शार्ङ्गधर - वृक्षायुर्वेद, भू-जल संधान एवं उद्यान-विज्ञान सटीक)

74 UPAVANA VINODA
treated with banana paste) down in the ground lengthwise. Then for a
long number of days one should go on sprinkling water upon it little by little.
62. Then, sprouts having bluish and reddish appearance like the fresh
Tamāla tree, will sprout out of that rope; and then when by degrees
branches, leaves and roots will become visibly manifest, one should plant
these sprouts elsewhere and sprinkle water upon them.
63. Seeds (of trees and other garden plants) should be sown during the
months of Āṣāḍha and Śrāvaṇa; and some opine that they may be sown
in any season of the year, except the summer.
64. One should lay out the trees in the garden so as to look like an altar,
a nandyāvarta, a swastika, a caturasra, a sarvatobhadra, a bīthi (avenue
lined with trees), a nikuñja (grove—bower), and in clusters (here and there).
65. One should plant trees at an interval of 10 cubits in the lower level
of the garden, and at 20 cubits in the higher and at 16 cubits in the middle;
but if the surface of the garden be plane one should plant grass-like plants at
an interval of 2 cubits, trees at 4 and gulmas at 3 cubits apart.
66. Trees if thickly sown are hindered in their growth and if sown very
sparsely they are in danger of falling down even in consequence of mild
winds; hence for lean plants, in the laying out a garden, planting after the
method described above is wise.
67. The trees, the fruits and flowers whereof are not enjoyable by men,
the upper parts whereof drop off, which produce fruits without producing
flowers, are regarded as inauspicious in the Śāstras : Jackfruit tree is an
example.
68. Mātuluṅga, Rajanī, thorny plants, Kiṁśuka, Girikarṇikā, Asitā,
Tintiḍī, Viphalākṣa, Nīlikā, Kovidāra,—are productive of danger.
69. A fruitful tree, Aśoka, Punnāga, Śirīṣa, Nimba and Champaka—are
conducive to welfare and should be planted before all. Do well to know
that Bhallātaka is productive of diseases.
70. One should plant Karamardda and Bamboo in the east of a garden,
Pārāvata in the south, Vadarī and Kapittha in the north, and Dhātrī in the
west. One should plant trees with an eye to the fact that there is room
for the spread of their roots and one must see that the leaves of each other
do not touch.
VII. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED NISHECHANA-
VIDHI—THE-RULES FOR WATERING OF PLANTS
71. One should water the newly planted trees both in the morning and
evening, and should systematically protect them against cold and strong
wind.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 75
72. One should water them every alternate day in autumn and in
winter ; every day in spring and twice a day during the summer, i.e., once in
the morning and once in the afternoon.
73. During the rainy and autumn seasons when it does not rain one
should fill the circular ditch under the tree with water.
74. One should go on applying water till the earth attached to the roots
of the tree becomes wet ; one should not measure the quantity of water
applied to this purpose.
75. Trees suffer from indigestion if the water in the ditches is not dried
up, hence one should not pour fresh water in it till that is the case.
76. A person versed in the laws should not hesitate, in the interest of
trees, to extirpate the weeds, creepers and shrubs which grow beside them.
VIII. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED DRUMA-RAKSHA—
THE RULES FOR THE PROTECTION OF TREES
77. One should carefully protect trees against (destructive influence of)
dew, strong wind, smoke, fire and spiders.
78. Trees blessed with flowers should be placed in the middle of the
row of trees ; and the fruits of those which produce good fruits should be
kept covered, and all trees should be well protected with walls having ditches
around them.
79. One should take up the ashes of trees struck by lightning, throw
the same round other trees and this will ensure the latter against cold. These
have the power to allay (extinguish) even the burning fire.
80. Throwing boiled Śāli rice of white variety mixed with curd and rock
salt round trees ensures their protection against poisonous (harmfull) rain
injurious to them.
81. If one apprehends danger from mice, locusts, ants, etc., one should
utter the following formula (mantra) 108 times, and write it down on the leaf
of a tree.
Oṃ svasti kiṣkindhāsthita prakaṭaparākramāntarhitārkamaṇḍalopajīvitasya ca
Śrīhanumānājñapayati mūṣakapataṅgapīpilīkāśalabhakarabhānvakakīṭagandhi-
kānivahairnasthātavyam. Ājñāmatikramamāṇasya śarīranīgraha samāvartayati.
Tasya vānarasīṃhasya kramamāṇasya sāgaram. Kakṣāntaragato vāyurjīmūta
iva nardati. Huṃ phaṭ namaḥ.
82. And after writing down the (above) formula on the leaf and reciting
it one should burry it in the ground under the tree. This will lead to the
destruction of locusts, mice and ants of the field.

75 UPAVANA VINODA
IX. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED UPAVANA-PRAKRIA—
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GARDEN
83. One should construct garden-houses in a place where the sun's
rays are prevented by a canopy of newly grown leaves, which is adorned
with blooming flowers, rocked by breezes and covered with Mādhavī creepers
bristling with restless black bees.
84. There one should make a swing out of the strong creepers attached
to the branches of two trees, fit for a couple to sit on.
85. In some places within the garden one should, for the purpose of
enjoyment, make (artificially) a nice, beautiful or lovely cave adorned with
branches of trees, leaves and creepers ; or, artificial peaks situated on a mound
covered with trees ; or a variety of caves associated with a good many gems
and precious stones brought from mountains ; or many artificial mountains
adorned with metals of different colours.
86. And there for the purpose of preventing fear from snakes as well as
for the display of beautiful dance one should keep peacocks.
87. In places one should dig ponds, the rows of trees on the bank of
which will mistake their own shadows reflected in the water for their own
bodies.
88. Steps should be constructed in places whereby men can descend
with ease into the vast artificial lake with pleasure boats in it, and on all
sides of the steps flower trees should be planted ; and care should always be
taken to see that ferocious animals do not live in the water of that beautiful
lake, and that the lake is always tenanted by birds like swans Attempt should
be made to intensify the beauty of the lake by having flowers of various
colours, like lotuses, mallikā, blue lotus, etc. in different places of it.
89. In places one should construct artificial lake with such eye-delighting
water in it that the reflection of the moon-beams in it causes the illusion
of a garden in water.
90. One should plant trees bent down under the weight of sweet flowers
on all sides of the white and well-ventilated houses—houses as white as the
peak of the Himalayas—built inside the artificial lake referred to above. And in
places of the garden one should construct circular seats as white as marble,
and should make bowers of plantain trees in places where there is gentle
breeze.
91. In places of the garden deep wells, paved on all sides with stones,
with sweet water in it, should be dug with the water of which all the trees
of the pleasure garden may be well watered.
92 & 93. If the water of the well be polluted, and become pungent, bitter,
tasteless, salty or malodorous, Añjana, Musta, Uśīra, Nāgakeśara, Kośātaki,

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 77
powdered Āmalaka together with Katakaphala should be thrown into it ; and
this will make the foul water transparent, tasteful and fragrant, and in
addition will confer on it many other good qualities.
X. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED KUPARTHAM
BHUMIPARIKSHA—THE EXAMINATION OF THE
SOIL WHERE WELLS CAN BE DUG
94. The ascending veins of water issuing out of the nether regions
spread in all directions ; hence before digging a well a man should acquire
the knowledge of these veins inside the earth.
95. If there be Vetasa trees in a waterless region, 3 cubits to the west
of it, 6 cubits and 18 digits below the earth there will be found a vein of
water flowing to the west.
96. If a yellow frog and yellow soil be found 2 cubits and 6 digits
below the surface of the ground in the field, the bend of a river full of water
is sure to be found even beneath hard rock (there).
97. If there be anthills to the east of and near a Blackberry tree, water
is sure to be found 2 cubits and 6 digits beneath the surface of the ground
there.
98. If fishbones, stones having the colour of pigeons, or blue soils are to be
found 2 cubits and 6 digits beneath the surface of the ground somewhere,
there beneath these things water is sure to continue long.
99. To the south of a Nirguṇḍa tree grown on soil covered with
anthills, at a distance of 3 cubits, and 10 cubits and 3 digits beneath the
ground, tasteful and undriable water is sure to be present.
100. If 2 cubits and 12 digits beneath the ground Rohita fish, yellow
soil or thin sands and gravels are to be found successively, water beneath
these is sure to be there.
101. If an anthill be found in the east of a place where a Vadari tree
is, and if a white lizzard is there 2 cubits and 2 digits below the ground, then
water will certainly be found in the west (of that locality) 13½ cubits below
the surface.
102. One is sure to find water 14 cubits and 15 digits below
the ground in the west of a fruitful Vadari tree towards the west of which
if there are to be found signs of the existence of a cobra.
103. One is sure to find a vein of water moving to the west 14 cubits
and 15 digits below the ground where there one finds anthill beneath a
Kākodumbara tree.
104-105. One is sure to meet with water 6 cubits below the ground
in the west of a place where there the ground is a little yellowish and the
stone is of the colour of milk ; and also where 2 cubits and 6 digits below the

78 UPAVANA VINODA
ground one finds a white mouse, and very nearby an anthill in the south a
Vibhītaka tree.
106. If an anthill is there in the west of this particular place one cubit
away, then 20 cubits and 6 digits below the ground a vein of water moving
to the north is sure to be found.
107. Where the white insect, named Viśvambharaka, is to be found
4 cubits below the ground as well as stone of mixed yellow and red colour,
there a vein of water is to be found in the west of the place when the soil
is dug out. But the vein will cease to exist three years after it has been
found out.
108. Where an anthill is to be found between white Kuśa and Kovidāra
trees, there 25 cubits towards the west one can find profusion of water 24 cubits
and 18 digits below the surface.
109. Water is sure to be found below the ground of a soil where 4
cubits below the surface a serpent, soil having the colour of a lotus, and a
kind of stone, named Kuruvindaka, are to be found.
110. Water is verily present 20 cubits and 6 digits beneath the ground
where-ever a tree has a frog one cubit below the soil on which it is situated.
111. If there be the abode of a serpent towards the north of a Madhuka
tree, then 5 cubits away towards the north and west of the place (on which
the tree, is situated) 38 cubits and 6 digits below the ground, water is sure
to be found.
112. The ground 4 cubits below which a king serpent, earth of ashy
colour and stone of the colour of Kulattha are to be found, there a vein of
water flowing to the east is to be found below the ground,—a vein the water
of which is always full of foam.
113. Where there is the abode of a serpent towards south-west of a
Kadamba tree, there towards the east, 3 cubits away, 27 cubits below the
ground profusion of water is to be found.
114. Where there is to the west, 6 cubits away from the place (on
which the tree is located) a palmyra, or a cocoanut tree is surrounded by
anthills, 18 cubits beneath the ground a vein of water flowing to the west is
sure to be found.
115. Where to the left of a Aśmantaka tree, either a Vadari tree or
the abode of a serpent is to be found, there 6 cubits away towards the west
15 cubits and 18 digits below the ground water is to be found.
116. Where 4 cubits below the soil a tortoise, stone of ashy colour,
and soil mixed with sand are to be found, there beneath the ground a vein
of water flowing to the south is to be found too, and a little to the north east
thereof another vein of water is to be found.
117. Where in a waterless (dreary) tract signs of watery region are

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 79
found, and where Vīraṇa and Dūrvā are seen, there 4½ cubits below the
ground water is to be found too.
118-119. If wet anthill is to be found beneath any of these trees :
Tilaka, Āmrātaka, Varuṇaka, Bhallātaka, Vilva, Tinduka Aṅkola, Pindīra,
Śirīṣa, Añjana, Paruṣaka, Vañjula, Ativalā—then to the north thereof 3 cubits
away 20 cubits and 6 digits below the ground there is water.
120. Where in the midst of a grassless ground a grassful spot is to be
found, and vice versa, there is water below the surface.
121. If a thorny tree is to be found in the midst of a number of trees
without thorns, then if one digs the ground there 3 cubits away to the west,
one is sure to find water or riches 15 cubits below the soil.
122. If the branches of a tree are bent down or of yellow colour, then 13
and half cubits below the soil, under the top part of the branches water is
sure to be found.
123. If earth and stone of yellow colour are to be found 18 cubits beneath
the soil, lying 3 cubits away to the east of a tree which has developed signs
of disease in its fruits and flowers---there water is to be found beneath its
surface.
124. If a Kaṇṭakārī plant with flowers of white colour is found thornless,
then 2 cubits 6 digits beneath the soil, or 13 cubits beneath thereof, water is to
be found.
135. If in a waterless ground a date tree with 2 heads is to be found,
then to the west of the ground, 13 cubits beneath the surface water is to be
found.
126. If a Karṇikāra tree with white flowers, or a Palāśa tree is to be found,
then to the north of the ground on which these are located, 15 cubits beneath
the soil there is water.
127. The ground which is always warm, or out of which smoke seems
to come out, 9 cubits beneath thereof a vein of water full of strong current is
to be found.
128. The ground where the corn becomes of yellow colour while
unripe and dies away, there 9 cubits beneath the soil a strong vein of water
is to be found.
129-130. Then we are describing the signs of vein of water in the
desert : If an anthill of yellowish colour is to be found in the north-east of
a desert then in the west thereof 20 and half cubits below the ground a strong
vein of water flowing to the west, which is like a hot spring, is to be found.
131. The soil where first a frog and then earth of yellow colour, and
then 4½ cubits below heat is felt, there beneath the ground water is sure to
be found,
132. The ground where a Vadarī tree is found adjacent to a Rohita

80 UPAVANA VINODA
tree, there even in absence of an anthill 3 cubits away in the west and 94½
cubits below the ground water is to be found.
133. The ground where first a serpent is to be found 2 cubits and
6 digits below, then soil of white colour and then stone of the same colour,
there in the north thereof a vein of water flowing to the south is to be found.
134. If a Karīra plant is to be found beneath a Vadarī tree, then 3 cubits
away to the west, 81 cubits below the ground a vein of water flowing to
north-east is to be found—a vein which is full of a profusion of water.
135. The desert where Kakuva and Karīra, or Kakuva and Vilva, trees
are seen very near to one another, there in the west 3 cubits away, 94½ cubits
below water is to be found,
136. If over an anthill grasses of yellow colour and Dūrvā are to be
found, and one digs a well between the two then 189 cubits below the
ground water is to be found.
137. Where an anthill is to be found to the north of a Śami tree
with knots (tubercles) all over its body, there 5 cubits away to the west,
225 curbits below the ground water is sure to be found.
138-139. Jambū, Trivṛtā, Śyāmā, Śiśumārī, Śārivā, Śivā, Dūrvā :
all these gulmas ; or such trees as Vārāhî, Jyotiṣmatī, Garuḍavegā, Śūkarikā
Māṣalatā, Vyāghrapadā,—if any of these is to be found on stony ground,
then 3 cubits north of the anthill adjacent thereto, 13½ cubits below the ground
water is to be found.
140. The above rule (as laid down in 138-139,) applies to mountainous
regions of Anūpa country, but in accordance with the spirit of this formula
even in the mountainous grounds of Jāṅgala region water is to be found 30½
cubits below the surface, and in the case of a desert 36 cubits below.
141. Where the ground is uniformly even and is devoid of
grasses, trees, anthills and shrubs, there if a change is noticed in any of
these, water is sure to be found below the surface.
142. It is good to begin digging a well when the moon is in any of
the constellation in the Zodiac : Hastā, Maghā, Anurādhā, Puṣyā, Dhaniṣṭhā,
Uttaraphālgunī, Uttarāṣāḍā, Uttarabhādrapada, Rohiṇī and Śatabhiṣā.
143. The presence of a well in the south-east of a house or a village
is productive of perpetual fear, and causes the conflagration of houses, as if
by a human agent.
144. A well in the south-west of a house or a village means loss of
property to the inhabitants ; one in north-west causes loss of wives, and
one in the north-east causes fear. The digging of a well anywhere else is
propitious.
145. The water below the surface of the ground which is full of Kāśa
and Kuśa grass, or where the earth is of blue colour, or full of fine gravels,

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 81
or the earth is black and pungent to the taste, is sure to be both tasteful
and sweet.
146. There where the earth is yellowish and full of gravels and pungent
to the taste, the water below the surface is caustic ; where the earth is of
any colour other than pale the water below the surface is salty, and the
water is sweet where the earth is of blue colour.
XI. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED POSHANAVIDHI—THE
RULES FOR THE NOURISHMENT OF PLANTS
147. Trees do not produce fruits and flowers merely for being planted ;
hence we are going to state the rules relating to the nourishment of plants as
framed by the Sages.
148. If one applies powdered oil-cakes of white mustard or sesamum
at the root of Kharjūra, Vilva and Lakuca trees,—all these three grow ; and
the mango tree grows if it is watered with water in which husks are soaked ;
Āirāvata and Nichulapatra grow by simple watering, but they grow also
if watered with flesh and paddy washings.
149. For the (growth of) old Āmalaka trees the pulse māṣa is extremely
beneficial ; for young Tinduka trees application of water and milk is very
helpful ; powders of barley help the growth of cocoanut trees ; and all
trees rapidly grow if in the planes.
150. Mango trees bear very fragrant and sweet fruits at an early date
if they are watered with decoction made up of milk, pañcapallava, i.e.,
leaves of mango, Aśvattha, Vata, Plakṣa and Yajñadumura, together with
the fat of deer, boar, jackal, elephant, horse, etc.
151. A decoction made up of clarified butter, kuṇapa water, vacha,
and pig's stool—is extremely favourable to the development of fruits of Dāḍima
trees. And water or decoction made up of powders of kulattha is favourable
to the roots of the same tree.
152. If one, after besmearing the trunk of a pomegranate tree with
Saphari fish and powders of triphalā (fruits of Āmalaka, Harītakī and Bayeḍā),
applies to its roots the powders of above three fruits and mango paste and
also fumigates with frankincense, the fruit of the said tree is sure to be as
large as the palmyra fruit.
153. If one waters a fruitful Kādamba or Nāgakeśara tree with the
compound liquid made up of curd, fermented rice water, wine made out
of rice, plum, sesamum, menthi, kuṇapa water, and wine prepared from
sugar and milk, they are sure to bear innumerable fragrant flowers.
11

82 UPAVANA VINODA
154. If one fills the trenches around a Nāgakeśara or Champaka tree
with the decoction made up of priyaṅgu, gujña fruit, nimba, pippalī, vachā,
haridrā, tila and sarṣapa—all taken in equal parts together with clarified butter
and broth of Aśvakarṇa (bark) they are sure to grow luxuriantly.
155. If one waters the roots of vines with the compound liquid made up
of stools of fowls, (flesh and fish), straw and husks of paddy, it bears fruit and
flowers and grows ; and if one compounds 6 maunds and 10 seers of
Gāruḍī creepers with leaves and besmears the trunk of a jackfruit tree from
top to foot with it and waters the roots of the said tree with the broth of
vachā,—it bears fruits all over its body from head to foot.
156. If a Kapittha or Vilva tree be watered with clarified butter, milk
and honey, it bears fruits which are sweet to the taste, full of fleshy substance
containing scanty number of seeds.
157. A Madhuka tree puts on a beautiful and dignified appearance like
a worshipable being when it is watered with the compound made up of the
broth of the roots and leaves of Kośātakī, Pippalā, kuṇapa water, and powdered
resin.
158. A plum tree bears fruits which are as sweet as sugar when its
roots are developed through being watered with the decoction of tila and
yaṣṭīmadhu and with kuṇapa water.
159. A Vījapūra tree bears fruits again and again when the compound
substance consisting of the stools of goat, sheep, pig, etc., viḍaṅga and the
stools of men, is applied to the roots and then these roots are watered
with the urine of horses and sheep.
160. All creepers are bent down under the weight of their fruits when
their roots are pierced with the stings of scorpion and fumigated with clarified
butter and watered with the fats of mice and pig.
161. A Ketakī tree if watered with the urine of cows and kuṇapa water
in summer, bears fragrant flowers and sharp thorny leaves in the rainy
season.
162. One should apply to the roots of all trees, in profusion, soil scented
by fragrant flowers.
163. Any flowering tree bears fragrant flowers in course of a month
if it be watered with the liquid compound of the powders of kuṣṭha, patra,
murā, mustā, tagara and uśīra.
164. If one applies to the roots of a lotus plant which is barren, the
compounded dust of kulattha and the tusks of elephants, it is sure to be
graced with sweet lotuses every day.
165. If one applies to the roots white mustard, plantain leaf, safari fish,
stools of pig and cat in equal shares mixed with clarified butter, besmears the
trunks and fumigate them therewith, they (trees) become free of all diseases.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 83
grow luxuriously and the branches become graced with flowers and a number
of bees.
166. A Śiśoo tree grows very luxuriantly if one, after fumigating it with
barley, wine, fermented rice water and clarified butter, besmears its trunk with
cakes made up of viḍaṅga and sesamum bathed either in milk or kuṇapa
water.
167-168. All trees without exception always become graced with an
abundance of fruits and leaves and flowers, become immune from diseases
and afford pleasant shades if one applies to them the decoction of Aṅkola
flower mixed with clarified butter and honey, fats of deer and boar added
thereto powders of white mustard, and well watered.
169. One should make a paste of yaṣṭimadhu, Madhuka flowers,
white kuṣṭha and honey, made them into pills and scatter them around the
roots of all trees.
170. Any fruitful tree verily bears very sweet fruits if any experienced
or wise man waters its roots with milk.
XII. HERE BGINS THE SECTION CALLED KUNAPA JALAM—
THE NOURISHING SOLUTION
171-174. One should boil the flesh, fat and marrow of deer, pig, fish,
sheep, goat and rhinoceros in water, and when it is properly boiled one should
put the mixture in an earthen pot and add into the compound milk, powders
of sesamum oil-cakes, māṣa (pulse) boiled in honey, the decoction of pulses,
clarified butter and hot water. There is no fixity as to the amount of any of
these elements; when the said pot is put in a warm place for about a fortnight
the compound becomes what is called Kuṇapa Water which is very healthy
(for plants in general).
XIII. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED TARUCIKITSA—
THE TREATMEFT OF PLANTS
175. Trees, like men, get diseases through the affections of vāta (wind),
pitta (bile) and kapha (phlegm)—the three pathological humours. One
should diognose the diseases through their symptoms and cure them radically.
176. When a tree is consumed by insects, burnt by fire, broken by
storm, struck by thunderbolt,—one should cut away the affected parts; but
in case of diseases the operation is to be of a different nature.
177. Tall, thin, short, sleepless or partly conscious trees are of windy
humour. They do not bear flowers and fruits.

84 UPAVANA VINODA
178. Trees of billious temper cannot bear the rays of the sun, are of
yellow colour, and shed their branches over and over again, and bear prema-
ture fruits.
179. Trees of phlegmatic temper have their branches and leaves very
glossy, flowers and fruits well shaped and of good appearance, trunks sym-
metrical, and all parts covered with creepers.
180. Substances of pungent, bitter or caustic tastes are destructive of the
windy humour of trees; and those having bitter, hot, salty and acid juice are
destructive of the bile, and those with graceful, sweet, acid or salty juice are
destructive of the phlegm.
181. The affectations of windy humour is alleviated through the applica-
tion of the graceful things like clarified butter mixed with flesh juice; the
affectation through the bile is alleviated through the application of things
that are cold and graceful mixed with water, and the affectation through phlegm
is mollified through the application of acid things mixed with hot water, or
through pungent and bitter things.
182. Rudeness of appearance, tubercles (nodules over the body) both
of large and small size are due to windy humour which may be overcome
bp the application of Lodhra flower, cowdung, fats and kuṇapa water.
183. One should do well to realise that worms (kṛmayo) are at roots
of plants affected with tubercles, or of plants for the paleness of buds and
flowers of which no other particular cause can be assigned; and one should
do well to root out these worms with care. If now fresh urine of cows,
clarified butter, viḍaṅga, mustard and sesamum are mixed together and
applied to the trunk, then fumigated and watered with milk and water, they
(these plants) grow.
184. All kinds of worms are destroyed if one applies to the roots of
trees the barks of Karañja, Āragvada, Ariṣṭa, Saptaparṇa,—pasted in the
urine of cows together with viḍaṅga and musta.
185. The bodies of trees burnt with fire when besmeared with lotus
bulb pasted with kuṇapa water and milk, bear leaves as bright as marakata
jewels.
186. One should besmear the branch of a tree broken by wind with
the barks of Plakṣa, Arka and Udumbara trees pasted in ghee, honey and bees-
wax mixed with milk; should set it (the broken parts) as before, and tie it
to a post fixed nearby, and apply finely powdered earth to the fractured part.
And if it be sprinkled with milk over and over again, and (the plant) watered
at the root, the tree gets round and produces abundance of flowers and
fruits.
187-188. The treatment of trees struck by lightning is being given
here: Ghana (musta) uśīra, madhuka, mudga, māṣa, yava and tila pasted

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 85
with milk and water,—when applied to the roots of (such a tree, it is eased
and becomes normal.
189. The trees which get at dotage through repeated production
of fruits and flowers, when bathed (treated) in kuṇapa water and milk again
and again, do surely bear fruit.
190. When the branches of a tree become dry owing to excess or want
of application of water, one should boil viḍaṅga, clarified butter and milk
together, and sprinkle the tree with the mixture for a week.
191. When a tree suffers from incapacity to digest water, it is
alway pale, devoid of leaves, full of ants and the smell of fish, and in places
devoid of barks. The following treatment has to be adopted in this case :
192-193. One should strike at the root of the tree suffering from
indigestion to draw the poisonous sap out of the trunk, apply to the affected
place a paste of honey, viḍaṅga powder and sesamum and cover it with
earth and sprinkle it with water and milk. The atrophy (sosha) of a tree is
radically cured if it be besmeared with the said paste after it has been sprink-
led with sugar and sesamum mixed with milk and water and then fumigated.
194. Exudation of trees is stopped if one applies to it the barks of
Priyaṅgū, Vara Karkārī, Vetasa and Arjuna pasted with and boiled in milk.
XIV. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED VICHITRA KARANAM—
THE BOTANICAL MARVELS
195. The subject matter of the Vṛkṣāyurveda is not to be found any-
where outside the scriptures. Let us here deal with some botanical marvels.
196. If one applies to the root of a tree bearing scentless flowers, earth
(soil) scented (through association) with fragrant flowers, and then sprinkle it
with decoction of Dhava and Khadira barks, and besmears it with sandal
dusts and then fumigates it with clarified butter and frankincense, it bears very
fragrant flowers.
197. When one applies barley, sesamum, Niśā and powdered bark
of Palāśa tree to the root of a cotton tree, and sprinkles it with the decoction
made up of those things it yields fibres, as red as burning fire.
198. If barks of Śālmalī, turmeric, indigo, triphalā (three fruits), kuṣṭha
and rock salt be powdered and mixed with wine, and be applied to the
roots of a cotton tree, it yields fibres as yellow as the feather of a Śuka bird.
199. If mañjiṣṭhā, tila, yava, pītasāra, leaves of Jīvantī, powdered
Manaḥśilā (a kind of red mineral) be pasted together in the milk either of
she-goat, cow or of sheep, and applied to the root of a cotton tree it produces
fibres as blue as the sky.

86 UPAVANA VINODA
200. If the cut stem of a tree (cuttings) be besmeared with boiled sugar-
cane juice, and sugar-cane juice be applied to its roots, it bears flowers out of
season.
201. If sesamum oil-cakes, viḍaṅga, and cowdung, be applied to the root
of a tree, and is sprinkled with sugar-cane juice, it produces flowers out of
season which are very pleasing to all men.
202. If yaṣṭimadhu, sugar, kuṣṭha, flowers of Madhuka be pasted
together and applied to the root of a tree it produces fruits without seeds
within.
203. One should cut a big disc of bark from the trunk of a tree so as
to make a hole fit enough for taking in medicine, fill it up with the flowers
of Madhuka, Guñjā, śarkarā, ripe udumbara and honey, and then replace
the said disc and besmear the affected parts with the dung of calves, bind
it and apply to it any sweet liquid ; (if this is done) the tree is sure to bear
stoneless fruits.
204. If the branches of a tree are well wrapped with the neck skins
of goats recently killed its fruits never ripen.
205. If the root of a tree is pierced (injected) with the gullet of the
monkey that has been rubbed with the exudation of an elephant, its fruits do
not ripen within a year of the process.
206. If the branch of a tree is wrapped in straw and leather, and is
pasted over with viḍaṅga, honey and milk, and if milk and water is
sprinkled over it, it bears ripe fruits for a long time to come.
207. All kinds of seeds marvellously sprout and fructify when sprinkled
with the decoction of fish, pig's flesh, fat and milk compounded together,
and then fumigated.
208. If a seed is repeatedly bathed in oil extracted out of the Aṅkola
fruit mixed with the fat of pig and porpoise, and then sown in earth and
sprinkled over with spring water, it sprouts in no time.
209-210. The seeds of mango and other trees if bathed for a long
time in a decoction of fish, viḍaṅga, Aṅkola oil, milk and clarified butter
and then sown, the trees that sprout of them assume gigantic size. And
if that seed is repeatedly rubbed with the ashes of cowdung,dried and sown,
a fruitful tree which sprouts from it, becomes delightful to all.
211. If pomegranate seeds are treated 21 times in the blood of hen,
within a short time trees sprout out of them and fructify (when sown).
212. The seeds, that are treated with the compound made up of fish,
pig's fat, flesh and ashes of gram, when sown develop very soon into trees full
of flowers and fruits.
213. The tree whose trunk is strongly pierced from all directions with
bones of pig, never dries or perishes.

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 87
214. A tree becomes devoid of fruits and flowers if sprinkled over with
the decoction made up of kulattha, or that made up of Palāśa, Arjuna and
Tarkāri together with salt.
215. If bulbs are wrapped with fibres of water-lily, and their roots bes-
meared with honey and clarified butter variously coloured, and then sown, the
flowers that grow out of them correspond to the colour of the clarified butter
and honey.
216. If the seeds of water-lily are rubbed with the stools and urine of
buffalo, dried for seven days and sown, out of them sprout Karavīra trees.
217. If the seeds of gourd, brinjal, patola and such other plants be
treated with fat and then sown in purified (prepared) ground, and water be
sprinkled over them, the fruits that grow out of them become big and seedless.
218. If one digs a deep pit and besmears the bottom of it with cowdung
and sow in it the seeds of Brinjal rubbed with honey and ghee, dried in the
sun and bathed in the juice of green gourd, the plants that grow out of them
when developed bear abundant fruits.
219. If earth (soil) and cowdung and ghee compounded together be
applied to the root of a gourd creeper coming out of the hole of a Mandār
tree, it always bears fruits.
220. If Castor seeds be bathed in the fat and blood of pigs and treated in
Aṅkola oil and sown, Kārañji fruits grow out of them, which is really a
wonder.
221. If one thrusts a rod in the stool of ass and horse and then heat
it on fire, and then pierce it slantingly into the trunk of a plantain tree, the
fruits that tree will produce, will be as big as the trunk of an elephant.
222. If one sprinkles the infusion of the blood and fat of boar and
Aṅkola oil over a plantain tree it bears pomegranate fruits.
223. When a plantain tree is sprinkled over with the flesh, fat and blood
of man, and the powders of elephant's tusks dissolved in water it produces
mango fruits.
224-225. If one applies to the root of a mango tree broth of human
flesh and Aṅkola oil mixed with goat's milk and sesamum paste, it always
bears fruits abunduntly like vines, which is certainly a wonderful thing.
226. If mango seeds be repeatedly treated in the blood of hare and
tortoise, and if milk be sprinkled over the trees that grow out of them, they
always bear fruits.
227. If one applies to the Nimba tree, which is naturally of bitter juice,
the paste made up of viḍaṅga, yaṣṭimadhu, molasses and milk, and
sprinkle it with water and milk, it produces sweet fruits.
228. Whatever seeds one sows after having treated them with
human flesh and Aṅkola oil and with some earth in one's hand at the

88 UPAVANA VINODA
time of sowing, and sprinkle some water over them, they always produce
good fruits.
229. One should treat the bulbs of water-lily in Aṅkola oil, and keep it
in cowdung for some time, and then put it in a water pot full of hail
water and mud,—then flowers will surely come out of them.
230. One should purify (treat) a pit with burnt powders of the bone and
dung of cow and pig, then fill the pit with sands and sow the seeds of radish
in it, and the radish will be as big as the pit.
231. If one digs a pit in the ground with bricks all around, 4½ cubits
deep, and plants a tree in it (pit), it (the tree) always remains dwarfish and
bears flowers and fruits.
XV. HERE BEGINS THE SECTION CALLED ANNADINISHPATTI
JNANA—THE ASCERTAINMENT OF THE PRICES
AND GROWTH OF THINGS
232. One should do well to ascertain the cheapness of things as well as
the growth of corns through observation of the growth of leaves, and flowers
and fruits of trees.
233. One should predict the abundance of barley on seeing the luxurious
growth of the leaves and flowers and fruits of Banyan trees, of that of Śāli
rice through similar growth in Tinduka trees, and of all kinds of crops through
similar growth in Aśvattha.
234. One should do well to predict the growth of Māṣa from the
abundance of leaves, flowers and fruits of Jambū tree, of Mudga from
abundunce of the same things in Śirīṣa tree, of Godhūma from Madhuka
tree, and of Yava from Saptaparṇa tree.
235. One should predict the abundance of elephants from the
abundance (of leaves, flowers and fruits) of Hastikarṇa tree, of horses from
that of Aśvakarṇa, of cows from Pātalā trees, and of goats from plantain
trees.
236. Growth of leaves, flowers and fruits in Mango trees indicates the
prosperity of a country, that of Vallātaka trees indicates various causes of fear,
that of Pīlu tree indicates relief from diseases and that of Khadira and
Śamī trees forebodes famine, and that of Arjuna tree abundance of good
rain.
237. Abundance of flowers of Pichumanda and Nāgakeśara trees
indicates abundance of corns in a country, that of Kapittha means the chances
of storm, that of Vetasa means fear of drought, and that of Kutaja fear of
diseases.

APPENDIX
12

इस पृष्ठ पर कोई पठनीय पाठ (text) उपलब्ध नहीं है; यह एक रिक्त पृष्ठ (blank page) प्रतीत होता है।

भद्रप्रदवृक्षाः ॥
श्रीभगवानुवाच ।
आश्रमे नारिकेलश्च गृहिणाञ्च धनप्रदः ।
शिबिरस्य यदीशाने पूर्वे पुत्रप्रदस्तरुः ॥
सर्वत्र मङ्गलार्हश्च तरुराजो मनोहरः ।
रसालवृक्षः पूर्वस्मिन् नृणां सम्पत्प्रदस्तथा ॥
शुभप्रदश्च सर्वत्र सुरकारो निशामय ।
बिल्वश्च पनसश्चैव जम्बीरी बदरी तथा ॥
प्रजाप्रदश्च पूर्वस्मिन् दक्षिणे धनदस्तथा ।
सम्पत्प्रदश्च सर्वत्र यतो हि वर्द्धते गृही ।
जम्बूवृक्षश्च दाड़िम्बः कदल्याम्रातकस्तथा ॥
बन्धुप्रदश्च पूर्वस्मिन् दक्षिणे मित्रदस्तथा ।
सर्वत्र शुभदश्चैव धनपुत्रशुभप्रदः ॥
हर्षप्रदो गुवाकश्च दक्षिणे पश्चिमे तथा ।
ईशाने सुखदश्चैव सर्वत्रैवं निशामय ॥
सर्वत्र चम्पकः शुद्धो भुवि भद्रप्रदस्तथा ।
अलावूश्चापि कुष्माण्डो मायाम्बुश्च सुकासुकः ॥
खर्जूरी कर्कटी चापि शिबिरे मङ्गलप्रदा ।
वास्तूकः कारविल्वश्च वार्त्ताकुश्च शुभप्रदा ।
लताफलञ्च शुभदं सर्वं सर्वत्र निश्चितम् ॥
निषिद्धवृक्षा यथा,—
प्रशस्तं कथितं कारो ! निषिद्धञ्च निशामय ।
वन्यवृक्षो निषिद्धश्च शिबिरे नगरेऽपि च ॥
बटो निषिद्धः शिबिरे नित्यं चौरभयं ततः ।
नगरेषु प्रसिद्धश्च दर्शनात् पुण्यदस्तथा ॥
हे कारो ! तिन्तिड़ीवृक्षो यत्नात्तं परिवर्जयेत् ।
शरणे धनहानिः स्यात् प्रजाहानिर्भवेद्ध्रुवम् ॥

92 UPAVANA VINODA
शिविरेऽतिनिषिद्धश्च प्राज्ञस्तं परिवर्जयेत् ।
खर्जूरश्च डहुश्चैव निषिद्ध शिबिरे तथा ॥
न निषिद्धः प्रसिद्धश्च ग्रामेषु नगरेषु च ।
वृक्षाश्च चम्पकादीनां धान्यञ्च मङ्गलप्रदम् ॥
ग्रामेषु नगरे चापि शिबिरे च तथैव च ।
इक्षुवृक्षश्च शुभदः सन्ततं शुभदस्तथा ॥
अशोकश्च शिरीषश्च कदम्बश्च शुभप्रदः ।
कच्ची हरिद्रा शुभदा शुभदश्चाद्रकस्तथा ॥
हरितकी च शुभदा ग्रामेषु नगरेषु च ।
न वात्यां भद्रता नित्यं तथा चामलकी ध्रुवम् ॥¹
अपुत्रस्य च पुत्रत्वं पादपा इह कुर्वते ।
यत्नेनापि च राजेन्द्र ! अश्वत्थारोपणम् कुरु ॥
स ते पुत्रसहस्राणां कार्यमेकः करिष्यति ।
धनी चाश्वत्थवृक्षेण अशोकः शोकनाशनः ॥
प्लक्षो यज्ञप्रदः प्रोक्तो निम्बश्चायुप्रदः स्मृतः ।
जम्बुकी नाकदा प्रोक्ता भार्यादा दाड़िमी तथा ॥
डुम्बरो रोगनाशाय पलाशो ब्रह्मदस्तथा ।
अर्कपुष्पारोपणान् नित्यं तुष्येद्दिवाकरः ॥
श्रीवृक्षः शङ्करो देवः पाटलायान्तु पार्वती ।
शिंशपायामप्सरसः कुन्दे गन्धर्वसत्तमाः ॥
विभीतके दासवृद्धिर्वकुलो दास्यदस्तथा ।
अपत्यनाशकस्तालो वकुलः कुलवर्द्धनः ॥
बहुभार्या नारिकेली द्राक्षः सर्वाङ्गसुन्दरः ।
रतिप्रदा तथा केली केतकी सर्वनाशिनी ।
प्रतिष्ठां ते गमिष्यन्ति ये नराः प्लक्षरोपकाः ॥²
¹ ब्रह्मवैवर्त्ते श्रीकृष्ण जन्मखण्डे १०२ अध्यायः।
Śabdakalpadruma, vol. 4, pp. 475-476, Radhakanta Deb edition, Calcutta, Śakābda 1814.
² पद्मपुराणे सृष्टिखण्डे वृक्षारोपणम् नाम २६ अध्यायः।

SCIENCE OF ARBORI-HORTICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA 93
वृक्षस्य रोपणफलम्।
यम उवाच।
यः पुमान् रोपयेद्वृक्षान् छायापुष्पफलोपगान्।
सर्व्वसत्त्वोपभोगाय स याति परमां गतिम्॥
छायापुष्पोपगांस्त्रिं'शत् फलपुष्पद्रुमांस्तथा।
रोपयित्वा दशांश्चांस्तु नरो न नरकं व्रजेत्॥
देवदानवगन्धर्व्वाः किन्नरोरगगुह्यकाः।
पशुपत्तिमनुष्याश्च संश्रयन्ति मुदा द्रुमान्॥
पुष्पैः सुरगणाः सर्व्वे फलैश्च पितरः सदा।
छायया च मनुष्यास्तु पशुपक्षिमृगास्तथा॥
पुष्पोपगन्धांश्च फलोपगन्धान्
यः पादपान्रोपयते मनुष्यः।
समृद्धदेशे वरवेश्मवेद्यां
लभेदधिष्ठानवरं स विप्रः॥
तस्मात् सुवहवो वृक्षा रो