पातञ्जल योगसूत्र (स्वामी विवेकानन्द भाष्य एवं सूत्र व्याख्या)

पातञ्जलयोगसूत्राणि
Patanjali Yoga Sutras
Sanskrit text with Transliteration, Translation & Commentary
Commentary By
Swami Vivekananda

पातञ्जलयोगसूत्राणि
PATANJALI YOGA SUTRAS
Sanskrit text with Translation and Commentary
By
Swami Vivekananda

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
Contents
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................3
CHAPTER I - SAMADHI PADA........................................................................9
CHAPTER II - SADHANA PADA ....................................................................54
CHAPTER III – VIBHOOTI PADA...................................................................98
CHAPTER IV – KAIVALYA PADA ................................................................ 123
2

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
INTRODUCTION
BEFORE going into the Yoga Aphorisms I will try to discuss
one great question, upon which the whole theory of religion
rests, for the Yogis. It seems the consensus of opinion of the
great minds of the world, and it has been nearly demonstrated
by researchers into physical nature, that we are the outcome
and manifestation of an absolute condition, back of our
present relative condition, and are going forward, to return
again to that absolute. This being granted, the question is,
which is better, the absolute or this state? There are not
wanting people who think that this manifested state is the
highest state of man. Thinkers of great calibre are of the
opinion that we are manifested specimens of undifferentiated
being, and this differentiated state is higher than the absolute.
Because in the absolute there cannot be any quality they
imagine that it must be insensate, dull, and lifeless, that only
this life can be enjoyed, and therefore we must cling to it. First
of all we want to inquire into other solutions of life. There was
an old solution that man after death remained the same, that
all his good sides, minus his evil sides, remained forever.
Logically stated this means that man’s goal is the world; this
world carried a stage higher, and with elimination of its evils
is the state they call heaven. This theory, on the face of it, is
absurd and puerile, because it cannot be. There cannot be
good without evil, or evil without good. To live in a world
where all is good and no evil is what Sanskrit logicians call a
“dream in the air.” Another theory in modern times has been
presented by several schools, that man’s destiny is to go on
always improving, always struggling towards, and never
3

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
reaching, the goal. This statement, though, apparently, very
nice, is also absurd, because there is no such thing as motion
in a straight line. Every motion is in a circle. If you could take
up a stone, and project it into space, and then live long
enough, that stone would come back exactly to your hand. A
straight line, infinitely projected, must end in a circle.
Therefore, this idea that the destiny of man is progression ever
forward and forward, and never stopping, is absurd. Although
extraneous to the subject, I may remark that this idea explains
the ethical theory that you must not hate, and must love,
because, just as in the case of electricity, or any other force,
the modern theory is that the power leaves the dynamo and
completes the circle back to the dynamo. So with all forces in
nature; they must come back to the source. Therefore do not
hate anybody, because that force, that hatred, which comes
out from you, must, in the long run, come back to you. If you
love, that love will come back to you, completing the circuit.
It is as certain as can be, that every bit of hatred that goes out
of the heart of man comes back to him full force; nothing can
stop it, and every impulse of love comes back to him. On
other and practical grounds we see that the theory of eternal
progression is untenable, for destruction is the goal of
everything earthly. All our struggles and hopes and fears and
joys, what will they lead to? We will all end in death. Nothing
is so certain as this. Where, then, is this motion in a straight
line? This infinite progression? It is only going out to a
distance, and again coming back to the centre from which it
started. See how, from nebulæ, the sun, moon, and stars, are
produced; then they dissolve, and go back to nebulæ. The
same is being done everywhere. The plant takes material from
the earth, dissolves, and gives it back. Every form in this
4

Patanjali Yoga Sutras

world is taken out of corresponding atoms and goes back to
those atoms.
It cannot be that the same law acts differently in different
places. Law is uniform. Nothing is more certain than that. If
this is the law of nature, so it is with thought; it will dissolve
and come back to its origin; whether we will it or not we shall
have to return to the origin, which is called God or Absolute.
We all came from God, and we are all bound to go to God, call
that God by any name you like; call Him God, or Absolute or
Nature, or by any hundred names you like, the fact remains
the same. “From whom all this universe comes out, in whom
all that is born lives, and to whom all returns.” This is one fact
that is certain. Nature works on the same plan; what is being
worked out in one sphere is being worked out in millions of
spheres. What you see with the planets, the same will it be
with this earth, with men and with the stars. The huge wave is
a mighty compound of small waves, it may be of millions; the
life of the whole world is a compound of millions of little
lives, and the death of the whole world is the compound of the
deaths of those millions of little beings.
Now the question arises, is going back to God the higher state,
or is it not? The philosophers of the Yoga school answer
emphatically that it is. They say that man’s present state is a
degeneration; that there is no one religion on the face of the
earth which says that man is an improvement. The idea idea as
that his beginning is perfect and pure, that he degenerates
until he cannot degenerate further, and that there must come a
time when he shoots upward again to complete the circle; the
circle must be there. However low he goes, he must ultimately
5

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
take the upward bend again, and go back to the original
source, which is God. Man comes from God in the
beginning, in the middle he becomes man, and in the end he
goes back to God. This is the method of putting it in the
Dualistic form. In the Monistic form you say that man is God,
and goes back to Him again. If our present state is the higher
one, then why is there so much horror and misery, and why is
there an end to it? If this is the higher state, why does it end?
That which corrupts and degenerates cannot be the highest
state. Why should it be so diabolical, so unsatisfying? It is
only excusable, inasmuch as, through it, we are taking a
higher groove; we have to pass through it in order to become
regenerate again. Put a seed into the ground and it
disintegrates, dissolves after a time, and out of that dissolution
comes the splendid tree. Every seed must degenerate to
become the stately tree. So it follows that the sooner we get
out of this state we call “man” the better for us. Is it by
commtting suicide that we get out of this state? Not at all.
That will be making it all the worse. Torturing ourselves, or
condemning the world, is not the way to get out. We have to
pass through the “Slough of Despond,” and the sooner we are
through the better. But it must always be remembered that this
is not the highest state.
The really difficult part to understand is that this state, the
Absolute, which has been called the highest, is not, as some
fear, that of the zoophite, or of the stone. That would be a
dangerous thing to think. According to these thinkers there
are only two states of existence, one of the stone, and the other
of thought. What right have they to limit existence to these
two. Is there not something infinitely superior to thought? The
6

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
vibrations of light, when they are very low, we do not see;
when they become a little more intense they become light to
us; when they become still more intense we do not see them; it
is dark to us. Is the darkness in the end the same as in the
beginning? Certainly not; it is the difference of the two poles.
Is the thoughtlessness of the stone the same as the
thoughtlessness of God? Certainly not. God does not think;
He does not reason; why should He? Is anything unknown to
Him, that He should reason? The stone cannot reason; God
does not. Such is the difference. These philosophers think it is
awful if we go beyond thought; they find nothing beyond
thought.
There are much higher states of existence beyond reasoning.
It is really beyond the intellect that the first stage of religious
life is to be found. When you step beyond thought and
intellect and all reasoning, then you have made the first step
towards God; and that is the beginning of life. This that is
commonly called life is but an embryo state.
The next question will be, what proof is there that this state
beyond thought and reasoning is the highest state? In the first
place, all the great men of the world, much greater than those
that only talk, men who moved the world, men who never
thought of any selfish ends whatever, have declared that this
is but a little stage on the way, that the Infinite is beyond. In
the second place, they not only say so, but lay it open to
everyone, they leave their methods, and all can follow in their
steps. In the third place, there is no other way left. There is no
other explanation. Taking for granted that there is no higher
state, why are we going through this circle all the time; what
7

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
reason can explain the world? The sensible will be the limit to
our knowledge if we cannot go farther, if we must not ask for
anything more. This is what is called agnosticism. But what
reason is there to believe in the testimony of the senses? I
would call that man a true agnostic who would stand still in
the street and die. If reason is all in all it leaves us no place to
stand on this side of nihilism. If a man is agnostic of
everything but money, fame and name, he is only a fraud.
Kant has proved beyond all doubt that we cannot penetrate
beyond the tremendous dead wall called reason. But that is the
very first idea upon which all Indian thought takes its stand,
and dares to seek, and succeeds in finding something higher
than reason, where alone the explanation of the present state is
to be found. This is the value of the study of something that
will take us beyond the world. “Thou art our Father, and wilt
take us to the other shore of this ocean of ignorance;” that is
the science of religion; nothing else can be.
8

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
CHAPTER I - SAMADHI PADA
CONCENTRATION: ITS SPIRITUAL USES
॥ प्रथमः समाधिपादः ॥

1. अथ योगानुशासनम् ॥ १॥
   atha yoganushasanam
   Now concentration is explained.
2. योगश्चित्तवृत्तिनिरोधः ॥ २॥
   yogashchittavrittinirodhah
   Yoga is restraining the mind-stuff (Chitta) from
   taking various forms (Vrttis)
   A good deal of explanation is necessary here. We have to
   understand what Chitta is, and what are these Vrttis. I have
   this eye. Eyes do not see. Take away the brain centre which is
   in the head, the eyes will still be there, the retinæ complete,
   and also the picture, and yet the eyes will not see. So the eyes
   are only a secondary instrument, not the organ of vision. The
   organ of vision is in the nerve centre of the brain. The two
   eyes will not be sufficient alone. Sometimes a man is asleep
   with his eyes open. The light is there and the picture is there,
   but a third thing is necessary; mind must be joined to the
   organ. The eye is the external instrument, we need also the
   brain centre and the agency of the mind. Carriages roll down a
   9

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
street and you do not hear them. Why? Because your mind has
not attached itself to the organ of hearing. First there is the
instrument, then there is the organ, and third, the mind
attachment to these two. The mind takes the impression
farther in, and presents it to the determinative
faculty—Buddhi—which reacts. Along with this reaction
flashes the idea of egoism. Then this mixture of action and
reaction is presented to the Purusa, the real Soul, who
perceives an object in this mixture. The organs (Indriyas),
together with the mind (Manas), the determinative faculty
(Buddhi) and egoism (Ahamkara), form the group called the
Antahkarana (the internal instrument). They are but various
processes in the mind-stuff, called Chitta. The waves of
thought in the Chitta are called Vrtti (“the whirlpool” is the
literal translation). What is thought? Thought is a force, as is
gravitation or repulsion. It is absorbed from the infinite
storehouse of force in nature; the instrument called Chitta
takes hold of that force, and, when it passes out at the other
end it is called thought. This force is supplied to us through
food, and out of that food the body obtains the power of
motion, etc. Others, the finer forces, it throws out in what we
call thought. Naturally we see that the mind is not
intelligent; yet it appears to be intelligent. Why? Because the
intelligent soul is behind it. You are the only sentient being;
mind is only the instrument through which you catch the
external world. Take this book; as a book it does not exist
outside, what exists outside is unknown and unknowable. It is
the suggestion that gives a blow to the mind, and the mind
gives out the reaction. If a stone is thrown into the water the
water is thrown against it in the form of waves. The real
universe is the occasion of the reaction of the mind. A book
10

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
form, or an elephant form, or a man form, is not outside; all
that we know is our mental reaction from the outer
suggestion. Matter is the “permanent possibility of
sensation,” said John Stuart Mill. It is only the suggestion that
is outside. Take an oyster for example. You know how pearls
are made. A grain of sand or something gets inside and begins
to irritate it, and the oyster throws a sort of enameling around
the sand, and this makes the pearl. This whole universe is our
own enamel, so to say, and the real universe is the grain of
sand. The ordinary man will never understand it, because,
when he tries to, he throws out an enamel, and sees only his
own enamel. Now we understand what is meant by these
Vrttis. The real man is behind the mind, and the mind is the
instrument in his hands, and it is his intelligence that is
percolating through it. It is only when you stand behind it that
it becomes intelligent. When man gives it up it falls to pieces,
and is nothing. So you understand what is meant by Chitta. It
is the mind-stuff, and Vrttis are the waves and ripples rising in
it when external causes impinge on it. These Vrttis are our
whole universe.
The bottom of the lake we cannot see, because its surface is
covered with ripples. It is only possible when the rippled have
subsided, and the water is calm, for us to catch a glimpse of
the bottom. If the water is muddy, the bottom will not be seen;
if the water is agitated all the time, the bottom will not be
seen. If the water is clear, and there are no waves, we shall see
the bottom. That bottom of the lake is our own true Self; the
lake is the Chitta, and the waves are the Vrttis. Again, this
mind is in three states; one is darkness, which is called Tamas,
11

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
just as in brutes and idiots; it only acts to injure others. No
other idea comes into that state of mind. Then there is the
active state of mind, Rajas, whose chief motives are power
and enjoyment. “I will be powerful and rule others.” Then,
at last, when the waves cease, and the water of the lake
becomes clear, there is the state called Sattva, serenity,
calmness. It is not inactive, but rather intensely active. It is the
greatest manifestation of power to be calm. It is easy to be
active. Let the reins go, and the horses will drag you down.
Anyone can do that, but he who can stop the plunging horses
is the strong man. Which requires the greater strength, letting
go, or restraining? The calm man is not the man who is dull.
You must not mistake Sattva for dullness, or laziness. The
calm man is the one who has restraint of these waves. Activity
is the manifestation of the lower strength, calmness of the
superior strength.
This Chitta is always trying to get back to its natural pure
state, but the organs draw it out. To restrain it, and to check
this outward tendency, and to start it on the return journey to
that essence of intelligence is the first step in Yoga, because
only in this way can the Chitta get into its proper course.
Although this Chitta is in every animal, from the lowest to the
highest, it is only in the human form that we find intellect, and
until the mind-stuff can take the form of intellect it is not
possible for it to return through all these steps, and liberate the
soul. Immediate salvation is impossible for the cow and the
dog, although they have mind, because their Chitta cannot as
yet take that form which we call intellect.
12

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
Chitta manifests itself in all these different forms - scattering,
darkening, weakening, and concentrating. These are the four
states in which the mind-stuff manifests itself. First a
scattered form, is activity. Its tendency is to manifest in the
form of pleasure or of pain. Then the dull form is darkness,
the only tendency of which is to injure others. The
commentator says the first form is natural to the Devas, the
angels, and the second is the demoniacal form. The Ekagra,
the concentrated form of the Chitta, is what brings us to
Samadhi.
3. तदा द्रष्टुः स्वरूपेऽवस्थानम् ॥ ३॥
tada drashtuh svaroope avasthanam
At that time (the time of concentration) the seer (the
PuraSa) rests in his own (unmodified) state.
As soon as the waves have stopped, and the lake has become
quiet, we see the ground below the lake. So with the mind;
when it is calm, we see what our own nature is; we do not mix
ourself but remain our own selves.
4. वृत्तिसारूप्यम् इतरत्र ॥ ४॥
vrittisaroopyam itaratra
At other times (other than that of concentration) the
seer is identified with the modifications.
For instance, I am in a state of sorrow; someone blames me;
this is a modification, Vrtti, and I identify myself with it, and
13

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
the result is misery.
5. वृत्तयः पञ्चतय्यः क्लिष्टा अक्लिष्टाः ॥ ५॥
vrittayah pangchatayyah klishta aklishtah
There are five classes of modification, painful and not
painful.
6. प्रमाणविपर्ययविकल्पनिद्रास्मृतयः ॥ ६ ॥
pramannaviparyayavikalpanidrasmritayah
(These are) right knowledge, indiscrimination, verbal
delusion, sleep, and memory.
7. प्रत्यक्षानुमानागमाः प्रमाणानि ॥ ७॥
pratyakshanumanagamah pramanani
Direct perception, inference, and competent
evidence, are proofs.
When two of our perceptions do not contradict each other we
call it proof. I hear something, and, if it contradicts something
already perceived, I begin to fight it out, and do not believe it.
There are also three kinds of proof. Direct perception,
Pratyaksham, whatever we see and feel, is proof, if there has
been nothing to delude the senses. I see the world; that is
sufficient proof that it exists. Secondly, Anumana, inference;
you see a sign, and from the sign you come to the thing
signified. Thirdly, Aptavakyam, the direct perception of the
Yogi, of those who have seen the truth. We are all of us
14

Patanjali Yoga Sutras

struggling towards knowledge, but you and I have to struggle
hard, and come to knowledge through a long tedious process
of reasoning, but the Yogi, the pure one, has gone beyond all
this. Before his mind, the past, the present, and the future, are
alike one book for him to read; he does not require to go
through all this tedious process, and his words are proofs,
because he sees knowledge in himself; he is the Omniscient
One. These, for instance, are the authors of the Sacred
Scriptures; therefore the Scriptures are proof, and, if any such
persons are living now, their words will be proof. Other
philosophers go into long discussions about this Apta, and
they say, what is the proof that this is truth? The proof is
because they see it; because whatever I see is proof, and
whatever you see is proof, if it does not contradict any past
knowledge. There is knowledge beyond the senses, and
whenever it does not contradict reason and past human
experience, that knowledge is proof. Any madman may come
into this room and say that he sees angels around him, that
would not be proof. In the first place it must be true
knowledge, and, secondly, it must not contradict knowledge
of the past, and thirdly, it must depend upon the character of
the man. I hear it said that the character of the man is not of so
much importance as what he may say; we must first hear what
he says. This may be true in other things; a man may be
wicked, and yet make an astronomical discovery, but in
religion it is different, because no impure man will ever have
the power to reach the truths of religion. Therefore, we have
first of all to see that the man who declares himself to be an
Apta is a perfectly unselfish and holy person; secondly that he
has reached beyond the senses, and thirdly that what he says
does not contradict the past knowledge of humanity. Any new
15

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
discovery of truth does not contradict the past truth, but fits
into it. And, fourthly, that truth must have a possibility of
verification. If a man says “I have seen a vision,” and tells me
that I have no right to see it, I believe him not. Everyone must
have the power to see it for himself. No one who sells his
knowledge is an Apta. All these conditions must be fulfilled;
you must first see that the man is pure, and that he has no
selfish motive; that he has no thirst for gain or fame.
Secondly, he must show that he is super-conscious. Thirdly,
he must have given us something that we cannot get from our
senses, and which is for benefit of the world. And we must see
that it does not contradict other truths; if it contradicts other
scientific truths reject it at once. Fourthly, the man should
never be singular; he should only represent what all men can
attain. The three sorts of proof, are, then, direct sense
perception, inference, and the words of an Apta. I cannot
translate this word into English. It is not the word inspired,
because that comes from outside, while this comes from
himself. The literal meaning is “attained.”
8. विपर्ययो मिथ्याज्ञानम् अतद्रूपप्रतिष्ठम् ॥ ८॥
viparyayo mithyajnanam atadroopapratishtham
Indiscrimination is false knowledge not established in
real nature.
The next class of Vrttis that arise is mistaking the one thing for
another, as a piece of mother-of-pearl is taken for a piece of
silver.
16

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
9. शब्दज्ञानानुपाती वस्तुशून्यो विकल्पः ॥ ९॥
shabdajnaananupati vastushoonyo vikalpah
Verbal delusion follows from words having no
(corresponding) reality.
There is another class of Vrttis called Vikalpa. A word is
uttered, and we do not wait to consider its meaning; we jump
to a conclusion immediately. It is the sign of weakness of the
Chitta. Now you can understand the theory of restraint. The
weaker the man the less he has of restraint. Consider
yourselves always in that way. When you are going to be
angry or miserable, reason it out, how it is that some news that
has come to you is throwing your mind into Vrttis.
10. अभावप्रत्ययालम्बना वृत्तिर्निद्रा ॥ १०॥
abhavapratyayalambana vrittirnidra
Sleep is a Vrtti which embraces the feeling of
voidness.
The next class of Vrttis is called sleep and dream. When we
awake we know that we have been sleeping; we can only have
memory of perception. That which we do not perceive we
never can have any memory of. Every reaction is a wave in
the lake. Now, if, during sleep, the mind has no waves, it
would have no perceptions, positive or negative, and,
therefore, we would not remember them. The very reason of
our remembering sleep is that during sleep there was a certain
class of waves in the mind. Memory is another class of Vrttis,
17

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
which is called Smrti.
11. अनुभूतविषयासंप्रमोषः स्मृतिः ॥ ११॥
anubhootavishayasanpramoshah smritih
Memory is when the (Vrttis of) perceived subjects do
not slip away (and through impressions come back to
consciousness).
Memory can be caused by the previous three. For instance,
you hear a word. That word is like a stone thrown into the lake
of the Chitta; it causes a ripple, and that ripple rouses a series
of ripples; this is memory. So in sleep. When the peculiar
kind of ripple called sleep throws the Chitta into a ripple of
memory it is called a dream. Dream is another form of the
ripple which in the waking state is called memory.
12. अभ्यासवैराग्याभ्यां तन्निरोधः ॥ १२॥
abhyasavairagyabhyan tannirodhah
Their control is by practice and non-attachment.
The mind, to have this non-attachment, must be clear, good
and rational. Why should we practice? Because each action is
like the pulsations quivering over the surface of the lake. The
vibration dies out, and what is left? The Samsharas, the
impressions. When a large number of these impressions is left
on the mind they coalesce, and become a habit. It is said
“habit is second nature;” it is first nature also, and the whole
nature of man; everything that we are, is the result of habit.
That gives us consolation, because, if it is only habit, we can
18

Patanjali Yoga Sutras
make and unmake it at any time. The Samshara is left by
these vibrations passing out of our mind, each one of them
leaving its result. Our character is the sum-total of these
marks, and according as some particular wave prevails one
takes that tone. If good prevail one becomes good, if
wickedness one wicked, if joyfulness one becomes happy.
The only remedy for bad habits is counter habits; all the bad
habits that have left their impressions are to be controlled by
good habits. Go on doing good, thinking holy thoughts
continuously; that is the only way to suppress base
impressions. Never say any man is hopeless, because he only
represents a character, a bundle of habits, and these can be
checked by new and better ones. Character is repeated habits,
and repeated habits alone can reform character.
13. तत्र स्थितौ यत्नोऽभ्यासः ॥ १३॥
tatra sthitau yatno abhyasah
Continuous struggle to keep them (the Vrttis)
perfectly restrained is practice.
What is this practice? The attempt to restrain the mind in the
Chitta form, to prevent its going out into waves.
14. स तु दीर्घकालनैरन्तर्यसत्कारासेवितो दृढभूमिः ॥ १४॥
sa tu dirghakalanairantaryasatkarasevito dridha
-bhoomih
Its ground becomes firm by long, constant efforts
with great love (for the end to be attained).
19