काव्यालङ्कार (आचार्य भामह - भारतीय काव्यशास्त्र एवं अलङ्कार-सिद्धान्त मूल महाग्रन्थ सटीक)

78 BHĀMAHĀLAṄKĀRA
30. The author devotes a large section to Upa-
mālankāra, running through 35 verses up to Verse
64. This verse gives a definition of Upamā. देशकाल-
क्रियादिभिः विरुद्धेन उपमानेन सह उपमेयस्य गुणलेशेन यत् साम्यं सा
उपमा. An Upamā or a simile involves four factors.
(1) Upameya, the thing compared and relevant.
(2) Upamāna, the standard of comparison ; a non-re-
levant thing with which the Upameya is compared.
(3) साधारणधर्म or the common characteristic of the
Upamāna and the Upameya which is predicated in
the context. (4) उपमावाचक, words expressive of simi-
larity viz., as, like etc. In the sentence चन्द्र इव मुखं
कान्तं, चन्द्र or the moon is the Upamāna, इव is Upamā-
vāchaka, मुखं is the Upameya and कान्तं represents
साधारणधर्म. This is an example of पूर्णोपमा. But where
one or more factors are absent the simile is said to
be लुप्तोपमा. The distinction between पूर्णोपमा and लुप्तोपमा
is elaborately dealt with in later works of rhetoric
including Appayya Dīkshita’s Kuvalayānanda. In
view of the statement यदुक्तं त्रिप्रकारत्वं तस्याः in Verse 37
supra which refers to उपमा, obviously it follows that
according to Bhāmaha प्रतिवस्तूपमा which is dealt with
in Verse 34 supra is only a variety of Upamā and
not a separate Alaṁkāra to which status it has been
raised by later rhetoricians. According to Dandin
also प्रतिवस्तूपमा is only a variety of Upamā. In fact
Daṇḍin in Kāvyādarśa II-15 to 50 gives any number
of varieties of Upamā as hereunder given.