सिद्धान्तशिरोमणि: गणिताध्याय (भास्कराचार्य - ग्रहगणित, मध्यमाधिकार व स्पष्टाधिकार सटीक)

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From fig. 41, it is clear that there are two Koṇa-
Śaṅkus at S₁ and S₂ during the forenoon and similarly
two at S₁' and S₂' in the afternoon where S₁' and S₂'
are the symmetrical points of S₁ and S₂. From fig. 42, it
is clear that if Agrā < H sin 45° when δ is south, there
will be one Koṇa-Śaṅku in the forenoon at S₁ and one in
the afternoon at the symmetrical S₁'.
Verses 31 and 32. H cos z at noon known as
Dinārdha-Śaṅku.
By 'northern hemisphere' it is meant that the Sun
is in the northern hemisphere ie. his Sāyana longitude
ie. modern longitude lies between 0° and 180°, and 'the
southern hemisphere' means that the Sun's longitude lies
between 180° and 360°. The direction of δ may be got
from the above convention. The latitude and colatitude
are always deemed as south and north respectively.
The latitude and colatitude being 'added to subtracted
from or being decreased by' as the case may be, the
declination, we have the zenith-distance and the altitude
of the celestial body at Noon. The zenith-distance and
the altitude are mutually complements.
Comm. In Hindu Astronomy the words “उत्तरगोले”
“दक्षिणगोले” are very often used to connote that the Sun is
on the north or the south of the celestial equator respec-
tively, so that the declination could be automatically known
to be north or south respectively. Regarding the latitude,
the peculiarity in Hindu Astronomy is that what we call
north latitude in modern astronomy is construed as south
in as much as the celestial equator gets depressed south
in northern latitudes. The colatitude SQ in fig. 41 on the
other hand extends north from the south, so that, it is
construed as north.
The word 'Saṃskāra' is used in Hindu Astronomy
in the meaning given above in the translation. Fo