सङ्गीतरत्नाकर: प्रथम भाग (शार्ङ्गदेव - स्वरगताध्याय सविस्तार व्याख्या व अनुवाद सहित)

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74 Treatment of Svara
10. अस्थिसन्धयः, तेषां सङ्ख्या भेदाश्च
द्वे शते त्वस्थिसन्धीनां स्यातामत्र दशोत्तरे ॥९२॥
कोरकाः प्रतरास्तुन्नाः सीवन्यः स्युरुलूखलाः ।
सामुद्गा मण्डलाः शङ्खावर्ता वायसतुण्डकाः ॥९३॥
इत्यष्टधा समुद्दिष्टा मुनीन्द्रैरस्थिसन्धयः ।
Dhanvantari,⁷ however, has spoken of only three hundred bones. (92b)
10. Bone joints, their number and types : 92c-94b
As pointed out by the sages, the joints are two hundred and ten in number, classified into eight types, viz. koraka¹,
The other four group units of bones are—one above the sacrum, one above the chest, one at the junction of the thorax and abdomen, and one at the acromial end of the scapula (cf. Suśruta Śā. Sthā. 5.15.16. Also see p. 163 Bhishagratna). It is notable that Suśruta concedes that other authorities count four more saṅghāta-s.
Obviously the joints enumerated here refer to the joints of the bones. These are divided into two classes by the modern medical science, viz., immovable, i.e., synarthrosis and movable, i.e., diarthrosis. The names of the various types such as kora etc. are indicative of the shapes they resemble, and their respective significations are elucidated in the notes. The particular joints of the body covered under each type are as under :

1. Koraka—joints in the fingers, wrists, ankles, knees and elbows.
2. Pratara—joints in the neck and the spinal columns.
3. Tunna-sīvanī—joints found in the kapāla bones of pelvis and the forehead.
4. Ulūkhala or Udūkhala—joints in the axilla (i.e. the shoulder joint, in the teeth and in the hips).
5. Sāmudga—joints in the region of the anus, vagina, shoulders and hips.
6. Maṇḍala—joints around the heart, throat, eyes and kloma.
7. Śaṅkhāvarta—joints in the bones of the ears and nostrils.
8. Vāyasatuṇḍa—joints on either side of the cheek bones.
9. An ancient authority of Indian medical science.
10. Koraka, lit. means hinged or lap-shaped.

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Section 2 : The Genesis of the Human Embodiment 75
11. अन्यसन्धीनां संख्या
पेशीस्नायुसिरासन्धिसहस्रद्वितयं मतम् ॥९४॥
12. स्नायवः
नव स्नायुशतानि स्युश्चतुर्धा स्नायवो मताः ।
प्रतानवत्यः सुषिराः कण्डराः पृथुलास्तथा ॥९५॥
pratara², tunna-sīvanī³, ulūkhala⁴, sāmudga⁵, maṇḍala⁶, śaṅkhāvarta⁷ and vāyasatuṇḍaka⁸. (92c-94b)
11. The number of other joints : 94cd
The joints of muscles, sinews and veins are considered to be two thousand. (94cd)
12. Ligaments¹ : 95-96
There are nine hundred ligaments² classified into four
(cf. Suśruta Śā. Sthā. 5. 28-32, Bhishagratna, p 167, Vol. II and Ghanekar, p. 168, Vol. II.)
The eight types of the joints have been classified by Ghanekar in consonance with the modern medicine as under :
Kora............... Pivot
Saddle
Cala, i. e.         Condyled    Diarthrosis
movable         Hinge
Vāyasatuṇḍa......... Arthrodia
Pratara............ Enarthrosis
Ulūkhala or
Acala i. e , Udūkhala........... Gomphoses
immovable                 Synarthrosis
Tunna-sīvanī   Sutures
Sāmudga............. Amphiarthroses
2. Pratara, lit. means a raft.
3. Tunna-sīvanī means seam-like or dove-tailed.
4. Ulūkhala suggests the shape of ball and socket.
5. Samudga is like the back of the palm.
6. Maṇḍala, lit means a circle or circular.
7. Śaṅkhāvarta indicates the involutions of a conch-shell.
8. Vāyasatuṇḍa means the crow-back.
1, 2. Snāyu is roughly translated as ligament in this context.