वेदों की प्राचीनता एवं काल-निर्णय / ओरायन (लोकमान्य बाल गंगाधर तिलक - खगोलीय वैदिक शोध)

470 GENERAL INDEX.
view, 408; Indo-Iranian settle-
ments in, not primitive, 390, 420.
Astral, theory, to explain Vedic
myths, 245.
Astronomers, Hindu, locate Meru at
the North Pole, 67; chronology
of, 422.
Atharvan, an ancient sacrificer, 160-
161.
Ati-agniṣhṭoma, a Soma-sacrifice, 206,
Ati-râtra, a Soma-sacrifice, 206; in-
troduces and concludes a sattra,
208, 228; one of the night-sacri-
fices, 213, 215; extraction and
purification of Soma juice therein
at night, 213, 214; an Avestic pa-
rallel, 214; meaning of ati in, 227;
production of a cycle of day and
night therefrom, 227; position of,
in the annual round of sacrifices
in ancient times, 229, 230.
Atri, an ancient sacrificer, 160, 161.
Atri Saptavadhri, See Ashvins, and
Saptavadhri.
Aufrecht, Prof., 87, 88, 462.
Aurora Borealis, 47, 70.
Aupamanyava, a Nairukta, correct-
ness of his interpretation of shipi-
vishṭa, 330, 331.
Aurṇavâbha, 326.
Autumnal, hundred forts of Vṛi-
tra, meaning of, 221, 248, 252, 287.
Autumns, a hundred, 389.
Avesta, passages in, See Index of
Avestic passages. Traditions about
the Polar home in, 19, 354-390;
method of counting by seasons
in, 285; See Airyāna Vaêjo.
Âyus, a Soma-sacrifice, 207.
Azi-Dahâk, 267, 308, 309.
BÂDARÂYANA, on the inauspicious-
ness of dying in the Dakshiṇâyana,
76; on the eternity of the
Vedas, 450.
Balder, or Baldur, the Norse summer-
god, his dwelling place in the
heavens, 403; killed by Hodur,
the winter-god, 405.
Bali, the rescuer of Dîrghatamas, 170;
Purâṇic enemy of Vâmana, 327.
Ball, Sir Robert, supports Croll's
theory, 27; but refrains from
adopting Croll's calculations, 33.
Beech age, 12; See Ages.
Bhâṇḍârkar, Dr., on the date of
Mâḍhariputta and Puḷumâvi, 285,
Bhartṛihari, 340.
Bhâskara, Bhaṭṭa, 191, 220.
Bhâskarâchârya, on perpetual day
and night, 56; his erroneous view
about Uttarâyaṇa, 67.
Bhîshma, a Mahâbhârata warrior.
waiting to die in the Uttarâyaṇa,
75.
Bhrigu, an ancient sacrificer,
160, 161.
Bhujyu, a protege of the Ashvins,
who rescued him from bottomless
darkness, 302, 303, 305, 306-9.
Bloomfield, Prof., 115, 287.
Bodas, Râjârâma Shâstri, and M. R.
446.
Brahma-chârin, the sun in the
Atharva-Veda, 315.
Brahma-jâyâ, the Brâhmin's lost
wife, restoration of, 347.
Brâhmaṇas, the Vedic works, the
Vedas partially unintelligible at
the time of their composition, 5;
classification of the contents of,
129; their probable aim and nat-
ure, 230; on the eternity of the
Vedas, 448.
Bṛihaspati, the son of Aṅgiras, said
to be seven-mouthed, 169; his cou-
quest of cows, 201; helps Indra
in the rescue of cows, from Vala,

GENERAL INDEX. 471
249; saviour of Trita from dis-
tress, 335; seven-mouthed, and ten-
headed, 342; connected with the
story of Sarmâ and Paṇis, 347;
restoration of his lost wife, 347.
Bronze, art of making, probably in-
troduced into Europe from out-
side, 9; known before the Aryan
separation, 442.
Bronze, age, See Ages.
Bundahish, referred to or quoted,
224, 266, 269, 361-363, 374.
Bunsen, 356, 365, 367.
Burma, Indian names of cities in,
293.
CACUS, a Greek monster like the
Vedic Vala, 200.
Calendar, Vedic, in the Taittirîya
Saṁhitâ, of 12 months and six
seasons, 62; ancient sacrificial, of
ten months, 229, 231, 232; anci-
ent Roman, of ten months, 199,
230, 395; ancient Celtic and
Norse, 398, 399; ancient Greek,
399; primitive Aryan, Arctic,
436, 437.
Calends, of May and of Winter, 396,
397.
Caspian, sea, wrongly identified
with Rangha, 363.
Celts, the yearly feasts of, 396;
their gods and heroes, 406 f.
Chaillu, Paul Du, on the long night
at Nordkyn, 56; his Land of the
long night referred to, 214, 215.
Chalceia, an ancient Greek yearly
feast, 399.
Chaturviṁsha, a sacrificial day, 208,
209.
Chatvâriṁshyâm sharadi, on the
fortieth in autumn, the meaning
of, (in Ṛig. II. 12, 11,) 281.
Chavee, on the original type of the
Aryan race, 16.
Chronology, Purâṇic, of Kalpas,
Manvantaras, and Mahâ-yugas
421; length of a Kalpa, and a
Yuga in, 422; Raṅgâchârya's
and Aiyer's views thereon, 423-
426.—in Manu and Mahâbhâ-
rata, 426-428.
—Vedic, 420, 453-454.
Chyavâna, the falling (sun), a
protege of the Ashvins who re-
stored him to youth, 170, 244,
301-303.
Circum-polar, regions, distinguished
from the Polar, 43; characteris-
tics of, described and summed up,
55, 59.
Civilization, Palæolithic and Neoli-
thic, 16, 17; primitive, as de-
duced from comparative philology,
431; original Vedic or Aryan,
inter-glacial, 439-444.
Climate, geological, equable and uni-
form over the whole earth till the
end of the Pliocene period, 21;
sudden change in, during the
Pleistocene, 22; cold, in the gla-
cial, and mild, in the inter-glacial
period, 23, 24.
Coins, bronze, in use amongst un-
divided Aryans, 442.
Comparative, Mythology and Philo-
logy, q. v.
Couvade, the Irish custom of, 329,
405, 407.
Corpses, the custom of not disposing
of, during winter, 73-77, 271-275,
Cows, the three-fold meaning of, in
the Vedas, 201, 202; the sacri-
ficial session of, lasting for ten
months, 194-198; its nature
explained, 200 f.
Cow-stable, seven-fold and ten-fold,
343.
Cow's Walk, See Gavâm ayanam.
Croll, Dr., his theory about the cause

472 GENERAL INDEX.
of the Glacial period, 27-31; his
three periods of the maximum ec-
centricity of the earth's orbit,
32; his estimate of the duration
and commencement of the Glacial
period, 33; questioned by Ball
and Newcomb, 33; by Geikie
and Hudlestone, 35.
Cuchulainn, the Celtic Sun-hero,
making love to a number of
Dawns, 393, 394; his encounters
with the Fomori or the Fir Bolg,
405; unaffected by couvade,
406; fighting without rest for
several days, 406, 407.
Culture, primitive, See Civilization.
Currents, oceanic and aerial, effects
of, on climate, 21.
DAITYA, the meaning of, in the
Vendidad 1, 3-4, 362; a river
in the Bundahish, otherwise
called Dâitik, 362, 363.
Darkness, of the Polar night, nature
of, 47; ghastly and sunless, as
Vṛitra's stronghold, in the Ṛig-
Veda, 125, 247; long, too long,
the end of, 125; Agni living long
in, 127, 317; Indra driving the
Asuras from, 213; Arctic,
synchronous with winter, 273-
279; daily and annual struggle
between it and light, 242, 296,
406; proteges of the Ashvins
condemned to, 304, 305; the
sun dwelling in 321, 322.
Dakshiṇâ, the mother of the sun, 145.
Dakshiṇâyana, or Pitṛiyâna, night
of gods, 67; death during, in-
auspicious, 75; Bâdarâyaṇa's
view of, 76; parallel tradition in
the Avesta, 77.
Darmesteter, Prof., the translator of
Vendidad and Yasht, his rendering
of the Vendidad I and II, 72; on
the nature of the legend of Tish-
trya, 223; does not explain why
the appointed time of Tishtrya
varies from one to a hundred
nights, 224; his rendering of Tîr
Yasht, para 36, 226; his view of
the same single source of waters
and light, 266; on the cessation of
the flow of waters in winter, 271;
on the transference of the name
Hapta hindu to a new settlement,
289; on the meaning of Dâitya in
Vend. I, 362; his identification of
the Airyana Vaêjo examined and
rejected, 360-365.
Dâsa, Vṛitra, 140, 143.
Dashadyu, a protege of Indra, 341,
346.
Dashagvas, a species of the Aṅgi-
rases, 342-344; See Navagvas.
Dashamâya, an enemy of Indra, 342,
346.
Dashame yage, meaning of (in Ṛig.
I, 158, 6), 177.
Dasha prapitve, meaning of (in Ṛig.
VI., 31, 3), 322-326.
Dâsharâjña, Indra's fight with ten
kings, 345 f.
Dasharatha, 347.
Dashashipra, an enemy of Indra, 342,
Dashoṇi, an enemy of Indra, 341-
346.
Dawn, two months' duration of, at
the pole, 47, 48; revolving splend-
ours of, 49, 50; why styled Dak-
shiṇâ, 145; the first, commenc-
ing the mânushâ yugâ, 176; why
addressed in the plural number in
the Vedas, 95 f; in the Lettish;
Greek and Celtic mythologies,
393; the dying torch of, in the
Finnish mythology, 404; as a
Vedic Deity, See Uṣhas.

GENERAL INDEX. 473
Dawn-theory, 3 ; its scope and ap-
plication, 240-242.
Day, longer than 24 hours in the
Arctic regions, 55 ; six-monthly,
in the Tâittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 70 ;
in the Avesta, 71 ; in Manu and
Mahâbhârata, 68, 69 ; originally
a real observation, 73; of the gods,
See, Night of the gods.
Day and Night, a dual deity in the
Vedas, 131 ; two such dual deities
135 ; diurnal changes in, over the
globe stated, 137; the existence of
two dual deities explainable only
on the Arctic theory, 137, 138.
Death, inauspiciousness of, in the
Dakshiṇâyana, 75 ; in winter in
the Parsi scriptures, 77, 273.
Debris, glacial, its action and ex-
tent 23.
December, the tenth and the last
month in the ancient Roman year,
its reason explained, 198, 395 ;
denotes an ancient Arctic year of
ten months, 200.
Deities, Vedic, pre-glacial in origin
and character, 433.
Deluge, the Avestic account of,
379 f; the story of, in the Shata-
patha Brâhmaṇa, 385 ; said to be
of water and not ice, 387 ; Greek
account of, 388 ; compared with
the Avestic, account 389 ; See
Glacial period.
Demeter, the mother-earth rejoicing
for six months in the presence of
Proserpine, 398.
Deukaliôn, saved from the deluge in
Greek mythology, 388.
Devayâna and Pitṛiyâna, originally
representing the two-fold division
of the year at the Pole, 73, 74 ;
the path of the gods, same as
the path of Mazda in the Avesta,
75 ; Vṛitra killed on the borders
of, 251.
Dhîtis, prayers, seven-fold and ten-
fold, 342.
Dîrghatamas, the legend of, in the
Mahâbhârata, 170 ; in the Ṛig-
Veda, id; saved by Ashvins, 171;
becoming decrepit in the tenth
yuga, 171 f; means the sun dis-
appearing after riding on aerial
waters for ten months, 177, 178;
a solar legend of Arctic origin,
178, 231, 256, 306, 319, 351.
Divine, years, the theory of, 423-
426 ; See, year.
Divishti, striving for the day, 246.
Divodâsa, the father of Sudâs, 345.
Dixit, the late Mr. S. B., on the
equinox in the Kṛittikâs, 44, 422.
Durga, a commentator on Yâska, 134.
Dvâdashâha, a twelve days' sacrifice,
how made up, 276.
Dvâpara, the third yuga in Purâṇic
mythology, duration and nature
of, 422-426.
Dvita, the Second, a brother of Tri-
ta, 334.
Dyotana, an enemy of Indra, 342.
EARTH, classification of stratified
rocks on the surface of, 11 ;
climate on, in early geological
times, 21 ; obliquity of its axis
producing seasons, id.; change in
the position of axis improbable,
25 ; diminishing heat of, 26 ;
eccentricity of its orbit producing
glacial periods, according to Dr.
Croll, 28, 29; Dr. Ball's estimate
of the average heat received by
each of its hemispheres, 32;
maximum value of the eccentri-
city of its orbit, 73; three-fold
in the Vedas and the Avesta, 260

474 GENERAL INDEX.
seven-fold, nine-fold and ten-fold,
343.
Edda, a Norse epic poem, 'death of
Anses in, 406.
Eden, the garden of, in the Bible,
410.
Egypt, the historic period in, 2, 12,
14, 37; no trace of glaciation in,
14.
Ekâha, a Soma-sacrifice lasting for
a single day, 206.
Ekâshṭakâ, the mother of Indra, 118.
Ekata, the First, a brother of Trita,
334.
Eleven-fold, division of gods in the
Vedas, 290, 343.
Equinoxes, precision of, 28; cy-
cle of, 29; used as a Vedic chro-
nometer, 44.
Eras, geological, climate in earlier,
21; See Ages.
Euripides, on the fountain of the
world's waters, 276.
Evans, 7.
FATHERS, our ancient, in the Vedas,
160.
Fauna, and Flora, fossil, distinguish
different geological eras, 11; indi-
cate warm climate in early times,
21.
Fedelm, of nine forms, in Celtic
mythology, 401.
Finland, once thought to be the
Aryan home, 409, 417.
Finns, not the originators of the
Aryan speech, 18, 19; the circu-
lation of cosmic waters in the
mythology of, 276.
Fir-age, archæological, 12.
Fir-Bolg, See Fomori.
Fish, the, saved by Manu and in turn
the saviour of Manu, 386;
Five, milkings, 119; seasons, 182 f.
Floods, during deluges, probably
glacial in origin, 386.
Fomori, the Irish representatives
of darkness, 405.
Foods, seven and ten, 342.
Forseti, Baldur's son, his long sit-
tings at the court, 408.
Fravashis, shewing the path of
Mazda to the sun, 75; correspond
to Vedic Pitṛis, 270; said to
have shown the way to the waters
and the sun in the Avesta, 271.
GAVAM-AYANAM, a ten-months' year-
ly sacrifice, or the Cow's Walk,
162; of ten months in the Aita-
reya Brâhmaṇa, 194; in the
Tâittirîya Saṁhitâ 195, 196; its
ten months' duration said to be an
immemorial custom, 197; repre-
sents the ancient Arctic year,
198; compared with the old
Roman year of ten months, 199;
meaning of cows (gavâm) in, 200-
202; the type of yearly sacrifices,
207; an outline scheme of, 208;
supplemented by night-sacrifices,
215 f., 229, 231, 394.
Geikie, Prof., 7; on the commence-
ment of the post-Glacial period,
14; five glacial and four inter-gla-
cial periods according to, 23, 36,
38; on the glacial and inter-gla-
cial climate in the Arctic regions,
24; on Dr. Croll's theory, 35.
Geldner, Prof., 323.
Geology, eras and periods in, enume-
rated and described, 11, 12; co-
relation of geological and archæo-
logical ages, 12; Iron, Bronze and
Neolithic included in the post-
Glacial period and Palæolithic in
the Pleistocene or the Glacial, 11;
the date of the commencement-

GENERAL INDEX. 475

of the post-Glacial period
in, 13; evidence and extent
of glaciation in the glacial period,
13, 23; climate in the early ages
of, 21-24; causes of a succession
of glacial periods in, 25; Dr.
Croll's view 28-34; estimate of
the duration of the glacial period,
36; latest researches in, summary
of, 37, 38; supports the Avestic
account of the deluge of snow
and ice, 383, 384. See Archæolo-
gy, Climate, Glacial period.
Gharma, a sacrificial pot, 190.
Ghoshâ, a protege of the Ashvins,
302.
Gilbert, Mr., his view regarding the
commencement of the post-glacial
period, 13.
Giri, a mountain, misinterpretation
of, See Parvata.
Glacial, epoch or period, discovery
of its evidence, 4; nature of the
evidence of, 22; existence of two,
with an intervening interglacial,
conclusively established, 23; ex-
tent of glaciation in Europe and
America, 23; climate cold in gla-
cial, warm in interglacial, 24;
various theories regarding the
cause of, 25; Lyell's theory and
estimate about its duration, 26;
Croll's theory and esimate about
its duration, 27-33; long duration
of, 36; Avestic evidence in proof
of 379 f.
Glaciation, in northern Europe and
America, 13, 23; traces of, not
yet discovered in northern
Asia, 14.
Go, a Soma-sacrifice, 207.
Gods, the six-monthly night of, in
astronomical works, 67; in Manu
and Mahâbhârata, 69; in the
Taittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 70; in the
Ṛig-Veda, 73-75; in other Aryan
mythologies, 78; eleven-fold divi-
sion of, in the Vedas, 290, 343;
temporary sickness or affliction
of in ancient mythology, 406-
408.
Go-ishṭi, the meaning of, 245.
Gotama, a Vedic sage, 347.
Grassmann, Prof., 171, 323.
Griffith, Mr., his interpretation of
Ṛig-Vedic verses stated and exa-
mined, 86, 89, 91, 101, 116,
133, 140, 141, 174, 180.
Grill, on the German world-river,
276.
Grote, his account of deluge in the
Greek mythology, 388.
Gulf-stream, its effect on climate,
21, 25.
Gwin, and Gwythur, fighting for
the same damsel and having her
in turn, 397, 398.
HADES, conceived as turned upside
down, 307.
Hanûmân, a Purâṇic deity, traced
to Vṛishâkapi, 348.
Hapta-Hindu, Avestic name fo
Sapta Sindhavah, its origin and
meaning explained, 288-293; See
Sapta Sindhavah.
Hara-Berezaiti, a mountain in the
Avesta; See Alburz.
Haug, Dr. 150, 356, 359, 365, 455.
Heavens, spinning round of, in the
Ṛig Veda, 65.
Hebrews, their belief in the exist-
ence of celestial waters, 265, 278.
Heeren, Prof., 356.
Hêlios, the sun, his 350 oxen and
sheep, 202, 310, 394; sailing
from west to east in a golden
boat, 275.
Hemispheres, the two celestial,
upper and lower, referred to and

476 GENERAL INDEX.
mentioned in the Ṛig-Veda, 262,
263.
Hemanta, with Shishira, the dual
season, 183; represented the
yearly sunset, 283.
Hêrakles, names of the wives of,
representing dawns, 393.
Hercules, the pillars of, 146; the
cows of, carried off, by Cacus,
200.
Hermes, stealing the oxen of Apol-
lon 204.
Herodotus, mentions people sleep-
ing for six months, 71; his
account of the Phœnician mari-
ners sailing round Africa, 146.
Herschel, Sir, on seasons, 29; error
in his view regarding the heat
received by each hemisphere in
summer and winter, 31; on the
perpetual spring in interglacial
times, 38.
Hesiod, on the source of earthly
rivers, 276.
Himâlayas, the, upheaved in later
geological ages, 21.
Hiraṇya-hasta, the gold hand, given
by the Ashvins, 303, 311.
Historic period, in Greece and
Egypt, 2.
Hodur, the blind Norse god of
winter, killing Baldur, the god
of summer, 405.
Home, the primeval Aryan, not in
Central Asia, 18, 408; nor in
Finland or Scandinavia, 409; but
in the Arctic regions, north of
Siberia, in pre-glacial times,
418, 419; See, Airyana Vaêjo.
Homer, Iliad and Odyssey, 78; his
legend of cow-stealing, 204; on
the shape of the earth, 275; on the
circulation of aerial waters, 276;
draw from the same mythological
source as Vâlmîki, 349; mentions
Khalkos or bronze coins, 442.
Horses, of the sun, sevenfold and
tenfold, 184, 341.
Hudleston, Mr., on the extravagance
of Dr. Croll's calculations, 35.
Hukairya, mountain in the Avesta,
266.
Hundred, night-sacrifices, 211-217;
fortresses or cities destroyed by
Indra, leather straps of Kutsa,
221; moving in the abode of In-
dra, and turning on and off the
course of ordinary days, 221.
Hvarenô, the, Glory in the Avesta,
308.
Hymns, Vedic, interglacial in
substance, post-glacial in form,
459-462.
ICE, of the glacial period, its action,
23; invading Airyana Vaêjo,
379, 380; its connection with the
deluge in Indian mythology, 387.
Iliad, the, nature of day in, 78;
mythical element in, traceable
to primitive Aryan times, 349;
mentions bronze coins, 442.
Incarnations, ten, of Indra in the
Avesta and of Vishṇu in the
Purâṇas, 341, 350.
Indra, the principal Vedic deity,
revolving the heavens as on a
pole, 65; breaking the car of the
dawn, 110; fights with his ene-
mies in darkness, 125, 213; re-
taliates Dâsa's mischief by pro-
ducing the long Arctic day, 140-
144; assisted by Navagvas and
Dasha-gvas; 162f; his war with
Vala at the end of the year, 163,
169, 226; the only deity worship-
ped in the Atirâtra sacrifice, 213;
master of a hundred sacrifices,

GENERAL INDEX. 477
217-221; his conquest over
Vṛitra and release of captive
waters, the sun and the dawn,
245-279; as Vṛitra-han, 245,
296; finds Shambara on the for-
tieth of Sharad, 279-282; steal-
ing the solar orb on the comple-
tion of ten (months), 320-326;
assisted by Vishṇu in his fight
with Vṛitrà, 328; tenfold or ten
incarnations of, 341; seven-killer,
and possibly ten-killer, 346;
lover of Ahalyâ, 347; exploits
of, said to be ancient or inter-
glacial, 460, 111; See Âpas,
Dashagvas, Vala, Vṛitra.
Interglacial, period, See Glacial.
Irân Veg, See Airyana Vaêjo.
Iranians, their original home, 357;
could not but be Arctic, 367;
destroyed during the glacial
period, 384; See Airyana Vaêjo.
Iron, age, See Ages.
Ivan, the story of, 403, 404.
JAIMINI, his view about the eter-
nity of the Vedas, 449.
Jaxartes, the, and the Oxus, Aryan
settlements on the banks of, 36,
354, 361, 377.
Jews, See Hebrews.
Jhalkikar, Mahâmahopâdhyaya,
451.
Jimha-bâra, with mouth down-
wards, applied to the nether
world, 306, 307.
Jyotish, or Jyotishṭoma, a Soma-
sacrifice, 206-209.
KALI, a protege of the Ashvins,
301-303.
Kali-Yuga, commencement, dura-
tion and nature of, 422-427;
the age of final settlements, 455.
Kâlidâsa, 147.
Kalpa, a higher unit of time in
the Puranic chronology, 421, 422;
repromulgation of the Vedas at
the beginning of each, 452, 458.
Kamadyu, a protege of the Ashvins,
301.
Kânheri, an inscription of, 285.
Kanva, an ancient sacrificer, 160.
Kârle, inscriptions of, method of
counting time in, 285.
Karma-devatas, 237.
Kârttikeya, See Kumâra.
Kashyapa, the eighth Âditya at
Meru, 70.
Kâta, a ditch to keep a dead body
in, during winter, 77; Kutsa
lying in, 274.
Khalkos, a bronze coin, phonetical-
ly identical with Shulka, 442.
Kings, seven and three, 443.
Koi, the dawn, in the Finnish my-
thology, 404.
Koshchei, the Russian winter-de-
mon carrying off a princess, 404;
legend of, 404.
Kratu, means a destined course,
103, 117; also denotes a sacri-
fical performance, 220.
Krichenbauer, Anton, on the two-
fold nature of day in the Iliad
and the Odyssey, 78.
Kṛita, Yuga, commencement and
duration of, 422-426; the age of
migration, 455.
Kṛittikâs, or the Pleiades, the
period of the vernal equinox be-
ing in, 44, 62, 131, 420, 454.
Kubhâ, the Kabul river, 363.
Kuhn, Prof., 202; on the storm
theory. 243.
Kuka, Mr. M. N., on Tishtrya's
connection with the year, 226.
Kumâra, the Child, not surrender-
ed by the mother to the father,

478 GENERAL INDEX.
the story of, 316; basis of the
Purânic story of Kârttikeya,
318.
Kumârila, his interpretation of the
legend of Ahalyâ, 239, 347.
Kutsa, lying in a kata or a winter
grave, 274.
LABRAID of the Swift Hand on the
Sword, King of the Irish Hades,
398.
Laing, Mr. Samuel, 7; on man's
ultimate origin, 444.
Lake-dwellers, in Switzerland, 12.
Land and water, distribution of, in
early geological ages, 21-23;
depression and elevation of, caus-
ing the Ice-age, 26.
Lands, countries, sixteen, mentioned
in the Vendîdâd, 357-359; re-
present successive historical
migrations and not merely geo-
graphical divisions, 384.
Lapps, how they count time during
long night, 215.
Lassen, Prof., 289, 356, 390.
Lets, cosmic circulation of waters
in the mythology of, 277; dawn
addressed in the plural in the
same, 293.
Leverrier, M., his tables of the
eccentricity of earth's orbit, 32;
Stockwell's corrections therein,
34.
Lignana, Prof., his view about the
Navagvas and Dashagvas stated
and examined, 166-168; on
Numa's reform, 394; on Navag-
vas and Novemsides, 400.
Lockyer, Sir Norman, on the orien-
tation of the pyramids, 44; on
the ancient Egyptian calendar,
149; on the cosmic circulation
of aerial waters in the Egyptian
mythology, 277.
Logos, the Word, 450, 458.
Lubbock, Sir John, 7.
Ludwig, Prof., on the axis of the
earth in the Rig-Veda, 65; on
the meaning of Ahâni, 91; on
the seven rivers, 289.
Lugnassad, the Celtic summer feast,
397.
Lybia, Africa, sailing round of, 146.
Lyell, Sir Charles, 7; his theory
of the cause of the Glacial
period, and estimate of its dura-
tion, 26; on the origin of the tra-
dition of the half-yearly day, 73;
MACDONNELL, Prof., on the nature
of the dawn-hymns, 18; extracts
from his Vedic mythology
quoted, 246, 248, 301; his
view on the double character
of Indra discussed, 251, 254;
on the brothers of Thrâetaona,
335.
Macrobius, on Numa's reform in
the Roman calendar, 199, 395.
Mâdhava, a commentator on the
Sâma Veda, on the meaning of
virûpe, 133, 134.
Mahâvrata, a Soma-sacrifice, sym-
bolic nature of, 208, 209.
Mahâbhârata, the, 69, 75, 170,
171, 330, 385, 386, 389, 422,
425, 426, 448.
Mahâvîra, a sacrificial pot, 190.
Mahâyuga, a collection of Yugas,
its duration discussed, 424 f.
Mahîdhara, a commentator on the
Vâjasaneyî Samhitâ, 175, 324.
Maid, the, of nine forms, 401.
Mainyô-i-Khard, 377.
Mallinâth, 147.
Mamatâ, the mother of Dîrghatamas,
170, 171.
Man, his existence in the

GENERAL INDEX. 479
quarternary and the tertiary eras, 4, 12, 37.
Manu, a Smṛiti writer, quoted, 68, 69, 257, 488, progenitor of the human race, saved in the deluge, 385-387; an ancient Vedic sacrificer, 160, 161.
Mânushâ yugâ, means human ages and not always human generations, 172-176; commenced with the first dawn, 176; and kshapah used to denote the whole year, 181.
Mârtâṇḍa, the still-born Âditya, the derivation and meaning of, 158; See Aditi, Âditya.
Mâtsya-Purâṇa, account of the deluge in 386.
Matutinal; deities, travelling by the Devayâna path, 74; following the dawns, 107; the story of the Ashvins leading the van in the march of, 299, 301.
Max Muller, Prof. F., on the importance of the discovery of relationship between Sanskrit and Zend, 2; on the untranslateable portion of the Vedas, 6; on the meaning of Samayâ, 86; his explanation of dawns in the plural number unsatisfactory, 96; on the meaning of yojana, 105; of chhandas, 116; of kshapah, 127; on the difference between Ushâsânaktâ and Ahanî, 135; his explanation of eight Âdityas improbable, 156; on the meaning of mânushâ yugâ, 174; on continuous nights, 180, 181; on the three-fold meaning of cows in the Ṛig-Veda, 201, 202; on the stealing of cows in the Greek mythology and on the ancient Greek year, 203, 205; on the dawn theory, 240, 241; on the
Vernal theory, 244; on the derivation of Apollon, 255; on seven rivers, 289; his explanation of the Ashvins' exploits, 178, 299; his derivation of Trita improbable, 336; on the resemblance of names in the Iliad with Vedic names, 349; on progressive savages, 444; on Logos, 450.
May, the calends of, 398, 399.
Mazda, the path of, 75; followed by waters and the sun, 266.
Meru, or the North Pole, six months' day at, in the Saṁhitâs, 56; seat of the gods, and six monthly night and day at, 67, 385, 453; in the Taittirîya Âraṇyaka, 70; permanently illumined by Kashyapa, 154.
Merv, the Avestic Mouru, 359.
Mesopotamia, not the same as Avestic Rangha, 361.
Migrations, of the Iranian race in succession from Airyana Vaêjo, 360-384; the age of, 453, 455.
Milkings, five, 119.
Mîmâṁsakas, their interpretation of Râtri in Râtri-Sattras shewn to be incorrect, 211 f.; their view of the eternity of the Vedas, 449.
Mitra, the representative of half-year long light, 351.
Monogeny, the theory of, regarding human origin, 445.
Months, of sunshine, less than twelve in the Arctic regions, 56, 151; sacrificial session of ten, 191, 198; Avestic, of winter and summer, 371-374; See Dashame yuge, Gavâm ayanam, Seasons, Year and Yuga.
Moon, description of her appearance at the pole, 47

480 GENERAL INDEX.

Mortillet, M. De., on the type of
the primitive Aryans, 16.
Moytura, the battle of, in the Celtic
mythology, fought on the eve of
November, 398.
Much, with vi, meaning of, when
applied to horses, 141.
Muir, Dr., on the yuga system, 68;
on the nature of dawn-hymns, 81;
on Aditi's legend, 156, 173; on
the meaning of parastât, 264;
his summary of Fargard I of the
Vendidad, 357, 358; on the de-
luge, 385-387; on the northern
Aryan home, 389, 390; on the
eternity of the Vedas, 446, 448;
449, 459, 462.
Myths, Vedic, necessity of re-exa-
mining the explanations of, 42;
various theories about the ex-
planations of, 240 f.; disclose
an arctic origin, 351, 352.
Mythology, science of, effect of re-
cent geological discovery on, 3,
4; Vedic, current interpretation
of, 53; theories for the explana-
tion of, 240; comparative, supports
the theory of the Arctic home,
411, 412.
NADERSHAHA, Mr. E. J. D., on the
method of counting time by sea-
sons in the Avesta, 286.
Nâgoji Bhatta, on Patañjali's view
on the eternity of the Vedas,
452.
Nairukta, a school of Vedic inter-
preters, 238, 239.
Naiyyâyikas, their views about the
eternity of Vedas, 451.
Navagvas, a species of the Angi-
rases, generally associated with
the Dashagvas, 162; their sacri-
ficial session of ten months, 162;
commenced with the dawn, id.,
helped Indra in the rescue of the
cows from Vala, 163; the root-
meaning of, 165; Yâska's, Sayâ-
na's and Prof. Lignana's view
thereon, 166, 167; primarily de-
note sacrificers for nine or ten
months, 167; compared to Roman
Novemsides, Celtic Maid of nine
Forms, and the nine steps of
Thor in the Norse mythology,
401, 402; See Angirases, Dashag-
vas.
Nâva-prabhramshana, the gliding
of the ship on the Himalayas, 386.
Navarâtra, a nine days' sacrifice,
207.
Nau-bandhana, a peak of the Hima-
layas, 386.
Nebulous matter, in the universe des-
cribed as watery vapour in the
Vedas, 257.
Neco, Pharoah, king of Egypt, 146.
Neolithic, the new Stone age, dis-
tinguished from the Palæolithic
age, 10; its probable commence-
ment from 5000 B. C., 12.
—Aryan races in Europe, dolicho-
cephalic and brachy-cephalic,
ancestors of the present European
races, 15; their culture compared
with Indo-Germanic culture, 17;
not autochthonous in Europe, 17.
Nether, regions, or regions below
the earth, known to Vedic bards,
259, 260; conceived as dark,
bottomless, or like an inverted
tub in the Vedas, 306-308.
Newcomb, Prof. on the extravagance
of Croll's calculations, 33, 34.
Night, Polar, light and darkness in,
47; shorter than six months, but
longer than twenty-four hours, 55;
of the gods in the Vedas and the

GENERAL INDEX, 481
Avesta, 166, 173; long, safely
reaching the other end of, 128;
apprehensions regarding its end,
129; continuous, 181.
Night-sacrifices, See Râtri-sattras
and Atirâtra.
Nine, Forms, Maid of, 401.
Nine-fold, earth, ocean and sky,
343; See, Sevenfold.
Ninety-nine, forts of Vritra, 221,
247; rivers crossed by Indra,
221.
Nir-riti, the region below the earth,
262.
Nivids, about Indra, quoted, 246.
Non-Aryan, races, may be Arctic in
origin, 409, 430.
Nordkyn, or the North Cape in Eu-
rope, sixty-seven days' continuous
night at, 50.
North Pole, Dr. Warren's book on
the origin of the human race at,
6, 412, 429.
Novaia Zemlia, remnant of an old
Polar continent, 40.
November, the eve of, commence-
ment of the ancient Celtic year
396, 398.
Novemsides, new or nine Roman-
gods, 400.
Numa, his addition of two months
to the ancient Roman year of ten
months, 198, 395.
Nu-t, the Egyptian goddess of the
sky, 278.
OAK-AGE, 12; See Archæology, Ages.
Odin, the reign of, 78.
Odyssey, the, nature of day in, 18
Odysseus, consuming the oxen of
Hêlios, 204.
Okeanos, the world-surrounding
ocean in the Greek mythology,
31
276; phonetically identical with
Âshayâna, 339.
Oldenburg, Prof., on continuous
nights, 108; on the meaning of
div-ishti, 246; his view regard-
ing Indra's producing waters
from the mountains, 253, 322.
Orion, the constellation of, the
period of vernal equinox being in,
420, 454.
Ottoro-corra, the Uttara-Kurus, as
mentioned by Ptolemy, 390.
Oxus, the river, Aryan settlements
on, 354, 361, 377, 390; See
Jaxartes.
PADA-TEXT, of the Rig-veda, amend-
ments in, suggested, 97, 322,
324, 325.
Palæolithic or the old Stone-age,
distinguished from the Neolithic,
10; generally inter-glacial, 12.
—Man, interglacial, 13; his cul-
ture, 16; proof of his existence in
the interglacial period, 24.
Panama, the isthmus of, its sub-
mergence in the Pleistocene pe-
riod improbable, 25.
Pañcha janâh, the five races of
men, probably interglacial, 430.
Pandit, the late Mr. S. P., on the
seven-fold division of Solar rays,
340.
Panjaub, the land of five rivers and
not of seven, 289; rivers in, not
denoted by Sapta-Sindhavah,
290; See, Seven rivers.
Parâvat, the nether region, 263.
Parvata, a mountain, misinterpret-
ed into a cloud in the Vedas,
249, 253.
Parâvrij, a protege of the Ashvins,
302, 303.

482 GENERAL INDEX.
Patañjali, his view about the eter-
nity of the Vedas, 451.
Pathyâ-Svasti, the goddess of
speech in the northern region,
390.
Peat-mosses, of Denmark, beds of
beach, oak and fir therein, 12.
Perpetual, spring, 41; day and
night, 56.
Persephone, daughter of Zeus, car-
ried by Pluto for six months, 398.
Penka, 4; his view on the type of
the primitive Aryans in Europe,
16.
Philology, comparative, on the di-
vision of the year, 399; conclu-
sions regarding the primitive
Aryan culture, deduced therefrom
431, 432; necessity of modifying
the same, 433-435.
Phœnician, mariners rounding Afri-
ca, 146.
Pictet, Dr., 356.
Pim, Capt., his description of the
Polar year, 48.
Pipru, an enemy of Indra, 140.
Pischel, Dr., on the nature of Vṛi-
shâkapi, 348.
Pitṛiyâna, See Devayâna.
Pleiades, See Kṛittikâs.
Pleistocene, or the Glacial period
11; changes of climate in 22, 23.
Plutarch, on the ancient Roman year,
of ten months, 198, 395; on the
sleep of the Phrygian god 329,
407; on the imprisonment of the
Paphlagonian gods, 348, 407.
Pole, north, temperate climate at,
in interglacial times, 22, 41; exist-
ence of a continent at, in inter-
glacial times, 40; regions round,
distinguished from circumpolar or
Arctic regions, 43; star, change
in the position of, 44; special
features of the calendar at, 46;
characteristics or differentiæ of
Polar regions summed up, 58.
Polygeny, theory of, 445.
Posche, 4; his view regarding the
type of the primitive Aryans in
Egypt, 16.
Post-glacial, period, its commence-
ment about 50 or 60 thousand
years ago according to English
geologists, and 7 or 8 thousand
according to American geologists,
13; See Glacial period.
Prajâpati, the creator of the Vedas,
448.
Pralaya, the deluge, destruction of
the Vedas in, 448.
Prâleya, ice, an indication of the
glacial nature of the deluge, 387.
Pravatva, advancing time, the
meaning of, in the Veda, 323, 324.
Pravargya, a sacrificial ceremony,
represents the revival of the sun,
190.
Prehistoric times, effect of the dis-
covery of comparative philology
on the study of, 2; See Archæo-
logy, Geology.
Pre-Orion, period, its commence-
ment, 420; consistent with geo-
logical evidence, 421.
Prishṭhya, a kind of Shaḷaha, 207-
209.
Ptolemy, 390.
Pûshan, the sun, the golden boat of,
277; seven-wheeled and ten-ray-
ed, 342.
Purâ, the former or the inter-glacial
age, 111.
Puraḥ, meaning of, 221.
Purâ-kalpa, ancient rites and tradi-
tions, 130, 462.
Purûravas, 241.

GENERAL INDEX. 483.
QUARTERNARY, era, existence of man
in, 4, 24; sudden changes of cli-
mate in, 22; comprises at least
two, if not more, glacial periods,
23.
RAJAS (singular), meaning of, 261;
(dual), the two Rajas, meaning
the two hemispheres, 263.
Râma, the hero of the Râmâyaṇa,
347, 348; and incarnation of Vi-
shṇu, 350; traceable to the Ṛig-
Veda, id.
Râmâyaṇa, on the three steps of
Viṣhṇu, 327; mythical element
in, probably derived from Vedic
mythology, 349; the Râmâyaṇa
and the' Iliad had probably a com-
mon source, 349.
Rangâchârya, Prof., on the meaning
of yuga, 178, 179; on the Kali-
yuga, 422, 423.
Rangha, a mythical river to the
west of Alburz in the Avesta, 363;
wrongly identified with the Cas-
pian sea, 363; probably the same
as the Vedic Rasâ, 363, 364.
Râtri-sattras, the nightly Soma-sa-
crifices, their nature and classi-
fication, 210; the meaning of
Râtri in the appellation, 211 f.;
hundred in number, from one to
hundred nights, 211; must have
been originally performed during
night, 215, 216; the reason of
the number of, 216-226.
Râtri-Sûkta, a hymn to the night,
128.
Râvaṇa, the ten-mouthed enemy of
Râma, 347; throwing gods into
prison, 348; probably suggested
by the ten non-sacrificing kings
in the Vedas, 348.
Rays, of the sun, seven and ten, 341,
Rebha, a protege of the Ashvins,
302, 303, 305.
Religion, Vedic, pre-glacial in ori-
gin, 437, 438.
Rhode, Dr., 356.
Rhys, Prof., on the nature of the
ancient Teutonic year, 200; his
Hibbert lectures, referred to, 329,
393-413; on the affliction of gods
or sun-heroes in the Celtic mytho-
logy, 407; on the primeval
Aryan home in the Arctic region,
409.
Rijishvan, a friend of Indra, 140.
Ṛijrâshva, a protege of the Ashvins
slaughtering a hundred sheep,
205, 244, 302, 309, 310.
Ṛikshas, or the seven bears, See
Ursâ Major.
Ṛishis, Vedic, their view about the
origin of Vedic hymns, 458-463;
distinguished into older and later,
459; older interglacial, later post,
glacial, 461.
Roth, Prof., on the nature of Sa-
raṇyu, 244.
Rudra-datta, on the meaning of
Atirâtra, 229.
SACRIFICE, or the year, its preserv-
ation and revival, 190; annual;
an outline of the scheme of, 208,
an yearly cycle of, in ancient
times, 230.
Sacrificers, ancient, 160.
Samarkand, the Avestic Sughdha,
359, 362.
Samudrau, the two oceans, meaning
the upper and lower celestial
hemispheres, 263.
Sandhyâ, or links between the yu-
gas, duration of, 425.

484 GENERAL INDEX.

Sânkhyas, their view about the et-
ernity of the Vedas, 451.
Saporta, M. de, on the Arctic origin
of the human race, 409.
Sapta-vadhri, the seven-eunuch, a
protege of the Ashvins, 302 ;
praying for safe delivery after
ten months' gestation, meaning
explained, 313 f.
Saramâ, 241.
Saranyû, 241.
Sarasvatî, a celestial river in the
Veda, 266 ; described as slaying
Vritra, 267 ; compared to the
Avestic Ardvi Sûra Anâhita,
268.
Sato-karahe, of hundred deeds, an
adjective of Verethraghna in
the Avesta, 255.
Sattras, annual, in imitation of the
yearly course of the sun, 150 ;
Gavâm-ayanam, the type of
the annual, 193 ; sacrificial
sessions, division of, 206.
Satyavrata, Pandit Sâmashrami, 134.
Savitri, the sun, traversing the
universe, 322 ; his third heaven
in Yama's regions, 332.
Sâyaṇa, his method of explain-
ing difficult Vedic passages, 6,
93, 102, 144, 416 ; referred
to, 65, 74, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91;
on the use of dawns in the
plural number, 95, 97 ; his ex-
planation of thirty dawns, 101,
102, 116 ; on the thirty yoja-
nas traversed by the dawn,
104 ; on the fears about endless
nights 129-130 ; on mean-
ing of virûpe, 133 ; on much
with vi, 141-144 ; on the seven
rays of the sun, 152; on the ex-
istence of the different suns in
different quarters, 154 ; on the
meaning of Navagvas and Da-
shagvas, 166 ; on mânushâ
yugâ, 172 ; on kshapaḥ, 181 ;
on the meaning of padena, 197 ;
on the duration of Gavâm-aya-
nam, 197 ; on night-sacrifices,
212 ; on the meaning of shata-
kratu, 218 ; on Ati-râtra, 220 ;
on chatvârimshyâm sharadi,
280 ; on the meaning of vadhri,
311, 312 ; on prapitve, 323,
326 ; on the ten-fold division,
341.
Scandinavia, supposed to be the
Ancient Aryan home, 409.
Schrader, Dr., his work on pre-
historic antiquities, 3 ; on neo-
lithic, palæolithic culture, 16,
17 ; on the ancient division of
the year, 399 ; on primitive
Aryan culture and civilization,
431, 432 ; on primitive Aryan
religion, 437 ; on the use of
metals in primitive times, 442.
Seasons, of the year, five in older
times, 182 ; reason of, 183 ; de-
notes an Arctic year of ten
months, 186 ; method of count-
ing time by, in Paleography,
285 ; in the Avesta, 286.
Separation, Aryan, caused by the
glacial epoch, and not by over-
crowding or irresistible impluse,
382.
Seven, milking the one, 191.
Seven, rivers, or Sapta-sindhavaḥ,
flowing upwards, 288 ; cannot be
the rivers of the Panjaub, 289 ;
three-fold, celestial, terrestrial
and infernal, 290 ; associated
with the seven rays or seven suns,
291 ; released by Indra, cannot
but be celestial, 292.
Sevenfold, 159, 291 ; and tenfold
division of things in Vedas

GENERAL INDEX. 485

explained on the Arctic theory,
340, 345.
Shabara, a commentator on Jaimini,
211, 283.
Shaḷaha, a group of six days, a sa-
crificial unit of time, 207.
Shambara, killed by Indra on the
fortieth day of autumn, 280.
Shaṅkarâchârya, 76, 182 ; on the
eternity of Vedas, 450.
Sharad, autumn, the last season of
sunshine in the ancient home,
279-282 ; explained etymologi-
cally, 283.
Shatakratu, an epithet of Indra,
217 ; means the lord of a hun-
dred sacrifices and not of hun-
dred powers, 219, 220 ; Purâ-
ṇic tradition based on, 217.
Shatapatha-Brâhmaṇa, an account
of deluge in, 385.
Shatarâtra, a hundred nights' sacri-
fice, denotes the long Arctic
night, 216.
Shâṭyâyanins, on the legend of
Trita, 335.
Shayu, a protege of the Ashvins,
302, 304.
Shikshâ, by Pâṇini, quoted, 102.
Shipi-vishta, an opprobrious name
of Vishṇu, explained by the
Arctic theory, 330, 332.
Shoḍashî, a Soma-sacrifice, 206.
Shulka, a primitive Aryan coin,
442.
Shushṇa, Indra's fight with, on the
completion of ten, 322-326.
Siberia, freshness of fossil deposits
in, 14 ; primitive Aryan home
to the north of, 418.
Siddhânta-Shiromaṇi, perpetual day
and night in, 56.
Sîtâ, the wife of Râma, 348 ; re-
presented as his sister and wife
in Buddhistic Jâtakas, 349 ;
probable explanation of, 350.
Soma, seven-wheeled and ten-rayed,
342.
Soma-sacrifices, their classification
and nature, 206 f.; See Gâvam-
ayanam, and Râtri-sattras.
South, the sun rising in, 46.
Sphoṭa, the doctrine of, 450.
Spiegel, Prof., 72, 224, 226, 356
359, 379, 381 ; his identifica-
tion of Airyann Vaêjo question-
ed, 361.
Spring, perpetual, 38, 41.
Spitzbergen, warm climate in, be-
fore the glacial period, 21 ; rem-
nant of an old Polar continent, 40.
Stars, spinning round and round at
the Pole 45, 46 ; motion of, in
circum-polar region, 51, 52.
Stone-age, See Ages, Neolithic,
Palæolithic.
Storm-theory, 3, 242-244 ; its in-
adequacy to explain the legend
of Indra and Vṛitra, 250-254.
Striæ, scratches, glacial, 23.
Sudâs, engaged in fight with the
ten non-sacrificing kings, 345.
Summer, long and cool in inter-gla-
cial time, 32, 38.
Sun, or Sûrya, shining and dis-
appearing for six months at the
Pole, 46 ; rising in the south,
46 ; a matutinal Vedic deity, 74;
southern course of, in Polar re-
gions, 53 ; described in the Veda
as unyoking his car and halting
in the midst of heaven, 140 ;
standing still in the Bible, 141 ;
rocking like a gold swing in the
heaven, 142 ; different suns for
different seasons, 154, 155 ;
dwelling in darkness, 163, 164,
321 ; his eye covered with aerial

486 GENERAL INDEX.
vapour, 184; falling beyond the
heaven, 192; conceived as the
son of Dyu and Earth, 314;
described as moving in the
mother's womb, while above the
horizon, 314; his exit from the
womb after ten months explain-
ed, 314, 315; a paradox arising
therefrom, 316, 317; his wheel
or orb; 319 f. his chariot a
mono-cycle, 321; stolen by
Indra, 322; on the completion
of ten, meaning of, 323-326;
See, Horses, Prapitva, Rays.
Sunshine, of less than twelve
months' duration at the Pole,
151.
Sûryâ, her marriage with Soma, 241.
Sûrya-siddhânta, on six-monthly day
and night, 67.
Svara-sâman, days, 208, 209.
TAYLOR, Canon, his views on the
effects of recent scientific dis-
coveries on Mythology, 5; on
primitive Aryan races in Europe,
16; on the origin of the Aryan
tongue, 18; on the Neolithic
origin of the Aryan race, 432.
Telang, the late Mr., on the des-
cription of Râma in the Dasha-
ratha Jâtaka, 350.
Ten, kings, opponents of Sudâs, 345.
Ten-fold, See, Seven-fold.
Tertiary, era, existence of man in,
4; climate in, 21.
Till, or boulder clay, 23.
Tishtrya, his fight with Apaosha
in the Avesta, 222; a repro-
duction of Indra's fight with
Vṛitra, 223; lasted for one
hundred days, 224; special sac-
rifices required to be performed
at the time, 225; described
as bringing circling years of
men, 225-226.
Thor, the Norse sun-hero, walk-
ing nine paces before being killed
by the Serpent, 402.
Thraêtaona, Avestic deity, corres-
ponding to Trita Âptya, 267;
restores glory to Yima, 308;
slays Azi-Dahâk, 335; accom-
panied by his two brothers in the
Avesta, 335; throws up Vifra-
Navâza, 492.
Three-fold, division of the Earth in
the Veda and the Avesta, 260.
Thridi, old Norse name of Odin,
same as Trita, 336.
Tongue, Aryan, not developed from
the Finnic, 18; its origin lost in
geological antiquity, 444.
Tradition, Pre-glacial, how preserv-
ed in the Vedas, 428-429; in the
Avesta, 19, 380-383.
Traitan, the tormenter of Dîrgha-
tamas, 170.
Tree, of Varuṇa, with bottom up, 307.
Tretâ, the second Puraṇic era, dura-
tion of, 423-426; nature of, 455.
Triath, an old Irish word for sea,
phonetically same as Trita, 336.
Trita Âptya, a Vedic deity assist-
ing Indra in his fight with Vṛitra,
267, Avestic Thraêtaona, 334,
335, urges Indra to fight, 334;
falls into a well, 335; derivation
of his name, 335; Prof. Max
Muller's view untenable, 336; de-
notes the third part of the year
334, 337; explained on the Arctic
theory, 337; compared to Ivan
in the Slavonic mythology, 404.
Triton, Greek, phonetically equi-
valent to Vedic Trita, 336.

GENERAL INDEX. 487
Twilight, duration of, at the Pole,
37; of the gods in the Norse
mythology, 78.
Two, creating the five, 191.
UCHATHYA, the father of Dîrgha-
tamas in the Ṛig-Veda, 170.
Uchchâ-budhna, with the bottom
up, applied to the nether world,
307.
Ukko, the descending stream of, in
the Finnish Mythology, 276.
Ukthya, a Soma-sacrifice, 206.
Upsala, an ancient Aryan site, 409.
Uṛsâ Major, the constellation of the
Great Bear, high altitude of, in
Ṛig-Veda, 56; above the path of
the sun, 147.
Urvashî, 241.
Uṣhas, the Vedic goddess of morn,
the most beautiful of Vedic dei-
ties, 81; its physical character un-
obscured, id.; lasted long enough
to allow the recitation of the
whole Ṛig-Veda, 23; or to admit
of a five-fold or three-fold divi-
sion, 84; said to shine perpetual-
ly in old times, 85; difference be-
tween it and vi-uṣhṭi, id., three
Vedic texts proving that it
lasted continuously for several
days, 86, 293; addressed in plural
as well as singular, 95; not hono-
rifically as supposed by Yâska,
96; nor owing to the number of
presiding deities, 97; nor by re-
ference to the consecutive daily
dawns, 97; the plural represents
one long continuous dawn divid-
ed into many day-long portions,
98; thirty dawns or dawn-sisters
in the Taittirîya Saṁhitâ, 98,
13-122, in the Ṛig-Veda, 103; a
continuous team of thirty dawns
in the Taittirîya Brâhmaṇa, 105;
all moving round and round in
the same plane, 103; their circu-
lar motion in the Ṛig-Veda, 105;
the characteristics of Vedic
dawns summed up, 108, 109;
variation in the duration of, illus-
trated by the story of Indra's
shattering its car, 110; all prove
its Polar character, 112.
Utathya, the father of Dîrghatamas
in the Mahâbhârata, 170.
Utsarjiṇâm ayanam, a sacrificial
session lasting for a lunar year,
209.
Uttara, the north, why so called,
147.
Uttarâyaṇa, originally equinoctial,
misunderstood by Bhâskara, 57.
Uttarakurus, 389.
VACH, the speech, eternity of, 447.
Vadhrimati, a protege of the
Ashvins, 303, 311.
Vâjapeya, a Soma-sacrifice, 206.
Vala, Indra's enemy, vanquished
with the assistance of Navagvas
at the end of the year, 162, 163,
164, 169, 215, 248, 249, 279,
281; his cave split by the word of
Bṛihaspati, 201, 347.
Vâlmîki, drew probably from the
same mythological source as
Homer, 349.
Vâmana, the fifth incarnation of
Viṣhṇu, 327.
Vandana, rescued by the Ashvins,
164, 244, 302, 303, 304.
Vanguhi, a river in the Airyâna
Vaêjo but not mentioned in the
Vendîdâd, 362.
Vanna-issa, the old father in the
Finnish Mythology, 404.

488 GENERAL ÍNDEX.
Vara, of Yima, the annual sunrise
and year-long day in, 72, 376.
Vartikâ, rescued by the Ashvins,
Yâska's view about, 239.
Varuṇa, ruler of the waters, 178,
256; his tree and region turned
upside down, 307; representative
of long Arctic darkness, and
hence described as embracing the
nights, 351.
Vedas, still imperfectly understood,
542; new key to their interpre-
tation supplied by the latest geo-
logical researches, 7; strata of,
not necessarily in chronological
order, 54; how preserved, 428,
429; eternity of, discussed, 445,
463; Manu's and Vyâsa's view
on the eternity of, 448; Jaimini's
view, 449; grammarians', Bâda-
râyaṇa's, Naiyyâyikas' view,
450; Sâṅkhyas' view, 451; Pa-
tañjali's view, 452; theological
and historical views compared,
457; the view of Vedic Ṛishis
themselves, 458, 462; lost in the
deluge and repromulgated after-
wards by the Ṛishis, 448; prac-
tically eternal in substance
though not in form, 462.
Veh, See Vanguhi.
Verethraghna, the Avestic form of
Vṛitrahan, 222; ten incarnations
of, 350.
Vernal, theory, 244; its inadequacy
to explain the legends of the
Ashvins, 304, 309.
Vifra Navâza, compared with
the Navagvas, 402.
Vigfusson, Dr, on the ancient Norse
year, commencing in October,
398.
Vimada, a protege of the Ashvins,
301.
Vipras, or sacrificers seven and
ten, 42.
Vîras, or warriors, seven, eight,
nine and ten, 344, 345.
Virûpas, an epithet of the Aṅgi-
rases, 169.
Virûpe, means unlike in length and
not unlike in hue, 133.
Viṣhṇâpû, a protege of the Ash-
vins, 301.
Viṣhṇu, as a Vedic deity, nature of
his three strides, 326, 327;
helped Indra in the Vṛitra-fight,
328; his third step identical with
the nether world, 329; his sleep
for four months on his serpent-
bed, id; why called Shipivishta,
329, 332; meaning of Shipivishta
330, 331; indicates the long dis-
appearance of the sun below the
horizon in the Arctic region, 332.
Viṣpalâ, Ashvins' protege, 244,
302, 307.
Viṣhuvan, the central day in the
Soma-sacrifice, 208.
Vishvaka, relieved by the Ashvins,
302.
Vivasvat, the ten of, 191; the
father of Manu, 388.
Vouru-Kasha, the gathering place
of waters in the Avesta, 223,
265; the scene of Tishtrya's
fight with Apaosha, 223.
Vṛishâkapâyî, 241.
Vṛishâkapi, the probable Vedic
ancestor of Hanûmân, 348.
Vṛitra, the traditional enemy of
Indra, engulfed in long darkness,
125; Yâska's view about the
nature of, 239; believed to impri-
son the waters in the rain-cloud,
243; four-fold character or effect
of his fight with Indra, 245, 246.

GENERAL INDEX. 489

his dark and hidden watery
abode, 247; simultaneous release
of light and water by the killing
of Vṛitra, 248, 250; utterly in-
explicable on the Storm theory,
251, 255; explained by the
theory of the cosmic circulation
of aerial waters 255, 259, 275;
and by the Arctic theory, 278,
279; the date of Indra's fight
with, 279, 288; See Âpaḥ,
Indra, Ṣhambara, Seven rivers,
Vala.
Vṛitrahan, the killer of Vṛitra, an
ancient Arctic deity, 295, 296.
Vṛitra-tûrya, fight with Vṛitra, 245.
Vyâsa, his view about the eternity
of the Vedas, 448, 451.
WALLACE, supports Lyell's theory
of the Glacial period, 26.
Wallis, Mr., his erroneous view that
the nether world was unknown
to the Vedic bards, 257, 261.
Warren, Dr., on the original home
of the human race at the North
Pole, 6; on the existence of a
Polar continent in primitive times,
40; his description of the Polar
dawn with its revolving splendours
49, 50; on Greek traditions of
six-monthly day, 78; on the
cosmic circulation of aerial
waters, 275; on the conception
of anti-podal under-world as an
inverted tub, 307; on the cradle
of the human race, 412.
Waters, captivated by Vṛitra,
245, 246; divided into terres-
trial and celestial, 256; nature
of the celestial, id.; movement
of the celestial or aerial in the
Avesta, 256, 257; moving up-
wards, 259; cessation of the
movements of, in winter, 272;
cosmic circulation of, in other my-
thologies, 275, 276; See Âpaḥ.
Weber, Prof., on the Iliad and the
Râmâyaṇa, 349.
West, Dr., on the meaning of
Dâitik in the Vendidad, 362.
Wheel, of the sun, stolen by Indra
319; See sun.
Wieland, the German smith, 204.
Winter, at perihelion and aphelion,
difference between, 29; succession
of these after 21,000 years, 29;
short and warm in the inter-gla-
cial, and long and cold in the gla-
cial times, 31; longer or shorter
than summer by 33 days, 31;
death in, regarded as inauspicious,
74; cessation of the flow of waters
in, 271, 272; of ten months in the
Airyana Vaêjo, 366; one hundred
winters, 389.
—Calends, the night of, in Celtic
mythology, 396.
—Nights, the Norse feast of, 398.
Woden, the disappearance of the
gold ring of, 407.
Word, the final source of every
thing, 450; compared to Logos,
450, 458.
YÂSKA, his method of interpreting
difficult Vedic passages, 6, 68, 81,
86, 416, 451; on the use of dawns
in the plural number, 95-97, 102;
on the seven rays of the sun, 152;
on the etymology of Navagvas
165; silent on Ati-râtra, 212; on
the schools. of Vedic interpreta-
tion, 237; on Vṛitra, 239; on the
cup with the mouth downwards
308; on the Pada text, 326; on
Vishṇu's three steps, 326; on