मृगपक्षी-शास्त्र (हंसदेव - १३वीं शती का अमर भारतीय वन्यजीव, पक्षी एवं प्राणि-विज्ञान)

Their utmost age is 30 years. Owing to creed and work they are con-
sidered to be TAMASA UTTAMA or superior in 3rd class.
9th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ASSES.
There are 3 kinds of asses. They are gray, white or black in
colour, and dull by nature. Their bodies are ugly and ears long. They
resemble horses in some respects. They have long faces and graze al-
ways grass. They are fond of mean and shabby work. They are neither
beautiful nor strong. Their cries are very awkward: and unpleasant
to hear. They have much passion and black penis. They produce bad
smell. Though they walk slowly they can carry burdens. Their front
legs do scratch each other while walking. Their youth begins in
their third year. When they have much passion in rainy season and
stand always by the side of female asses. They generally, enjoy with
female ones more in night times. Then they become pregnant. They
feel wearisome to a little extent and give birth to young ones in their
9th or 10th month. The young ones often suck their mothers' milk
and sleep. They are quite unfit for training even in their early ages.
Their varieties are clearly described below :—
[1st variety of ASSES]
(GARDABHA)
These kinds of asses are gray:in colour throughout their bodies
save their faces, bellies, and hinder portions which are white. They are
— 31 —

neither tall nor short. They are very patient ones. They can with-
stand rain, cold, sun's heat, hunger, and thrist. They have moderate
passion and smooth bodies but are a little impatient. They take a little
food and pass a little urine. Though they are lean, they can carry
burdens well. They never feel dejected while at work. They are grate-
full to their masters. They are useful to human beings.
[2nd variety of ASSES]
(KHARA)
These varieties of asses are generally black, in colour, having
long bodies and big eyes. Some are gray in colour. They have many
knotted hair on their bodies. They are a little bit stout. They are never
impatient nor unhealthy. They have stroug memory. They will work
sudmissively and satisfactorily to their masters. They are very strong
and passionate. They appear to be very ungrateful when they are im-
patient. They are slow in walk. They do'nt produce bad smell much.
They even venture to do very mean work when they are angry.
They endure any kind of hard labour. They are fond of hearing sweet
words. Some of the asses of this variety have various colours and
some have various coloured spots on their bodies.
[3rd variety of ASSES]
(RASABHA)
These' kinds of asses are a inixed breed of horses and asses.
They are otherwise called mules. Some are red, white, black, or grey
ahd some of various colours. They are, generally tall and have long
stripes. Though they are a little less in speed than horses, they could
easily be trained. Some like to live in forests alone and create fear
to other smaller animals. They have a little passiou aud are moderate
— 32 —

in size. They can withstand sun's heat, cold, rain, hunger and thirst,
but they are not easily controllable. They possess strong memory.
They fast when angry. They are never idle and dull. Their cries are
not pleasant. They must be punished for extracting work from them
when they are impatient. Female mules too resemble their males in
their nature and quality. They are a little fairer and less angry than
their males. They give birth to 3 to 4 issues in their life-time. They are
fat and strong while young. Their utmost age is 12 years. Owing to
their nature and work they are called Tamasa Adhama or inferior in
3rd 'class.
10th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BOARS.
There are 3 varieties of boars living in forests and 7 living in
countries and villages. They are always mean-minded. Some are
black or white and some grey in colour. They eat roots, and other
nasty things like night-soil. They are fond of rolling about in (mire)
muddy and swampy places. Some spoil crops altogether. Some
create fear to human beings. They have very small bodies and are
unfit to work as they are dull by nature. They possess stout stomachs
and sharp knoch shaped ears. They are very fatty-muscled ones.
They have long projected faces, and have long tusk like jaws. They
have much passion in winter season. Their youth begins in their 2nd
year. They then try to cohabit with female ones. They (female) gene-
rally give birth to 5, 6, or 7 young ones in their 3rd or 4th month
for every pregnancy. The young ones will suck their mothers' milk
very often and are always with their mothers. Their varieties are
described below.
— 33 —

[1st variety of BOARS]
(VARAHA)
These kinds of boars are black in colour. They belong to swine
kind. They possess very stout tails and they are very swift in running.
They cannot withstand the sun's heat. Their bodies are full of hair,
They are fond of eating much, and they are otherwise called gluttons.
They never go single. They produce girgling noice which is unpleasant
to hear. They are fat and void of diseases. They produce awfully
bad smell.
[2nd variety of BOARS]
: (SUKARA)
These boars are whitish in colour having pointed and rough
hair on their bodies. They always fond of mire and water. They are
slow in speed owing to short paces. They have stout stomachs. They
detest company. They are cruel and afraid of hunger. Their breathing
is long. Their legs are long. They will destroy all kinds of crops and
gardens. They are cal led Sukaras.
[3rd variety of BOARS]
(KOLA)
They are of grey colour and possessing stout bodies, small jaws
crooked and ever curved tails and extremely long ears. They have
slippery and irregular paces and less strength. They have bushy and
dence hair. They produce fearful girling noice. They always produce
very bad smell. Naturally they are coward. They are very fond of
wandering. They have a little sleep in nights.

• 34 -

[4th variety of BOARS]
(POTRI)
They are very stout, and very swift like an arrow. They are
generally sleepless and with fear. They are fond of playing in mire
and water. They often desire to run. They are tall and have bodies
clad in dust. They create fear with their awful girgling noise. They
are strong and have stout necks, big eyes, and hanging testicles.
[5th variety of BOARS]
(KITI)
They are very tall, swift and inaccessible, having deformed faces.
They have bodies in multiplied colours with short stripes, possesing
white, or red legs. They generally make fearful noises. They have
thorny hair on their bodies.
[6th variety of BOARS]
(DAMSHTRI)
These boars eat always hard things. They have swordlike teeth.
Their faces are fearful owing to their big jaws. They are, practically,
free from all diseases. They produce girgling noise. They are ever
with inflation. They always inted to sleep in shade. They are fond of
cohabitation at frequent intervals. They cannot withstand rain and
sun-shine. They always desire to do detestable acts.
— 35 —

[7th variety of BOARS]
(BHUDARA)
These varieties of boars are called Bhudaras. They always dig
out earth with their tusks and noses and they are jet black in colour.
They always rest under the shade of trees and bushes. They have a
little reduced bodies haviug gair, big heads, and stout stomachs. They
are easily irritable in temper.
[1st variety of wild BOARS]
(SWAVIT)
These kinds of wild boars have full of long thorny hair. They
know the coming of hunting dogs by scent. These are the enemies of
wild dogs. Their bodies are covered with lines of sharp and thorny hair
scattered with small hair of rather light nature. Their thorny hair are
a means to terrify and hunt wild beasts. They generally destroy
crops etc. They possess short tails and are fearful by nature.
[2nd variety of wild BOARS]
(GHRISHTI)
The Ghrishti boars are tali having long tails and full of long
and sharp hair ou their bodies. They always wandering iu curls. They
possess long tusk-like jaws, stout stomacus, long ears and small eyes.
They are a very terrible in appearance. They are very harmful to
each and every soul.
— 36 —

[3rd variety of WILD BOARS]
(SALYA-Porcupine)
The Porcupines are of brown colour having stout bodies covered
with full of long thorny and projected hair throughout. Their speed,
is more or less like that of an arrow. They have very ugly appearance.
They are very injurious to souls. In places where they roam, crops,
houses, gardens and all other things are entirely destroyed. They
have much irritation and bad qualities. They are always uncontrollable
and unfit for any work. The female ones possess the same qualities
and nature but they are a little less irretated and fearful having more
in dullness and sleep. Their old age begins in their 7th year. Their
utmost age is 10 years. Owing to their creed and work, they are
termed as Tamasa Adhama or inferior in 3rd class.
11th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BUFFALOES.
There are 5 kinds of buffaloes in the country alone. They are
generally black with thick and rough skin having long horns. They are
naturally dull and desirous of rolling in mire. Though they are slow
in walk, they are mighty: and strong, and can bare heavy burdens.
They are called the "Main character" for purposes of cultivaton. They
are humble and submissive to all living beings. They have long hang-
ing testicles. They can withstand rain, hot sun, heavy winds, cold, etc.
Their youth begins in the 4th or 5th year. Then they cry aloud often
— 37 —

showing their extreme passion for cohabitation especially in winter
season. They cohabit with she-buffaloes of equal passion and age and
give pregnancy to them. They generally give birth in their 10th month.
The calves will be rather ugly having rough dense hair throughout
their bodies and do suck their mothers' milk for some months. They
are useful for ploughing, and cart-driving from their 4th or 5th year.
They drink, ganji, dirty rice-water, and eat grass, straw, cotton-seeds
and leaves. Their kinds are described below:—
1st variety of BUFFALOES]
(MAHISHA)
They are jet black in colour and very stout. They have stout
stomachs and horns. When they become wild and desire for cohabi-
tation, they run very fast. They are fair to look at. They will re-
member things when slightly punished. They are harmless and very
grteful to their masters. They are easily controllable and trainable.
They can carry heavy burdens and withstand hunger, thirst etc ,
[2nd variety of BUFFALOES]
(LULAYA)
This kind of buffaloes is partly blue in colour and tall with
long horns. They have rough and long hair throughout their bodies.
Their front kuees are a little bit longer than the hind ones. They
have stout tails, hanging testicles and big heads. They could easily be
trained and controlled. They are very powerful and inclined to work
hard. They are devoid of sorrows and misery owing to duliness.
They produce good smell and have beautiful bodies. They are fond of
sweet words. They are more or less gluttons.
— 38 —

[3rd variety of BUFFALOES]
(VAHADWIT)
These kinds of buffaloes are very tall, swift and black, in
colour. They are fond of sweet words. They could not be controlled
when they become wild of anger. They have long tails and hard,breath-
ing. They can work completely and satisfactorily. They have broad
eyes, big humps, and long necks. They are devoid of diseases in early
ages. They have much passion for cohabitation. They often cry aloud.
Their hair and skin are very thick. They often roll about in mud and
sand. Their limbs and nerves become very strong when they are angry.
They stand first among their crowd.
[4th variety of BUFFALOES]
(KASARA)
These varieties of buffaloes are blackish red with white hair.
They are moderate in size and very strong and powerful. They have
white horns, stout stomachs and very quick moevments. They always
produce long loud cry. They take a little food when they are in prime
youth. They are fond of rolling about in mire and going very happily
in rain. They are never separated fron their cattle. They have long
and hanging testicles and less passion. They can control their minds
and work hardly.
[5th variety of BUFFALOES]
(SAIRIBHA)
They always live in forests appearing terribly. They have
very much irritation of temper. They destroy all places wherever
they go. Though they are very strong, they could not easily, be
— 39 —

controllable. They are devoid of taming and they are cruel-minded.
They are unfit for any kind of work. They have very rough and thick
skin. They are very ungrateful and fickle-minded. Some are of diffe-
rent colours. These kinds of buffaloes are very inferior in class. She-
buffaloes resemble He-Buffaloes. They give plenty of milk while young.
They are kind and patient (calm ones: They are pleasant and sub-
missive to human beings. They have stout stomachs. They give birth
to 4 or 5 calves in their life time. They should not be used for culti-
vating purposes. The cows and she-buffaloes are worshipped with saffron
and flowers. They are young from the 4th to 12th year. Their utmost
age is 20 years. Owing to breed and work they are called Rajasa
Adhama or inferior in 2nd class.
12th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BULLOCKS.
There are 7 varieties of bulls. Some are white, some red, some
black, some grey, and some in different colours. They are generally
strong and powerful with two horns, long tails and big humps. They
have beautiful and glittering bodies. They are the main support to
cultivators. They are calm and faithful to their masters, and pleasing
to all. Some have stout stomachs. They eat generally gingelly,
and ground-nut cakes, grass, straw, leaves etc., They are easily
trainable. They have good curls and good nature. Their prime youth
begins in their 4th or 5th year. They have generally much passion
for cohabitation in winter. They follow cows, crying aloud
— 40 —

and cohabit with them. After that, the cows become pregnant. Then
they (cows) take a little food and they have slow walk and dizziness.
Foam often comes out of their mouths. These calves which are borne
at nights will last longer and are more beautiful than those borne in
day times. After a short moment, calve begins to suck their
mother's milk till 6th month and jump and play with their mothers.
After their 6th month, they eat grass and straw in addition to their
mothers' milk. They are useful for cultivating purposes after 4th
year. Their kinds are mentioned below:—
[1st variety of BULLS]
(UKSHA)
These varieties of bulls are pure white in colour throughout,
with stout horns. They are stout, patient, and very beautiful. They
are shrewd and intelligent in work. They turn out all kinds of work.
They can carry and drag heavy burdens. Their walk is very grand and
they are not gluttons. They never give room for punishment. There
are good curls in their faces and stomachs.
[2nd variety of BULLS]
(BALIVARDA)
These kinds of bulis are very tall and very stout. They are
either pure white or red and very strong and powerful. They have
curved horns, very beautiful appearance and very long tails. They are
very pleasant and faithful to their masters. They have slight irrita-
tion of anger. They run swiftly like an arrow. They have long and
hard breathing. They are easily trainable. They' often cry aloud.
They are devoid of fear, and possess broad broken hoofs. They are
— 41 —

fond of eating green grass always. They are foremost every respect
in their crowds.
[3rd variety of BULLS]
(RISHABHA)
These kinds of bulls are generally black and moderate in size,
having long tails, and horns. Their humps are very big and stomachs
very stout. They are often irritated when they are angry and yet they
would complete the work entrusted to them. At times they work
regularly with care after punished. They are naturally timid and
never go to forest. They have less passion. They are eager to hear
sweet words.
[4th variety of BULLS]
(VRISHA)
These bulls are never mixed in colours. They are either pure
red, white, or black. They are always happy and very willing to work
hard. If they are slightly punished their irritation on account of
anger cannot be checked for some time and then they will begin to
work. Though they are very short, they can run very swiftly. Their
eyes are always red. They possess good nature and smell. They are
very powerful in their youth. They can withstand hunger, thirst,
heavy weight etc., while they work.
[5th varity of BULLS]
(ANADWAN)
They have different colours on their bodies and have grand
appearance. They are strong, very powerful and speedy from
— 42 —

their youth. They are easily trainable and very fond of eating much
and very passionate. They destroy all work when they are very angry.
They are very stout when they are young. They are devoid of diseases.
They are very faithful to their masters and work satisfactorily. They
have very smooth bodies and good smell would be coming out from
them.
[6th variety of BULLS]
(MAHOKSHA)
These kinds of bulls are very tall, strong, powerful and stout.
They have one fair uniform colour throughout. They have hanging
navals, huge humps, and long tails. They never require any punish-
ment. They are always very keen, intelligent and very patient. They
can finish work of any kind by labouring hard. They increase their
masters produce if they are utilised for agriculture. They never have
cruel mind. They have stout heads, much passion for cohabitation and
many other good qualities. They are fond of amusements.
[7th variety of BULLS]
(SAURABHEYA)
They are very superior in breed. Hence they are called Saurab-
heya (i.e) sons of Kamadhenu (Devine cows). They are very tall, 4 ka-
rams in height(6 feet)and some are still taller and stouter. Their bodily
colour of any kind has uniformity. They are very patient, quiet-going
and speedy while they walk. Their bodies would be shining. They are
easily trainable. They could be used for very hard works. They
always cry very loudly. They have long hanging navals. They have
strong and well developed muscles in their bodies. They are very
— 43 —

faithful and submissive to their masters. They cannot be prevented,
from their fully irritated anger. These are called "KING OF
BULLS."
There are many varieties of bulls possessing the same nature
qualities, colour ete. Some could not be controlled or trained owing
to their terrible bad-nature. They are unfit for any work and do
intolerable work though they are strong and powerful. They push
and quarrel with one another. Some are too short to work. Such
bulls should not be purchased. Generally the prime youth for bulls
begins in their 5th year and lasts till 12th year. They become old
after the 12th year. Their utmost age is 20 years. Owing to their
breed, nature and work, they are called Rajasa Uttama or superior in
2nd class.
13th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COWS.
The cows are generally worshipped. They are very keen. Some
are very pure red, some white, some jet black, some blue, and some
of various colours. They give full of sweet and good milk. They have
long tails and short horns. They are very stout and beautiful but are
a little bit slow in walk. They eat 'gingelly cakes, green grass, straw
etc. They are generally very kind faithful, submissive and pleasing to
all. They are very affectionate to their calves. They always increase
welfare of human beings. They have generally short humps, good
curls and good nature. Generally people go around the [cows. and
—44—

worship them as they are considered to be very sacred and fit. Their
prime youth begins in their 4th year. They too, have much passion
for cohabitation in winter season. They would easily yeild to bulls for
cohabitation. Generally, after a single intercourse, they become pre-
gnant, drowse, beautiful and walk slowly. Their delivery time is in
their 10th month. They generally give birth to 4 or 5 calves in their
life time. Their varieties are mentioned below:—
[1st variety of COWS]
(GAU)
These varieties of cows have uniform colour of any kind and stout
horns. They are always happy and moderate in size and have beautiful
eyes, fair faces, and long tails. They walk slowly. Their bodies are
beautiful with good shining. Their cries are pleasant and they are fond
of amusements. They take little food. They are very smooth. They
become stout and strong while they are young.
[2nd variety of COWS]
(DHENU)
These cows are of different colours. Invariably they have white
red or black spets on their faces, stomachs or on rear portions of the
body. They are a little taller having long horns and slow paces. Their
cries are loud and amusing. They have long tails and smooth bodies.
They are devoid of diseases. Though they feel wearisome, they are
not irritated by anger. They generally, don't require punishment and
they are always very faithful and grateful to their masters. They
are a little coward, possessing a good memory and smell. These are
said to be the "Goddess of Virtue." They must, carefully be fed.
—45—

The cows too have the same nature, qualities, colours and their utmost
age is like that of bulls. Owing to their nature breed and work, they
are called Rajasa Uttama or Superior in 2nd class.
14th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GOATS.
There are 5 varieties of goats. They are short. Some are white, some
black, some red, some grey and some with mixed colours. They are very
useful to sacrifies and good to human beings. Though they are dull-
nature, they are very faithful and submissive to their masters. They
don't require punishment. They have much passion for cohabitation.
'Their skin and flesh are very soft. They are coward and quiet-going
by nature. They are quick in paces. They eat very bitter leaves.
Generally, they have hanging ears, testicles, very short tails, and
horns. Their milk and flesh give strength to human beings. Their
urine and dung are strong manures to productive lands. Their passion
is increased in Spring and Autumn seasons. Their youth begins in
their 2nd year. They will cohabit with she-goats and give pregnance
to them. They will give birth to 2 or 3 kids at a time. Every year
they become pregnant and give birth to kids. Their delivery time is in
4th or 5th month, especially at nights. The kids often suck their
mother's milk. Their varieties are mentioned below:—
[1st variety of GOATS]
(AJA)
These varieties of goats are generally white in colour and a
little bit tall in size. They are avaricious to eat always. They have
— 46 —

hanging testicles and thin and long horns. There are two finger-like
things hanging under their necks. Some have long mustaches. Their
swiftness is like that of an arrow. They can ascend mountains and
elevations. They can elimb up trees to some extent with firm footing.
They produce BABAING cries. They are always quiet going ones. They
are beautiful and they need not punished.
[2nd variety of GOATS]
(CCHAGA)
These varieties of goats are generally, red in colour having
smooth-bodies. Their skin and flesh are also very soft. They are
always good in nature and having good smell on their bodies. They
have no anger and are very peaceful. They take a little food. They
have very short horns. They run fast if they are induced. They grasp
and know the time and intention of their masters. They have stout
stomachs in their youths. They always desire to sleep under the shade
of trees. They are much afraid of beat of trumpets and noise. They
are not much passionate, and have small cry. They are fond of sweet
words.
[3rd variety of GOATS]
(MESHA)
These kinds of goats are black in colour, less in speed having
smooth and soft bodies. Their skin is very soft. They often show their
anger and yet they are very beautiful. Their cries are long, loud and
cheerful. They have always lean bodies. They run fast on hard grounds
in valleys and forests as well. They would be dejected if they are
seperated either by force or nature. They are very lazy and sleepy.
— 47 —

They fear for mire. They can easily walk in thorny places having
red eyes.
[4th variety of GOATS]
(VRISHNI) SHEEP.
These kinds of goats are brown in colour. Their bodies are
covered with long hair. They have two short horns. They also have
other colour in their faces, necks, and stomachs. They have stout
stomachs, very slow paces and a little anger in their youth. They
must be well-trained in their early ages alone. They appear fearfully.
They loose temper when they are hungry. They quarrel with one
another and cause awful fear in them.
[5th variety of GOATS]
(EDAKA)
These varieties of goats have one sort of colour on their faces,
stomachs and hinder portions and another sort of colour on the
remaining portions of their bodies. They are generally tall. They have
long legs and stout stomachs. They often cry (be be) out of passion
for cohabitation. They can jamp from high places to down. They can
run very fast in plains. They can withstand fatigue, rain, and hot Sun.
There are many other goats in the world possessing the same qualities,
nature, and work. Some have smaller dots and bigger spots of various
colours on their bodies. The She-Goats resemble the He Goats in all
respects. Some may not have horns. They have big odhas to give food
and plenty of milk. They produce good smell. They have strong
memory and easily trainable and very greatful to their masters.
'They cannot withstand Sun's heat, rain and fatigue. They take less
— 48 —

food than ke-goats. Their issues are many in their life time. The
youth, for all the goats begins in their 2nd year and lasts till 7th,
year. Their utmost age is 9 years Owing to breed and work,
they are called Rajasa Madhyama or Middle in 2nd class.
15th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF DEER.
There are 14 varieties of deer. Some have red, gold-like and
black colours and some are with different coloured spots. They are
always quiet-going ones. They are very beautiful to look at. They
have branches of horns, and clean bodies. They are very passionate.
They have short lean legs, broad eyes and long faces and necks. They
are coward to hear big noises. Taey are very swift. They are fond of
living both in forests and countries. They are fond of playing with
their crowds. They are ,very smooth and harmless. They have no
bad qualities such as ill-temper, dull-ness etc., They are the main
playing ornaments of the houses of Nobles and Kings. A lock at them
create much passion in young men and ladies. They are considered to
be very sacrod and their flesh is very sweet. Generally they eat leaves
and grass. They are very grateful to their masters. They create plea-
sure and happiness to people by jumping and playing in various ways.
Their youth begins in their 3rd year. They cohabit with female ones
in Spring and summer Seasons especially at nights. Then female ones
become pregnant anl sleepy. After 4th or 5th month, they deliver
young ones, generally during nights. They grow by their mothers' milk.
Their varieties are mentioned below :—
— 49 —

[1st variety of DEER]
(MRIGA)
These kinds of deer are brown and tall with spots of various
colours. They are very lean and swift. They have long straight horns,
full of passion and good smell. They are fond of remaining in shades.
They often fear people and other things after they are controlled.
They cry feebly.
[2nd variety of DEER]
(KURANGA)
These kinds of deer are very short and red in colour, with
branch horns and very broad eyes. They resemble goats, especially, in
faces. They often graze grass and are shrewd having turning eyes.
'They are quiet-going ones and harmless. They listen to sweet words.
They are fond of music, grateful and patient. Their bodies glitter much.
[3rd variety of DEER]
(VATAYU)
These varieties of deer always desire to live in forests only.
They are spotted with different colours. They have stout horns and
very long faces. They are fond of hunting. They often run jumping.
They are afraid of human crowd. They can freely escape from the
weapons and other hunting instruments. They do not live long after
they are controlled by people owing to fear.
— 50 —