मृगपक्षी-शास्त्र (हंसदेव - १३वीं शती का अमर भारतीय वन्यजीव, पक्षी एवं प्राणि-विज्ञान)

9th group. General description of Asses ... 434--444 ❉ 31
1st variety of Asses - Gardabha ❉ 445--448 ❉ 31
2nd variety of Asses - Khara ❉ 449--453 ❉ 32
3rd variety of Asses - Rasabha ❉ 454--461 ❉ 32
10th group. General description of Boars .... 462--470 ❉ 33
1st variety of Boars - Varaha ❉ 471--473 ❉ 34
2nd variety of Boars - Sukara ❉ 474--476 ❉ 34
3rd variety of Boars - Kola ❉ 477--479 ❉ 34
4th variety of Boars - Potri ❉ 480--482 ❉ 35
5th variety of Boars - Kiti ❉ 483--484 ❉ 35
6th variety of Boars - Danshtri ❉ 485--487 ❉ 35
7th variety of Boars - Bhudara ❉ 488--489 ❉ 36
1st variety of wild boars - Svavit ❉ 490--493 ❉ 36
2nd variety of wild boars - Ghrishti ❉ 494--495 ❉ 36
3rd variety of wild boars - Salva ❉ 496--501 ❉ 37
11th group. General description of Buffaloes ... 502--515 ... 37
1st variety of Buffaloes - Mahisha ❉ 516--518 ❉ 38
2nd variety of Buffaloes - Lulaya ❉ 519--522 ❉ 38
3rd variety of Buffaloes - Vahadwit ❉ 523--526 ❉ 39
4th variety of Buffaloes - Kasara ❉ 527--530 ❉ 39
5th variety of Buffaloes - Sairibha ❉ 531--543 ❉ 39
12th group. General description of Bullocks .... 544--561 ... 40
1st variety of Bulls - Uksha ❉ 562--564 ❉ 41
2nd variety of Bulls - Baleevarda ❉ 565--569 ❉ 41
3rd variety of Bulls - Rishabha ❉ 570--572 ❉ 42
4th variety of Bulls - Vrisha ❉ 573--574 ❉ 42
5th variety of Bulls - Anadwan ❉ 575--578 ❉ 42
— xix —

6th variety of Bulls - Mahoksha ❊ 579—583 ❊ 43
7th variety of Bulls - Saurabheya ❊ 584—591 ❊ 43
13th group. General description of cows .... 592—605 .... 44
1st variety of cows ⸗ Gauh ❊ 606—608 ❊ 45
2nd variety of cows - Dhenu ❊ 609—616 ❊ 45
14th group. General description of Goats ... 617—629 .... 46
1st variety of Goats - Aja ❊ 630—633 ❊ 46
2nd variety of Goats - Chhaga ❊ 634—636 ❊ 47
3rd variety of Goats - Mesha ❊ 637--640 ❊ 47
4th variety of Goats - Vrishni ❊ 641—644 ❊ 48
5th variety of Goats - Edaka ❊ 645—655 ❊ 48
15th group General description of Deer ... 656—671 .... 49
1st variety of Deer - Mriga ❊ 672-674 ❊ 50
2nd variety of Deer- Kuranga ❊ 675—678 ❊ 50
3rd variety of Deer - Vatayu ❊ 679--681 ❊ 50
4th variety of Deer - Harina ❊ 682—685 ❊ 51
5th variety of Deer - Vatamriga ❊ 686--688 ❊ 51
6th variety of Deer - Krishnasara ❊ 689—693 ❊ 51
7th variety of Deer - Ruru ❊ 694—696 ❊ 52
8th variety of Deer - Nyanku ❊ 697—698 ❊ 52
9th variety of Deer - Sambara ❊ 699—702 ❊ 52
10th variety of Deer - Ranku ❊ 703—706 ❊ 53
11th variety of Deer - Rohitaksha ❊ 707—712 ❊ 53
12th variety of Deer - Gokarnr ❊ 713—715 ❊ 54
13th variety of Deer - Ena ❊ 716—726 ❊ 54
14th variety of Deer- Musk-deer ❊ 727—728 ❊ 55
1st variety of Musk -deer -Gandharva ❊ 729—730 ❊ 55
— xx —

2nd variety of Musk - deer - Sarabha ✻ 731—732 ✻ 55
3rd variety of Musk- deer - Rama ✻ 733—735 ✻ 55
4th variety of Musk-deer - Srimara ✻ 736—737 ✻ 56
5th variety of Musk-deer - Gavaya ✻ 738—738 ✻ 56
16th group. General description of Sabaries .... 739—743 .... 56
1st variety of Sabaries - Chamara ✻ 744--745 ✻ 56
2nd variety of Sabaries - Kandali ✻ 746—747 ✻ 57
3rd variety of Sabaries - Cheena ✻ 748--749 ✻ 58
4th variety of Sabaries - Priyaka ✻ 750—752 ✻ 57
17th group. General description of Monkeys .... 753—766 .... 58
1st variety of Monkeys - Kapi ✻ 767—769 ✻ 58
2nd variety of Monkeys - Plavanga ✻ 770—773 ✻ 59
3rd variety of Monkeys - Sakhamriga ✻ 774—777 ✻ 59
4th variety of Monkeys - Valeemukha ✻ 778—781 ✻ 59
5th variety of Monkeys - Markata ✻ 782--784 ✻ 60
6th variety of Monkeys - Vanara ✻ 785—788 ✻ 60
7th variety of Monkeys - Keesa ✻ 789—791 ✻ 61
8th variety of Monkeys - Vanaukas ✻ 792—805 ✻ 61
18th group. General description of Jackals ... 806—813 ....... 62
1st variety of Jackals - Srigala ✻ 814—817 ✻ 63
2nd variety of Jackals - Mrigadhurta ✻ 818--320 ✻ 63
3rd variety of Jackals - Vanchaka ✻ 821—824 ✻ 63
4th variety of Jackals - Kroshtra ✻ 825—827 ✻ 64
5th variety of Jackals - Jambuka ✻ 828—830 ✻ 64
6th variety of Jackals - Phheru ✻ 831—838 ✻ 64
19th group. General description of cats ... 839—849 ... 65
1st variety of cats - Bidala ✻ 850—853 ✻ 66
2nd variety of cats - Marjara ✻ 854—857 ✻ 66
3rd variety of cats'- Ctuh ✻ 858—861 ✻ 67
— xxi —

4th variety of cats - Akhubhuk ✱ 862—866 ✱ 67
5th variety of cats - Medaka ✱ 867—875 ✱ 67
20th group. General description of Rats & hares. 876—885 ✱ 68
1st variety of Rats - Unduru ✱ 886—888 ✱ 69
2nd variety of Rats - Akhu ✱ 889—892 ✱ 69
3rd variety of Rats - Mushaka ✱ 893—897 ✱ 69
4th variety of Rats - Chuchunduru ✱ 898—903 ✱ 70
The Hares - Sasa ✱ 904—911 ✱ 70
21st group. General description of Wolves and Dogs 912—922 .... 71
1st variety of Wolves - Vrika ✱ 923—929 ✱ 72
2nd variety of Wolves - Koka ✱ 930—934 ✱ 72
3rd variety of Wolves - Ehamriga ✱ 935—942 ✱ 73
1st variety of Dogs - Swanah ✱ 943—946 ✱ 73
2nd variety of Dogs - Kukkura ✱ 947—950 ✱ 74
3rd variety of Dogs - Sunaka ✱ 951—954 ✱ 74
4th variety of Dogs - Mrigadamsaka ✱ 955—958 ✱ 74
5th variety of Dogs - Sarameya ✱ 959—962 ✱ 75
6th variety of Dogs - Gramyamriga ✱ 963—991 ✱ 75
22nd group. General description of Birds ... 992—1018 ... 77
1st variety of Swan - Hamsa ✱ 1019—1023 ✱ 78
2nd variety of Swan - Chakranga ✱ 1024—1028 ✱ 79
3rd variety of Swan - Manasavasi ✱ 1029—1033 ✱ 79
4th variety of Swan - Rajahamsa ✱ 1034—1039 ✱ 80
5th variety of Swan - Mallikaksha ✱ 1040—1043 ✱ 81
6th variety of Swan Kadamba ✱ 1044—1048 ✱ 81
7th variety of Swan - Kalahamsa ✱ 1049—1062 ✱ 81
23rd group. General description of Ruddy geese... 1063—1072 ... 82
1st variety of Ruddy geese - Koka ✱ 1073—1077 ✱ 83
— xxii —

2nd variety of Ruddy geese - Chakra ✻ 1078—1081 ✻ 83
3rd variety of Ruddy geese-Rathanga ✻ 1082—1091 ✻ 84
24th group. General description of Sarasa birds ...1092—1101 ... 85
1st variety of Sarasa-birds - Pushkara ✻ 1102—1106 ✻ 85
2nd variety of Sarasa-birds - Sarasa ✻ 1107—1110 ✻ 86
1st variety of Balaka birds -Balaka ✻ 1111—1116 ✻ 86
2nd variety of Balaka birds-Saranga ✻ 1117—1121 ✻ 87
1st variety of Chakora birds- Chakora ✻ 1122—1126 ✻ 87
2nd variety of Chakora birds- Brihatchakora ✻ 1127—1132 ✻ 87
1st variety of Sarari-birds - Sarari ✻ 1133—1138 ✻ 88
2nd variety of Sarari-birds - Ati ✻ 1139—1144 ✻ 88
1st variety of chataka birds - Chataka ✻ 1145—1150 ✻ 89
2nd variety of chataka birds - Stokaka ✻ 1151—1158 ✻ 89
25th group. General description of Garuda & Hawk ....1159—1169 ... 90
1st variety of Garuda - Garuda ✻ 1170—1174 ✻ 91
2nd variety of Garuda - Vainateya ✻ 1175—1179 ✻ 91
3rd variety of Garuda - Pannagari ✻ 1180—1189 ✻ 92
1st variety of Hawk - Syena ✻ 1190—1194 ✻ 92
2nd variety of Hawk - Sasada ✻ 1195—1203 ✻ 93
26th group. General description of Eagles & Cranes 1204—1208 ... 93
1st variety of Eagles - Gradhra ✻ 1209—1214 ✻ 94
2nd variety of Eagles - Dakshayya ✻ 1215—1218 ✻ 94
3rd variety of Eagles - Atayee ✻ 1219—1223 ✻ 95
4th variety of Eagles - Chilla ✻ 1224—1231 ✻ 95
General description of Cranes .... 1232—1238 ... 96
1st variety of Cranes - Krauncha ✻ 1239—1242 ✻ 96
2nd variety of Cranes - Baka ✻ 1243—1247 ✻ 97
1st variety of Kahwa - Kahwa ✻ 1248—1252 ✻ 97
— xxiii —

2nd variety of Kahwa - Kuncha ❊ 1253—1258 ❊ 97
27th group. General description of Crows .... 1259—1266 .... 98
1st variety of crows - Kaka ❊ 1267—1270 ❊ 99
2nd variety of crows - Karata ❊ 1271—1273 ❊ 99
3rd variety of crows - Balipushta ❊ 1274—1279 ❊ 99
4th variety of crows - Sakritpraja ❊ 1280—1285 ❊ 100
5th variety of crows - Dhwanksha ❊ 1286—1287 ❊ 100
6th variety of crows - Atinaghosha ❊ 1288—1292 ❊ 101
7th variety of crows - Parabhrit ❊ 1293—1298 ❊ 101
8th variety of crows - Vayasa ❊ 1299—1303 ❊ 102
9th variety of crows - Chirajeevi ❊ 1304—1307 ❊ 102
10th variety of crows - Maukali ❊ 1308—1313 ❊ 102
11th variety of crows - Dronakaka ❊ 1314—1319 ❊ 103
12th variety of crows - Kakola ❊ 1320—1328 ❊ 103
28th group. General description of Owls .... 1329--1334 .... 104
1st variety of Owls - Ulooka ❊ 1335—1339 ❊ 104
2nd variety of Owls - Vayasadwit ❊ 1340—1344 ❊ 105
3rd variety of Owls - Pechaka ❊ 1345—1351 ❊ 105
General description of - Kausika birds .... 1352—1357 .... 106
1st variety of Kausika birds-Kausika ❊ 1358—1361 ❊ 106
2nd variety of Kausika birds-Ghooka ❊ 1362--1366 ❊ 106
3rd variety of Kausika birds-Divabhita ❊ 1367—1372 ❊ 107
4th variety of Kausika birds - Nisatana ❊ 1373--1380 ❊ 107
29th group. General description of Parrots .... 1381—1391 .... 108
1st variety of Parrots - Suka ❊ 1392--1396 ❊ 108
2nd variety of Parrots - Keera ❊ 1397--1403 ❊ 109
3rd variety of Parrots - Sarika ❊ 1404--1409 ❊ 109
General description of Cuckoos .... 1410--1419 .... 110
1st variety of Cuckoos - Vanapriya ❊ 1420—1425 ❊ 110
— xxiv —

2nd variety of Cuckoos - Parabhrit ❇ 1426—1430 ❇ 111
3rd variety of Cuckoos - Kokila ❇ 1431—1436 ❇ 111
4th variety of Cuckoos - Pika ❇ 1437—1445 ❇ 112
30th group. General description of Peacocks ........ 1446—1456 .... 112
1st variety of Peacocks - Mayura ❇ 1457—1460 ❇ 113
2nd variety of Peacocks - Barhi ❇ 1461—1465 ❇ 113
3rd variety of Peacocks-Neelakantha ❇ 1466—1472 ❇ 114
4th variety of Peacocks-Bhujangabhuk ❇ 1473—1478 ❇ 114
5th variety of Peacocks - Sikhavala ❇ 1479—1483 ❇ 115
6th variety of Peacocks - Keki ❇ 1484—1493 ❇ 115
31st group. General description of Pigeons ❇ 1494—1502 ❇ 116
1st variety of Pigeons - Paravata ❇ 1503—1509 ❇ 117
2nd variety of Pigeons - Kalarava ❇ 1510—1515 ❇ 117
3rd variety of Pigeons - Kapota ❇ 1516—1523 ❇ 118
General description of Blue-jays ❇ 1524—1525 ❇ 118
1st variety of Blue-jays - Chasha ❇ 1526—1529 ❇ 118
2nd variety of Blue-jays - Kikidivi ❇ 1530—1537 ❇ 119
32nd group. General bescription of Cocks ❇ 1538—1545 ❇ 119
1st variety of Cocks - Krakavaku ❇ 1546—1549 ❇ 120
2nd variety of Cocks - Tamrachuda ❇ 1550—1552 ❇ 120
3rd variety of Cocks - Kukkuta ❇ 1553—1557 ❇ 121
4th variety of Cocks - Charanayudha ❇ 1558—1565 ❇ 121
33rd group. General description of Chataka ... 1566—1571 ... 122
1st variety of Sparrows - Chataka ❇ 1572—1575 ❇ 123
2nd variety of Sparrows - Kalavinka ❇ 1576—1583 ❇ 123
1st variety of Karetu birds - Karetu ❇ 1584—1588 ❇ 124
2nd variety of Karetu birds - Karkaretu ❇ 1589—1592 ❇ 124
34th group. General description of Heron ❇ 1593—1599 ❇ 125
— xxv —

1st variety of Heron · Lohaprishta ❊ 1600—1605 ❊ 125
2nd variety of Heron - Kurantaka ❊ 1606—1610 ❊ 126
1st variety of Darvaghata-Darvaghata ❊ 1611—1614 ❊ 126
2nd variety of Darvaghata - Satapatra ❊ 1615—1622 ❊ 126
35th group. General description of Wagtails ❊ 1623—1628 ❊ 127
1st variety of Wagtails - Khanjarita ❊ 1629—1634 ❊ 128
2nd variety of Wagtails- Khanjana ❊ 1635—1640 ❊ 128
1st variety of Sky-larks-Vyaghrata ❊ 1641—1645 ❊ 128
2nd variety of Sky-larks- Bharadwaja ❊ 1646—1649 ❊ 129
1st variety of Kalinga birds- Kalinga ❊ 1650—1653 ❊ 129
2nd variety of Kalinga birds-Bhringa ❊ 1654—1658 ❊ 130
3rd variety of Kalinga birds-Dhumyata ❊ 1659—1665 ❊ 130
36th group. General description of Plava ❊ 1666—1671 ❊ 131
Plava birds ❊ 1672—1675 ❊ 131
Tittiri brids ❊ 1676—1679 ❊ 131
Kukkubha birds ❊ 1680—1682 ❊ 132
Lava birds ❊ 1683—1686 ❊ 132
Koyashti birds ❊ 1687—1690 ❊ 132
Harita birds ❊ ||1691—1694 ❊ 133
Conclusion ❊ 1695—1711 ❊ 133
[FINIS]
— xxvi —

Mriga-Pakshi-Sastra
OR
ZOOLOGY
BY
Hamsadeva of 13th century A. D.

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Mriga Pakshi Sastra
OR
Science of Animals and Birds.
(ZOOLOGY IN INDIA)
PART I
Description of Animals.
AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION.
A great king by name Saudadeva has ruled his great kingdom
in JINAPURA city with great pomp and pride. He has established
the Jain Phylosophy with regular principles and rules, who had many
petty Rajahs paying homage to him, who has obtained his kingdom
by his strength of arms, who has known the virtues of the Kshatria's
and the pleasure of ruling his subjects, who has been well versed in
poetry, who has extended his fame all over the world, who has
understood all the secrets of Sastras and who has been embraced
by the Goddess of Victory.
He once went to a forest on horse-back with noose, ropes,
swords, spears etc., along with the hunters of various types to hunt.
He began to search the animals in every nook and corner of the
forest by threatening them, by beating the trumpets and other
things. No sooner had he seen the animals wandering about in the
forest than he began to admire the beauty of their free movements.

He hunted for a while and thought of returning home for, if all the
lions, tigers, deer, hyenas, bears, wild buffaloes, elephants, parrots,
swan etc, were to be shot dead, the beauty of the forest and the
science of animals and birds would altogether be disappear. So
thinking, he returned home.
Next morning he attended his Durbar and sent for all the
scholars and learned Pandits. He them requested them to describe
the nature and qualities of the animals and birds. Then his great Mi-
nister by name Tarananda has selected and induced the great poet
HAMSADEVA, the author of this science, who narated the main des-
cription of the animals and birds in the following manner.
The auther Hamsadeva, has described the nature and qualities
of Animals and Birds into 36 groups to facilitate for easy reading. Of
which a few are mentioned below:—

1. The description in general.
2. The time of their intercourse.
3. The period of pregnancy.
4. The early stages.
5. The number of kinds, colour and work.
6. The nature of female ones.
7. The limit of age.
8. Their quality whether ferocious, calm or dull.
   He has tried his level best to describe the main varieties of
   their qualities and nature. There are various kinds of animals and
   birds of which most important kinds are described below. (in the
   above said 36 groups.).
   — 2 —

1st GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LIONS.
There are 6 kinds of Lions. Some live in thick forests
and some in mountains. They differ in colours, qualities and
work. They have inborne strength. They have ample passion in rainy
season at 6th or 7 th year. Their passion increases either when
they think of lioness or see them at this season. They begin their
intercourse either in the caves or bushes by licking the body of
the sex, waving their tails and jumping with great roar with pleasure.
The lioness desire to enjoy the lions of the same age especially in
mid-nights. At the time of enjoyments, foam comes out from lioness
mouths and the period of enjoyment is fixed at three hours. After
the completion, the lioness get sound sleep, Then they become
pregnant. For some days the lions follow them. After pregnancy
their food or prey is decreased. Drousiness and wearis ome
increase day by day. They feel unable to face the heavy winds and hot
Sun. The period of their delivery is fixed at 9 to 12th month. Generally,
their delivery time is either at the end of Spring or at the begining
of Summer. At one pregnancy they give birth to 3 to 5 cubs. If the
cubs are borne in winter season they would be very feeble. After deli-
very, they become robust and strong. The cubs begin to suck their
mother's milk and play around their mother. In their 3rd or 4th
month, they begin to roar aloud and catch deer and fall upon
elephants and threaten other animals. They are fond of eating
smooth flesh of the deer and other animals. During their 2nd or 3rd
year, their youth begins. Their anger, strength and speed increase.
They appear to be terrible and fearce. At the time of hunger, anger
increases. They cannot be easily capturable. They do not know the
word "fear "from their birth. They are called King of animals.
Their kinds are described below: —

[1st kind of LIONS ]
(SIMAH.)
Simha or Lions are short and loug bodied ones having dense
mane and long tails. They are very strong and have strong nerves.
They are gold coloured throughout; but a little whitish in rear. They
have soft hair throughout. They lift their heads when they walk.
They run very swiftly like an arrow. Their nails are neither
very long nor short. They are very ferocious when they are
hungry and they run very swiftly with jumps. They have more
passion in their prime youth and they follow the lioness always.
They generally dwell in caves and they are sleepy. They wave their
tails when they are glad. At some times they get into water. They
are not easily capturable.
[2nd kind of LIONS]
(MRIGENDRA)
These are tall and long maned lions. They have a little anger
when they are hungry. They desire to catch deer and other
animals, and they are anxious to search for elephant. They roar
loudly. They are fond of wandering in sandy and bushy places.
They have more rut and strength and long jaws. They have more
passion in rainy season. They are always healthy and have a little
sleep. They like to play in shady places when they are not hungry.
Though they are calm they are not easily capturable. They appear
to be terrible for other animals. Though they walk slowly, they are
not easily capturable by noose and other instruments. Some of these
species have their mane covering their front bodies and have bright
gold coloured eyes and long mustaches. They have dots of various
colours on their bodies.
— 4 —

[3rd variety of LIONS]
(PANCHASYA)
They are whitish in colour having short tails. The hair on
their bodies are very dense and their mane are short. They are 2 to
3 cubits in height. They have long bodies. They appear to be very
terrible owing to their long jaws. They always walk jumping, bending
their heads. They have their tongues and testicles hanging down.
They are always sleepy. They roar loudly and heavily when they
are awake. They turn their eye-lids when they see. They have
small faces and long mustaches.
[4th variety of LIONS.]
(HARYAKSHA.)
These are very cruel, terrible and ferocious and very strong.
They have long claws and jaws. They run very swiftly in their
youth. They have small stripes on their bodies. They are very hun-
gry and healthy. They have long bodies and long mane covering
their faces. They are whitish-brown having tails in grey colour. They
walk roaring loudly and terribly. They have a little sleep. They are
always perspiring. Saliva would be ousing out in childhood. They are
very passionate in their youth. They ever lift their tails. They are
very fond of lying in shadow.
[5th variety of LIONS.]
(KESARI.)
These lions dwell always in caves. Their tongues are red
and more in their youth. They roar very terribly and loudly in
their youth. They do not relish much food. They have strong legs
— 5 —

and strong bodies. They are fond of killing elephants. They become
more indignant and terrible when they hear the cries of elephants.
They are very fond of hunting. They appear to be very ferocious
owing to their jaws. They have red bodies and are speely . They have
small stripes on their faces. There is foam always in their tongues.
They are neither very stout nor lean; but, are very strong.
[6th variety of LIONS.]
(HARI)
They are very short. They are whitish-red. They have a little
mane and anger. They are afraid of wandering about in day
times. They are very fond of moon-light. They have more strength
and more passion in their youth. They would never be aloof and are
always with lioness in their youth. They de not feel much appetite,
and like to drink water often. They will always sleep under the
shadow of trees. They roar grandly and loudly They always
look to directions and rainbow. Though they are very strong they
are patient and calm.
There are many lions of various types, differing in colours,
qualities and work in the world.
Generally lionesses are of the lions type being short in size.
They have no mustaches on their faces. Some of them have a very
little mane and some have not at all. They are fairer than the
lions. They are not so terrible as lions. They are a little less in
speed. Their rear portions would be round and fair. They have short
claws and pass little urine. Their roar is a little pleasing. They
give birth to cubs once or twice in their life time.
— 6 —

After the 10th year the lions of both sex do not harm to ani-
mals much. They kill only those which come nearer to them. They
become old. They have redused passion, hunger, and swiftness. Then
they would be lying under shadows of trees and caves. Their age is
limited to 20 years.
They are easily capturable by noose. They cannot be captured
by bows and arrows generally. The cubs," in their early age (ie-.
1.to. 3 years) are easily capturable. They are tamed by Rajahs keeping
them in palace gardens. They will be given flesh and thus maintained.
They can easily be captured by keeping artificial elephants and deer
in their front. Owing to their breed and work they are called RAJASA
UTTAMA or Superior in 2nd class.

2nd GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TIGERS.

They are 3 kinds of tigers differing in nature, colour and
work. Some live in mountains and others in forests. They are not so
keen as lions. They have more passion in rainy and autumn seasons.
When the ferociousness is less their passion increases. Like lions
they also enjoy in night times. Though the tigers approach the
tigresses and lick their bodies, they do not easily yeild to tigers for
intercourse. After a long time, they yeild for enjoyment. They are
not fully developed to give pregnance before their 6th year. They
enjoy with tigresses under the shady bushes and dark places.
Foam comes out of their mouths during their enjoyment times. Then
the tigress become pregnant. They deliver cubs in their 9th or 10th
mouth like lioness. As soon as the cubs are born, they like to eat

— 7 —

flesh and be very ferocious. They are 3 to 4 hasthas in height. Some
of them have full of spots on their bodies, and some have stripes
throughout their bodies. Some are yellowish and some of different
colours. Their varieties are described clearly below:—
[1st variety of TIGERS.]
(SARDULA)
These varieties of tigers are of lions' type but they are a little
tall.; Black stripes on their bodies are clearly visible. They have long
tails and long bodies. They have bright golden coloured eyes. They
are always very cruel and ferocious. They are fond of killing animals
and drinking blood. They appear to be very terrible owing to the
big jaws. Their claws are long and big. They are very strong and
robust. They lift their tails when they are angry and when they are
happy they wave and bend their tails. They jump upon the animals.
They are with full mustaches on their faces. At times, there is much
foam in their mouths. They cannot be easily prevented owing to
their mighty strength. They are fond of human flesh. They never
leave any living being without doing harm to them. They are always
hungry and thirsty. They fail in their attempt in jumping upon ani-
mals. They are very ferocious and angry when they are hungry.
They have little passion.
[2nd variety of TIGERS]
(DWEEPY)
These varieties of tigers are short. Some are striped and
some spoted. They are yellowish white in colour. They are very
cruel. They have small bellies. They are always fond of killing human
beings and deer. They have long faces and long testicles. Owing to
severe anger, they are foolish. They are dull by nature. In their

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youth they are stronger and more passionate. Their paws, tongues
and eyes are red. They have always bad smell on their bodies.
In their early age, they are always sleepy and lazy. They sleep under
the shadow of trees thinking of killing animals.
[3rd variety of TIGERS]
(VYAGHRA)
These kinds of tigers are yellowish in colour. They are fully
long stripes on their bodies. They are neither too short nor too tall.
They have red tongues. Always they are very angry and terrible
Whatever is caught by them, it is not left unkilled. They will
fall upon animals from ambush. They cannot be easily captured
and prevented. They are always dirty. Though they are reduced
much in their youth, they are very strong. There are many tigers
possessing these natural qualities in the world.
Just as lions, tigers and tigress have their prime youth in
their 6th year. Tigresses are generally. of the tigers' type, but a
little patient. They are very thirsty in day-times. They are fond of
shady bushes and trees. They become hot tempered for a while
when they are troubldd. Some have a very few mustaches and some
do not possess at all. There are red spots under their bellies, and
their paws are red. They (tigresses) will become pregnant during
their 4th or 5th year. They enjoy with tigers unlike lionesses (ie)
when a lioness once enjoys with a lion, it will never go and enjoy
with; another lion. But tigresses are foolish in this respect. They
(tiger and tigress) have their youth till their 10th year. Then they
— 9 —

become old. They fear for heavy winds, hot Sun and heavy rains.
in their old age. Their roar, temper, and strength are reduced.
Their age is limited to 16 years. They are capturable by means of
noose and not by means of weapons. In their early age they are easily
capturable especially in winter season as their temperment will be
less. They must be trained when they are young and tender. They
never yield to good and smooth words.
3rd GROUP.
DESCRIPTION OF HYENAS.
[1st variety of HYENAS]
(TARAKSHU)
There are 2 kinds of Hyenas. They resemble tigers in strength
and terribleness. They are low breeded ones. Their youth begins in
their 6th year as lions and tigers. Their nature is dull and temper
bad. They are blackish red in colour, and a little shorter than the
tigers. Some have black spots on their bodies. They run so swiftly
like an arrow. Their bodies are covered with long and rough hair.
They have short feet and claws. Their necks are white in colour.
Their heads would be bent down when they stand. Their tails are
stout. They run very speedily when they become angry. They are
fond of human flesh. They kill deer and other animals very easily.
After they are fully satisfied with eating flesh, they sleep in nights.
After their hunger is passified, foam comes out of their mouth.
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