मल्लपुराण (ज्येष्ठिमल्ल - प्राचीन भारतीय मल्लविद्या, अखाड़ा व्यायाम व कुश्ती महाग्रन्थ)

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It may be like the pyramid building as practised to-day or lifting another man
and walking. All these interpretations seem to be valid and hence a definite
explanation of this term is not possible. All these forms of exercises are well-
known.
Kuṇḍakāvartana
This seems to be a form of exercise in which circular movements are
entailed. The Vajramuṣṭi exercises have a number of calasthenics in which
circular movements, tumbling etc. are involved and these exercises seem to have
been noted here as their effects such as development of thighs, waist, building up
wind-power and strengthening of heart are specially mentioned. The Vajra-
muṣṭi circular movements are quite fast and they are something like the circuit
exercises that are recently developed.
Bhojanordhavabhraṇaṇikā
The meaning of this term is not clear and what is its relation to Bhrama-
ṇikā is also not certain. Bhramaṇikā seems to be again Calasthenics, possibly
on the ground. It may mean simply a walk after the meals. Kuṇḍakāvartana
also may be interpreted as some type of calesthenics.
Svāsapreraṇikāśrama
This does not seem to be any specific exercise, but it suggests the quality
of exercises which develop stamina. These are running, skipping and related
types that induce heavy breathing and train an individual to work hard under
the conditions of 'oxygendebt'.
Uhāpohaśrama
This is no exercise at all. It is only at the most discussion, planning and
thinking. Eventhough this activity does not require any gymnastic or athletic
ability, it is an extremely important part of the preparation. Instructions are
given and plans are drawn for success in a meet. This activity includes a major
part of theory and coaching hints.
Bāhupreraṇikāśrama
This exereise seems to be identical with the Daṇḍas, that are a very
common traditional form of exercise, from the description of the advantages
noted in Chapter XI, 9-12. This seem to be the Bāhuśrama of Chapter X.
Āsthādanaka
With the present day daṇḍa, baiṭhakas are closely related. The exercise
noted as Āsthādanaka probably seems to represent this type. It has many
varieties and are useful for strengthening the lower parts of the body.
Āmardakīśrama
This exercise seems to indicate the effects of massage on the massagist.
This inference is made possible because massage is noted as Mardanā and a
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