मल्लपुराण (ज्येष्ठिमल्ल - प्राचीन भारतीय मल्लविद्या, अखाड़ा व्यायाम व कुश्ती महाग्रन्थ)

occurs in two varieties. The seventeen ways of exercising with this instru-
ment suggests this identification because the exercises with Chaki also have
close similarity, in performance. It requires to be lifted, swung, put on head
etc. This large Goṇitaka is useful in developing thigh, neck and the whole
body. (XI. 16 ff.)

It is interesting to note that Laghu Goṇitaka is not noted in the forms
of exercises in Ch. XI. Possibly it is represented by another name, the
Piṇḍanaka. They are Piṇḍlā small circles and may be identified with present
day Nālī. They are stone rings with a central bar and are used almost like
iron dumb-bells. The description of these Piṇḍanakas immediately follows
that of Guru Goṇitaka (XI, 27 ff.). They develop arm joints, hands and
upper arm. This description helps us in the identification as the Nālīs also
develop these parts of the body.

Pramadā
This is a rather difficult term to be explained, but in Chapter XI, its
place is taken by Gadā. From this coincidence one may infer that in the first
list the term Pramadā is used in grammatical sense. It is represented in the
second list as Gadā and the same term is used in Chapter XI. The heavy
Gadā, Mudgara, Kārelā and other types of clubs are used for exercising arms,
shoulders, writsts.

Jalaśrama
Jalaśrama is noted in all the lists of Mallapurana. It is classified as
Adhama form of exercise perhaps because it does not directly help the wrestling.
From this term swimming could be inferred. Swimming is a good form of
exercise, but it was not developed to a highly competitive stage to which it has
reached to-day. It was more or less a complimentary exercise which developed
chest and arms. This idea seems to exist as only the underwater breast-stroke,
dog paddle, or the over-arm trudgen and back strokes were known. The crawls
and butterfly stroke meant for speed and development were unknown in India
as well as in most of the other countries. Looking to this state of the art of
swimming it was not given high prominence but was accepted as an item of
exercise.

Sopānarohaṇa
This term seems to be difficult to explain. It is a well-known fact that
running up a ladder is a good form of exercise. But one does not know whether
this term was used in this sense, as it is written in three variants such as
Sopānarohaṇa, Sopanaroguruśrama, Paranarohaṇaśrama. These terms can be
interpreted in different ways. One of the meanings is already noticed the others
may signify that it is an exercise in which at least two persons participated.