महाराणा सांगा: द हिन्दूपत (हरविलास सारदा - मेवाड़ साम्राज्य एवं खानवा महायुद्ध इतिहास)

Maharana Sāngā.
placed matchlock men, and in the rear
a body of chosen troops ready to repel
any attack from behind or to rush for-
ward and charge whenever possible.
The Maharana's army consisted of his own
and that of the great chieftains who acknow-
ledged his supremacy or followed his lead.
Raja Silhidi, the Rajput Chief of Bhilsa
and Raisen, commanded 35,000 horse; Rawal
Udai Singh of Dungarpur and Hasan
Khan Mewati, 12,000 each; Raja Medni
Rai of Chanderi, 10,000 horse; Narbad
Hada of Boondi, 7,000; Khinchi Shatru-
deva of Gagrone, 6,000; Bhar Mal of
Idar, Rao Viramdeva of Merta and Chauhan
Narsinghdeva, 4,000 each. Sultan Mahmud
Lodi, a son of Sikandar Lodi, commanded
10,000 adventurers; various other chiefs
had each from 4,000 to 7,000 men. Rai Mal
Rāthor, Commander-in-chief of Jodhpur, and
Kanwar Kalyan Mal, heir of Bikaner, com-
manded 3,000 each. Prithviraj of Amber,¹
Rawat Bagh Singh of Deolia (Pratapgarh),
¹ Many historical records do not mention his presence
at the battle.
144

Maharana Sāngā.

Chandra Bhan, Manik Chand Chauhan, Rai
Dalip and others commanded large divisions.

The battle began about half-past nine
in the morning by violent charges made
by the Rajputs on Bābur’s right and centre,
which began to give way. Bodies of the
reserve were pushed on to their assistance, and
Mustafa Rumi, who commanded one portion
of the artillery, opened fire on the masses of
Rajput cavalry rushing forward and falling
on the Turks like falcons on their prey.
This fire made large gaps amongst them;
still new bodies of Rajputs pushed on un-
dauntedly. The battle was equally desperate
on the left. Just as the Turks began to
show signs of wavering, the traitor Silhiddi,
who commanded the van (herole) of the
Maharana’s army, went over to Bābur with
his 35,000 cavalry. This did not make
much difference, but just at that time an
arrow discharged by some one struck with
such force on the forehead of the Maharana,
who was seated on an elephant, as to make
him lose consciousness. The chieftains around
him considered it advisable to send him out

145

Maharana Sāngā.
of the battlefield, and appoint a person as his
representative, to continue the battle. They
placed him in a palanquin and sent him with
an escort towards Mewat. They asked Rao
Ratan Singh, the chief of Salumbar, to take
the Maharana’s place and continue the battle.
Ratan Singh replied that his ancestor had
relinquished the throne of Mewar, which was
by right his, and that he would not now
accept it even temporarily. He added that
he deemed it his duty to serve with zeal
whosoever should occupy the royal elephant
as the Maharana’s representative, and so long
as a drop of blood was left in his body, never to
allow the enemy to pierce the army under him.
Then, Raj Rana Ajjaji, who held the first
rank among the nobles of Mewar, and who
had, like the great Chonda, out of chivalrous
regard for his father’s wishes, relinquished
his right to the throne of Halvad in Kathia-
war in S. 1520 (A.D. 1463), but was adorned
with all the ensigns of royalty (of Halvad),
was unanimously voted to take the place of
the Maharana. And Ajjaji, assuming all
the ensigns of the sovereign of Mewar, occu-
146

Maharana Sanga.
pied the vacant seat¹ on the royal elephant.
A chattra (canopy) was held over him and
the chanwar was waved over his head. For
a little while the Rajputs continued fighting;
but the rumour soon spread like wildfire,
that the Maharana had been wounded and
removed from the field. The bond which had
tied the different sections of his forces
together was thus broken, and various sec-
tions of the Maharana's army, not finding
their leader present, left the field.² Rawal
Udai Singh of Dungarpur, Hasan Khan
Mewati, Raja Manik Chand and Chandra
Bhan the Chauhan chiefs of Mewar, Rawat
Ratan Singh Chondawat of Salumbar, Raj
Rana Ajja, Rao Ramdas Sonagarah, Gokal-
¹ A poet says:—
रघु सुराजन राण, सिरधारे गजसिर चढे।
काढे खल तुरकाण, ईस फत्ते किधीअजा॥
(Assuming on his head the ensigns of the family of
Raghu (the great ancestor of Rana, the chief of the Solar
dynasty of kings) ascends the elephant : cuts down the
wicked Turks, such was the triumph achieved by Ajja).
² A bardic song says that the Turks lost 50,000 men
in this battle, and that Ajja went to heaven with 9,000
brave Rajputs.
पड़ धर सहस पचास मेघ घण मार न मंडे।
नव सहस समट लेकर मडर सुरपुर दिसा सिधाबियो॥
147

Maharana Sāngā.
das Parmar, whose descandants hold Bijolian
(Mewar), Rai Mal Rathor, heir-apparent
of Marwar; the brave Mertia leaders Ratan
Singh (the father of the celebrated Miranbai)
and Rai Mal, and others were killed after
performing deeds of valour.¹
The Rajputs lost the battle, not because
they were inferior to the enemy, but because
of one of those chances that have often
decided the fate of kingdoms in India,
irrespective of the intellectual and material
resources of the parties engaged.. It was
so with the powerful Raja Anandpal of the
Panjab who, in spite of his unquestioned
superiority over Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni,
lost the famous battle near Peshawar in 1008
A.D. owing to his elephant becoming unruly
and turning back in the midst of the battle.
It was so again in the case of Dara Shikoh,
who was chiefly supported by the Rajputs and
who lost the battle of Samugarh in A.D. 1658,
owing to his transferring his seat in the
¹ Tod says that Mahmud Lodi was killed in this
battle, but Mr. Erskine says that he fled to Gujarāt.
Mehta Nainsi's Chronicles give the date of the battle as
Katik Sud 5th, S. 1584.
148

Maharana Sāngā.
midst of the battle from the elephant's howda
to the back of a horse, on the treacherous
advice of the traitor, Khalilullah Khan.
That accidents could have such decisive
influence on matters of such transcending
national importance was due chiefly to the
political consciousness of the people having
become dormant. Swadharma, the duty of
the individual to the State, to the nation, to
the country in its broadest aspects, had
come to mean devotion to the person of the
sovereign for the time being and nothing
more. This contraction of the meaning of
the term Swadharma, this restrictive appli-
cation of it accorded with the facts of life
in the country, where the rights of the
individuals comprising the nation became
merged, not in the right of the State as with
the military nations of the European conti-
nent, but into the will of the person occupy-
ing the throne for the time being. The
king being the sole arbiter of the des-
tinies of a nation, the only source of power,
his personality counted for all even in a battle.
He being the head—real and not a figure-
149

Maharana Sāngā.
head only—he won or lost : the nation only
because of him. If the arrow had struck
Bābur's forehead instead of Sāngā's, the
result would have been the same—a complete
defeat of the Turks. In fact, in their case,
it would have meant annihilation, because of
their being foreign interlopers in the country.
The present European War instinctively
brings before the mind the great advance
the Western nations have achieved in politics
during the last four centuries. In Europe
every man, woman and child understands
his duty to the State, which, he knows, is
nothing more than his own individual
interest in the higher sense of the term.
He or she understands that he or she loses
or gains as his or her nation loses or gains,
that his or her interests are identical with
those of the nation or the State. This
spirit animating all, the resources of the
whole nation are fully organised and are
unhesitatingly employed to protect as well
as to promote the cause of the nation or even
of individuals, whenever occasion requires.
A war in modern times is therefore a war
150

Maharana Sāngā.
of one nation or a combination of nations
against another nation or two or more nations
combined. The entire intellectual, moral and
material resources of nations are mobilized and
used in the struggle. The result is that that
belligerent wins whose organisation is superior
and whose resources, taken as a whole, are
greater than those of the enemy. As a neces-
sary consequence, wars now are immeasurably
more devastating, and though both sides are
in the end exhausted, the vanquished is the
party clearly proved to be the weaker.
This also explains the vast difference that
we find between the nature and importance of
a battle in those days and a battle in the twen-
tieth century. The battle of Khānua, in which
the opposing armies numbered about three
lakhs, lasted a few hours, and what momentous
issues hung on the result of that battle! It
decided the fate of a country inhabited by a
fifth part of the human race. It threw back
for ever the advancing tide of the triumph-
ant Rajput race, and placed India, with a
civilization and culture as old as history and
as high as the highest in the world, under the
151

Maharana Sāngā.
domination of the less civilized Afghans and
the highlanders of Central Asia. Compare
this with the battles fought in Europe in the
great war raging there now. The battle of the
Marne lasted four months, and the loss of life
in this one battle far exceeded the entire
armies engaged in the battle between Bābur
and Sāngā ; but what is the net result of the
victory over the enemy ? A few thousand
yards of "No Man’s Land," with hardly
any effect on the final issue of the war.
Victory remained with Bābur, who
assumed the title of Ghazi. He advanced to
Byana, where he arrived after three days,
and held a council of his nobles as to the
advisability of following up the victory by
an invasion of the Rana’s dominions. Bābur’s
resources, however, were so crippled and the
dread of meeting Sāngā in the field a second
time was so great, that the approach of the
hot season was pleaded as an excuse and
the enterprise was given up.¹
¹ "That Bābur respected and dreaded his foe, we
have the best proof in his not risking another battle
with him."—Tod's Rajasthan, Vol. I, p. 307.
152

CHAPTER XIV.
“LAST DAYS OF SĀNGĀ.”
WHEN the party carrying the unconscious
Maharana reached Baswa, now the northern
boundary of the Jaipur State, the Maharana
regained consciousness and at once enquired
how the battle had ended. When the
whole story was related to him, he became
sorrowful, and scolded the people about
him for removing him from the field of
battle, as that exposed him to the reproach
of fleeing from the field. He refused to
move towards Chitor, and vowed that he
would never enter it alive without van-
quishing Bābur.
In consequence of his removal from the
battlefield, Sāngā shut himself up for a
time in his palace in Ranthambhore. A
charan named Todar Mal Chanchlia, who
was with the greatest difficulty allowed
153

look like 'ह'?
No, it has a vertical bar on the right! 'ह' does not have a vertical bar on the right!
Letters with a vertical bar on the right: च, थ, ध, य, प, ष, क, etc.
Between च, थ, ध, प:
Wait, could it be "धिया"?
Could it be "थिया"? "थिया" (thiyā) is extremely common in Dingal/Rajasthani: "थिया पडंता हाथ" = हाथों से पड़ते हुए हुए / हाथ से गिरते हुए (when falling from hands).
Wait, but look at the letter: is the top of the vertical bar broken/open?
In 'थ', the top bar does not cover the loop.
Here, the top bar goes all the way across!
Wait, in some old fonts, the top bar of 'थ' or 'ध' was covered, or is it 'च'?
Wait, look at 'च': 'च' has a full top bar!
If it's 'चिया' or 'थिया': let's look at the image again very carefully.
Wait, look at the loop:
Is it a loop, or is it a curve?
It is a flat horizontal line extending left from the vertical bar, then curving down and up! That is the EXACT definition of 'च'!
Wait, compare it to 'थ' in 'हाथ' (end of same line):
In 'हाथ', 'थ' has a

Maharana Sāngā.
Though the Western Afghan confederacy
was crushed by the victory of Khānua, the
Eastern confederacy continued to gather
strength. The Rajputs though defeated in
a great battle, had not been vanquished.
Bābur had thus two powerful foes still to
overcome before he could consider his throne
firmly established. His experience taught
him that he had more to fear from the
इकरां राम तकी तिय रावण,
मंद हरेगो दडकमल ॥
टीकम सोझि जपथर तारिया,
जगनायक ऊपरा जलु ॥ ३ ॥
एक राड़ भवमांच खवटंथो,
बोरस खाणै केम ऊर ॥
मानतणा केवा कज सांगा,
सांगा तू सालै असुर ॥ ४ ॥
(Why this dejection? Sri Krishna had to leave the
field a hundred times against Jarasandha: finally after
saving himself, he vanquished the enemy. Once Arjuna
fell back when Duryodhana cast his hand on Draupadi :

Maharana Sāngā.
Rajputs than the Pathans, and he resolved
to break the power of the Rajput kings by
attacking them one by one before they might
combine again and wrest his hard-won throne
from him. He left the Eastern Afghan
confederacy to itself for a while, little
suspecting that it would, after his death,
overwhelm his son and successor and drive
him out of India, and would be finally
crushed only with the help of the Rajputs
by his grandson Akbar.
Being rightly afraid of the great power
of the Rajput kings of the west, Bābur
resolved to attack Raja Medni Rai of
Chanderi, one of the bravest and ablest
of the Maharana's lieutenants. Leaving
Agra in December 1527 A.D., he arrived
at Kalpi on 1st January, A.D. 1528, and
passing by Irej (Irich) and Kechwa, reached
Chanderi on the 20th of the month. Sāngā,
hearing that Bābur had gone towards Chan-
deri, marched to attack him and arrived
at Irich. But here his ministers, who were
opposed to further warfare, finding the war-
like Maharana bent on plunging into war
156

Maharana Sāngā.
again, administered poison to him. The
heroic spirit of the great man would not so
easily give in, and fought with the malady
for a time. At last the poison prevailed and
Sāngā breathed his last at Baswa in Baisakh¹
Sud, S. 1584, after a reign of 21 years 5
months and 9 days. Thus ended the
glorious life of the great man who was one
of the greatest sovereigns that have ever
ruled in Rajputana. The lesser men who
were about him in his last days, purchased
"by regicide, inglorious ease and safety,
in preference to privations and dangers, and
to emulating the manly constancy of their
prince, who resolved to make heavens his
canopy till his foe was crushed,—a determina-
tion which was pursued with the most
resolute perseverance by some of his gallant
successors."²
Maharana Sāngā was of middle stature
but of great muscular strength, fair in com-
plexion, with unusually large eyes. He
¹ Chaturkula Charitra p. 27 gives the date as Magh
Sud 9th, S. 1584.
² Tod's Rajasthan, Vol. I, p. 307.
157

Maharana Sāngā.
exhibited at his death, "but the fragments
of a warrior; one eye was lost in the broil
with his brother (Prithviraj), an arm in an
action with the Lodi King of Delhi, and he
was a cripple owing to a limb being broken
by a cannon ball in another, while he counted
eighty wounds from the sword or the lance
on various parts of his body. He was
celebrated for energetic enterprise, of which
his capture of Mahmud, King of Malwa,
in his own capital is a celebrated instance;
and his successful storming of the almost
impregnable Ranthambhore, though ably
defended by the imperial general Ali, gained
him great renown. Had he been succeeded
by a prince possessed of his foresight and
judgment, Bābur's descendants might not
have retained the sovereignty of India."¹
Tod's Rajasthan, Vol. I, pp. 307, 308.
158

INDEX.
Abdul Razzak, 113.
Abho, 20.
Abu, 2,93.
Abul Fazal, 74.
Abu Sayid, 99, 101.
Adinapur, 114.
Afghanistan, 99.
Agaya, 23.
Agra, 50, 93, 118, 120, 126, 127,
128, 141, 156.
Ahmadabad, 55, 69, 79, 82.
Ahmadnagar, 80, 83, 90, 91.
Ahmad Shah (of Gujarāt), 38.
Ajjaji, Raj Rāna, 146, 147.
Ajmer, 2, 7, 18, 28, 46, 48, 49,
93.
Akbar, 47, 156.
Akho, 31.
Akhsi, 100, 101, 102, 110.
Alam Khan, 142.
Alauddin, Prince, alias Alam
Khan, 119.
Alauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi,
17, 24.
Alfred the Great, 18.
Allahadad Khan, 61.
Ali, general, 158.
Ali, 26.
Ali Dost, 104, 105.
Alim Khan, 121.
Alwar, 127.
Amar Singh, Maharana, 81.
Amir Nijm Sani, 117.
Amber, 2, 7, 47, 48, 93, 144.
Ana, 23.
Ananda Bai, sister of Prithviraj,
42.
Anand Kanwar, 12.
Anandpal, Raja, 148.
Andejan, 101, 102, 104, 105, 109.
112.
Anhalwara, 24.
Annals and Antiquities of Rajas-
than, by Colonel J. Tod, 2n, 29n,
30n, 50n, 51n, 77n, 130n, 137n,
152n, 157n, 158n.
Arabia, 99.
Aravalli, 20, 25.
Arghuns, 114.
Arjuna, 155.
Asadut-ul-Mulk, 79, 82.
Asaf Khan, 70, 71, 72.
Asoka Mal, 85.
Aser, 7.
Atrar, 99.
Aurangzeb, 77.
Azan Husain, 103, 104.
Bābur, Zahiruddin Muhammad,
1, 44, 46, born in 1483, 100;
became ruler of Ferghana, 101;
takes Samarkand in 1497,
A. D., 102; goes to relieve
Andejan and loses both, 103;
takes Nasukh, and Marghinan
is surrendered to him, 104;
invades Samarkand, 105; falls
back on Kesh, 105; surprises
Samarkand and takes it. 107;
Shaibani Khan invades Samar-
kand and defeats Bābur, 107;
Bābur surrenders Samarkand
and gives his sister in marriage
to Shaibani, 108; goes to his
uncle, Sultan Mahmud, who
assigns Dehkāt to Bābur, 109;
takes Ush. Tambol attacks
Bābur, who flees, 110; wanders
as a fugitive, 111; bids adieu to
his native land and goes to-
wards Kabul, which surrenders
to him in 1504 A. D., 112,
resolves on an incursion into
India and goes to Jalalabad,
112; goes to Kohat, Bannu,
thence to Ghazni, and returns
to Kabul, 113; leaves Kabul to
assist the ruler of Balkh against
Shaibani Khan, visits Herat
and takes Kandahar and returns
to Kabul, 113; Shaibani Khan
advances to surprise Bābur,
159

INDEX.

[Left Column]

who, being afraid of meeting
Shaibani Khan, leaves Kabul
and comes Jalalabad, 113; on
hearing that Shaibani had
returned to Turkistan, Bābur
returns to Kābul, 114; quells
the revolt of his Moghul army,
115; Bābur hears of Shaibani’s
dofeat by the King of Persia
and goes towards Samarkand
and recovers it, 116; Uzbeks
rise and drive away Bābur from
Turkistan, 117; Bābur returns
to Kabul in 1514 A. D., 117;
enters Panjab and takes
Kandahar, 117; Daulat Khan
Lodi invites Bābur to
India, 118; Bābur comes
to the Panjab but returns
to Kābul, 119; Prince Alam
Khan offers Bābur, Panjab in
lieu of help to get the throne
of Delhi, 119; Bābur crosses
the Indus, defeats Ibrahim
Lodi at Panipat and is crowned
King of Delhi and takes Agra,
120; sends Tardi Beg to take
Byana, but Nizam Khan defeats
Tardi Beg, Nizam Khan surren-
ders Byana to Bābur when
Maharana Sāngā advances again-
st him, 121; Sāngā and Bābur
compared, 122-125; Bābur
prepares to defend himself
against Sāngā and summons
Humayun with all his troops,
fails to detach Hasan Khan
of Mewat, 127; marches out of
Agra and encamps at Fatehpur
Sikri, 128; makes overtures for
peace with Sāngā, but fails,
129; Bābur’s army quite dis-
heartened. Gives up wine and
allows the beard to grow, 135;
appeals to the religious instincts
of his troops as a last resort, 136;
again makes overtures for peace
and offers to pay tribute to the
Maharana who rejects the
terms, 137; throws up trenches
and occupies them, makes
dispositions for battle as the

[Right Column]

Rajputs advance, 143; Bābur
assumes the title of Ghazi after
the battle of Khānua, advances
to Byana, but returns to Agra,
152; Bābur invades Chanderi
156
Bābur by S, Lane Poole, 131n.
Babur Khan Lohani (Sultan
Muhammad Shah), 126.
Badakhshan, 112.
Badnor, 24, 25, 44, 80.
Bagha, Prince, 96.
Bagha Singh, Rawat of Deolia
Pratapgarh, 144.
Bahadurkhan, Prince, see Baha-
dur Shah.
Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarāt,
87, 88, 89, 90, 91.
Bakan, 154.
Baki Chaghaniani, 112.
Bāladitya, King of Maghada, 76.
Balhara, 24.
Balkanwar, 94.
Balkh, 112, 113.
Balloo, Saktawat, 81.
Banās, 24.
Banberi, 45.
Bandrot, 23.
Bangash, 113.
Bannu, 113.
Bansda, 23.
Banslo, 40.
Banswara, 85.
Bappa, 2, 46.
Bardha, 70.
Baswa, 153, 157.
Batarda, 35, 37, 38, 40.
Behar, 126.
Bekram, 113.
Benares, 51.
Bhainsror, 7, 34.
Bhagwat Kanwar, 95.
Bhakorah, 69.
Bhan, Rao of Idar, 22, 53.
Bhanda, 96.
Bhar Mal, Rao of Idar, 53, 54, 87,
144.
Bhavanagar Inscriptions by Peter
Peterson, 8n, 9n, 10n, 11n.
Bhavani Das, 95.
Bhera, 112.
Bhilsa, 66, 67, 93, 144.

160

INDEX.

Column 1

Bhim, son of Rao Bhan, 53.
Bhimraj, 70.
Bhur Singh, T. 155.
Bhoj, Chief of Lanch, 22.
Bhojraj, Prince, 95.
Bibliography of Literature, etc., by
Major Luard, 51.
Bida Jaitmalot attends to Sāngā's
wounds, 16; refuses to give up
Sāngā to Jai Mal, 17; dies with
his two sons in defence of Sāngā,
17; his descendants are Tha-
kurs of Kelwa, 17.
Bijanagar, 54.
Bijolian, 148.
Bika, son of Bagh Singh, 41.
Bikaner, 6; founded in 1488 A. D.
48; 144.
Billano, 40.
Bir Kanwar, 12.
Bohjat Khan, 65, 67.
Bokhara, 99, 107, 116, 117.
Boondi, 2, 7, 144.
Borak Khan, 101.
Brajbai, 94.
Byana, 61, 120, 121, 127, 129, 137,
152.
Central Asia, 98, 123.
Chachikdeva, Hada Rao of
Begoon, 7.
Chaghtai, 101.
Chaghtai Turks, 98.
Champa Kanwar, 12.
Champaner, 52.
Chanderi, 2, 7, 62, 65, 68, 70, 93,
144, 156.
Chand Khan, 92.
Chandra Bhan, 145, 147.
Chandwar, 141.
Changez Khan, 101.
Chapaneri, 87.
Chauvadia, 23.
Chāpar Dronapur, 48.
Charanidevi, 34.
Chatsoo, 7.
Chaturkula Charitra, by T. Chatur
Singh, 79n, 96n, 128n, 157n.
Chin Timūr Sultan, 143.
Chitor, 2, 6, 7, 19, 21, 30, 35, 37,
39, 45, 46, 50, 70, 71, 74, 83, 85,
90, 92, 97, 123, 128, 138, 153.

Column 2

Chonda, 146.
Chronicles by Mehta Nainsi, 23n,
31n, 41n, 46n, 70n, 73n, 148n.
Chronology of India, by C. M.
Duff, 56n.
Constantinople, 115.
Cutch, 52.
Dadimpur, 9.
Dalip, Rai, 145.
Damodar Kanwar, 12.
Dara Shikoh, 148.
Daria Khan, 112.
Dasht Damān, 113.
Daulat Khan, 61.
Daulat Khan Lodi, 118.
Dawa Chichan, 101.
Debari, 40.
Debidan, Barwa, 94.
Dehkāt, 109.
Delhi, 49, 50, 51, 93, 94, 99, 118,
119, 120, 126, 137, 140, 158.
Deolia, 41.
Depalpur, 29.
Desuri, 22, 23.
Devi Das, 12.
Dhamoni, 67.
Dhamyagaon, 23.
Dhan Kanwar, 95, 96.
Dholana, 23.
Dholpur, 61, 128.
Dilawar Khan Ghori, 51.
Dizak, 108,
Doab, 121, 141.
Dohud, 69.
Draupadi, 155.
Duda, son of Rao Jodha, 5.
Dungarpur, 79, 85, 144, 147.
Dunger Singh Chauhān, 80.
Duryodhana, 155.
Eklingji, 36.
Epigraphia Indica, 11n.
Erskine, W., 135, 148.
Europe, 150, 152.
Fatehpur Sikri, 128.
Ferishta, by J. Briggs, 7n, 54n,
55n, 63n, 64n, 65n, 66n, 67n,
69n, 93n.
Fattaji, 12.

161

INDEX.
Ferghana, 100, 101, 110, 111, 112,
116.
Forbes, A. K., 88.
Gagroon 2, 71, 93, 144.
Gambhiri, 35.
Ganga, Rao of Jodhpur, 79.
Ganges, 31, 141.
Ganthi, 23n.
Garh Beetli, 28.
Gaura, Rajput hero, 9n.
Gawarādē, 95n.
Ghansukhdē, 95n.
Ghazhdewan, 117.
Ghazi, 152.
Ghazi Khan, 79.
Ghazni, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117.
Ghiyasuddin, Sultan of Mandu, 6;
is defeated by Rai Mal and flees
to Mandu, 6; sends peace
offerings to the Maharana, 7.
Girnār, 31.
Godla, 23n.
Godwar, 20, 22, 24, 34.
Gokaldas Parmar, 148.
Gujarāt, 4, 31, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 69, 70, 78n, 79, 83, 85, 87,
88, 90, 93, 94, 124n, 148n.
Gwalior, 2, 93, 128, 142.
Haji Khan, 61.
Halvad, 146.
Hammīr, Raja of Ranthambhore,
17.
Hammīr, Rana, 2, 72, 140.
Haravati or Haroti, 56.
Haridas, Kesaria Charan, 124n.
Har Kanwar, 12.
Hasan Khan, Nawab, 126, 127,
129, 132, 144, 147.
Hasan Makan, 129.
Hatim Khan, 83.
Herat, 113.
Himalayas, 33n.
Hindu Beg, 143.
Hindukush, 112, 117.
Hindupat, title of Maharana
Sāngā, 1.
Hindu Society, exclusiveness of, 3.
Hindustan, 47, 50, 109, 114, 118,
119, 121, 122, 126.
History of Gujarāt, by E. D. Bay-
ley, 51n, 54n, 64n, 69n, 78n, 83n,
84n, 87n, 90n, 92n.
History of India, by M. Elphin-
stone, 52n, 140n.
History of India, by Sir H. Elliot,
60n.
History of India, by W. Erskine,
50n, 61n, 62n, 68n, 100n, 108n,
121n, 126n, 129n, 132n, 133n,
142n.
History of Sirohi, by R. B. P.
Gauri Shankar Ojha, 43n.
Hoshang, Sultan of Mandu, 74.
Humayun, 127, 143.
Ibrahim Lodi, 50; is defeated by
Sāngā, 56, 57; again invades
Mewar and is defeated near
Dholpur, 60; 61, 62; 94, 118, 119,
120, 127, 128.
Idar, 5, 51, 53, 54, 55, 78, 79, 80,
81, 83, 88, 144.
Ilan-uti, 108.
Imad-ul-mulk, 65.
India, 99, 109, 112, 117, 120, 123,
126, 127, 129, 140, 156, 158.
Indra Kanwar, 12.
Indraprastha, 50.
Indus, 112, 113, 114, 119.
Irej (Irich), 156.
Islam Khan, 60.
Isan Bugha, 101n.
Isar Das, 12n.
Jahangir, Emperor, 81.
Jahangir Mirza, 100, 103, 104, 105,
109.
Jai Mal, third son of Maharana
Rai Mal, 13, 24.
Jaipur, 47, 153.
Jaisalmer, 98n.
Jai Singh, 77.
Jai Singh Bālecha, 18.
Jaitra Singh, Maharana, 2.
Jalalabad, 112, 114.
Jalor, 31n.
Jamnaji, Soda, charan, 155n.
Jānglu country, 48.
Janna, 20.
Janna Sindal, 19.
162

INDEX.

[Column 1]
Jarasandha, 155.
Jassa, 46n.
Jaunpur, 127.
Jāwar in Mewar, 33.
Jessa Sindhal, 20.
Jhelum, 112.
Jilwada, 23.
Jodha, Rao, 5, 12n, 94.
Jodhpur, founded in 1458 A.D.,
47; 79, 144.
Jug Mal, Rao of Sirohi, 42, 43.
Jumna, 141.
Kabul, 46n, 98, 112, 113, 114, 115,
116, 117, 118, 119, 133.
Kabul river, 114.
Kalpi, 2, 93, 156.
Kalyan Mal, Kanwar, of Bikaner,
144.
Kalyan Mal, son of Maharana Rai
Mal, 12.
Kamber Ali, 106.
Kamgar, 101n.
Kān, 106.
Kandahar, 113, 114, 117.
Kandar Fort, 129.
Kanh Singh, 81.
Kanauj, 142.
Kanthal, 41.
Kanwarābai, 95.
Karam Chand, Rao of Srinagar,
18, 19, 42, 45, 48.
Karanawas, 23.
Karan Singh, 95.
Karatagin, 112.
Karmetānbai (Chauhanji), 95n.
Karmetānbai (Rāthorji), 95n.
Karmetānbai, 94n, 96, 97.
Kasim Husain Sultan, 143.
Kathiawar, 146.
Kechwa, 156.
Kedar, 33n.
Kesh, 98, 105.
Keshuli, 23n.
Khaibar Pass, 113.
Khairabad, 7, 9, 10.
Khalil, 105.
Khalilullah Khan, 149.
Khan Mirza, 115.
Khanzada Begum, 108.
Khānua, 44, 50, 126, 151, 155.
Khatoli, 56, 60.

[Column 2]
Khwaja Jahan, 67.
Khiljipur, 86.
Khizr Khwaja, 101n.
Khojend, 104.
Khorasan, 99.
Khusrau Kokiltash, 143.
Khusrau Shah, 112.
Khwaja Didār, 106.
Khutba, 120.
Kishna, 69.
Kishen Das, 12.
Koel (Aligarh), 141.
Kohat, 113.
Kohik, 108.
Kokān, 101.
Kotah, 7.
Krishnadas, 95n.
Kumbha, Maharana, 2; assasina-
tion of 4, 14, 31, 46, 76.
Kumbhalgarh, 4, 23, 30, 33, 35,
43.
Kumkum Kanwar, 12, 95.
Kunduz, 116.
Kutlak Nigār Khānam, 101n.
Kshema, King, 8.
Lahore, 118.
Lakha, Rana, 34.
Lakha, becomes Rao of Sirohi in
A.D. 1451, 22; attacks Bhoj,
Chief of Lanch, five or six times
unsuccessfully, and eventually
kills him, with the assistance
of Rao Bhan of Idar, 22.
Lakhu, 94n.
Lallakhan, 25.
Lalkanwar Bai (of Idar), 95.
Lalsot, 7.
Lanch, 22, 23.
Las Munawad, 23.
Latif Khan, 92.
Magadha, 76.
Maharana Yash Prakash, by T.
Bhur Singh, 94n, 155n.
Mahmud Begara, Sultan of
Gujarāt, 33, 53.
Mahmud Khilji I, 76.
Mahmud II, Sultan of Malwa,
30, 51, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76,
85, 86, 87, 94n, 123n, 158.
Mahmud Mirza, Sultan, 99.

163