गुप्त अभिलेख संग्रह (जे. एफ. फ्लीट - गुप्त सम्राटों एवं परवर्ती नरेशों के ऐतिहासिक पाषाण व ताम्रलेख)

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 113

this cycle may have been omitted. Thus, in Śaka-Saṁvat 273 current, Jupiter's rising
took place on Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 6, corresponding to Friday, the 16th Mareh, A.D.
350; or, by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 17th March. His longitude then
was 345° 10'. By all three systems, he was then in Uttarâ-Bhâdrapadâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Bhâdrapada. His next
rising took place on Vaiśâkha śukla 10 of Śaka-Saṁvat 274, corresponding to Monday,
the 22nd April, A.D. 351; or, by the English calendar, on Tuesday, the 23rd April. His
longitude then was 21° 35'. By the system of equal spaces, he was then in Bharaṇî; and
the saṁvatsara which then began, would be named Mahâ-Âśvayuja; and there would be
an omission of the following saṁvatsara, Mahâ-Kârttika. But, by the two systems
of unequal spaces, he was then in Kṛittikâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, would
be named Mahâ-Kârttika; with an omission of the intervening saṁvatsara, Mahâ-
Âśvayuja. — With the same epoch, and with the proposed corrected reading of
Gupta-Saṁvat 173 (see Texts and Translations, page 102, note 1), the given date would
belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 286 current; and its English equivalent would be Tuesday, the 4th
March, A.D. 363. Here, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Chaitra
śukla 9 of Śaka-Saṁvat 285, corresponding to Thursday, the 21st March, A.D. 362;
or, by the English calendar, on Friday, the 22nd March. His longitude then was 350°
11'. By all three systems, he was then in Rêvatî; and the saṁvatsara which then began,
must have been named Mahâ-Âśvayuja. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Jyêshṭha kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 286, corresponding to Sunday, the 27th April,
A.D. 363; or, by the English calendar, on Monday, the 28th April. His longitude then
was 26° 35'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Kṛittikâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Kârttika. By the system
of equal spaces, he was then in Bharaṇî; and, by this system, the saṁvatsara which
then began, must have again been named Mahâ-Âśvayuja; which shews that, by this
system, there was at this period a repetition of a saṁvatsara. Accordingly, with this
epoch, and with the proposed corrected reading, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara
was current on the given date. This, however, is a mere coincidence. And the pro-
posed correction of the original reading cannot be justified.
By the mean-sign system, and with the original reading of Gupta-Saṁvat 163,
the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on Kârttika kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 273 cur-
rent, corresponding to Wednesday, the 3rd October, A.D. 350; and it was followed by
Mahâ-Kârttika on Kârttika kṛishṇa 8 of Śaka-Saṁvat 274, corresponding to Sunday, the
29th September, A.D. 351; and consequently it was not current on the given date. The
saṁvatsara then current was Mahâ-Mârgaśîrsha, which commenced on Kârttika kṛishṇa
15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 275 current, corresponding to Thursday, the 24th September,
A.D. 352.—With the proposed corrected reading of Gupta-Saṁvat 173, the Mahâ-
Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on Bhâdrapada śukla 7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 285 current,

114 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
corresponding to Tuesday, the 13th August, A.D. 362; and it was followed by Mahâ-
Kârttika on Bhâdrapada śukla 12 of Saka-Saṁvat 286, corresponding to Saturday, the 9th
August, A.D. 363. Accordingly, with this epoch again, and by this system also, with the
proposed corrected reading, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on
the given date. But the proposed alteration of the original text cannot be justified.
C.—The Majhgawâm Grant of the year 191.
The next inscription is the Majhgawâm grant of the Mahârâja Hastin, No. 23,
page 106, in which the date (line 1 f.) is—êka-navaty-uttarê=bda-śatê Gupta-nṛipa-
râjya-bhuktau śrîmati pravardhamâna-Mahâ-Chaitra-saṁvatsarê Mâgha-mâsa-bahula-
paksha-tṛitîyâyâm,—" in a century of years, increased by ninety-one; in the enjoyment of
sovereignty by the Gupta kings; in the prosperous augmenting Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara;
on the third lunar day of the dark fortnight of the month Mâgha." And at the end, in
line 21, the date is repeated as—Mâgha di 3, — " (the month) Mâgha; the (solar) day 3."
This gives us, for calculation, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara, as current on the
third tithi or lunar day of the dark fortnight of the month Mâgha; (January-February) in
Gupta-Saṁvat 191 current. And, on the analogy of the Verâwal inscription of Valabhî-
Saṁvat 945, this should be the case in Gupta-Saṁvat 191 + 242 = Saka-Saṁvat 433
current; in which year the given date corresponds to Monday, the 3rd January, A.D. 511.
Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 above, Col. C.) that Jupiter's
rising, next before the given date, took place on Âśvina śukla 11 of the same year, Śaka-
Saṁvat 433, corresponding to Wednesday, the 29th September, A.D. 510; or, by the
English calendar, on Thursday, the 30th September. His longitude then was 177° 47'.
By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Chitrâ; and the saṁvatsara
which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Chaitra. Jupiter's next following
rising took place on Mârgaśîrsha kṛishṇa 7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 434, corresponding to Satur-
day,t he 29th October, A.D. 511; or, by the English calendar, on Sunday, the 30th
October. His longitude then was 207° 41'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he
was then in Viśâkhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named
Mahâ-Vaiśâkha. Therefore, by both the systems of unequal spaces, with the running
difference of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta and current Śaka
years, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara was current on the given date. And the
result gives Śaka-Saṁvat 433 current (A.D. 510-11), as the equivalent of the given cur-
rent Gupta year.
In this instance, again, as in B. above, the given saṁvatsara was not current on the
given date in either the preceding year, Śaka-Saṁvat 432, or the following year, Śaka-
Saṁvat 434. Here again, therefore, the result not only answers to, but also proves, the
running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta
and current Śaka years.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 115
On the analogy of the Kaira grant of Dharasêna IV., of the year 330, and with a
year beginning with the month Kârttika next before the commencement of the northern
Śaka year, the given date of Mâgha krishṇa 3, in Gupta-Saṁvat 191, would belong to
Śaka-Saṁvat 432. It would then fall about eight months and a half before the commence-
ment of the recorded saṁvatsara on Âśvina śukla 11 of Śaka-Saṁvat 433. This record,
therefore, like A. above, disproves the possibility of our being concerned with the
scheme of the southern Vikrama year, beginning with the month Kârttika next
before the commencement of the northern Śaka year.
Again, on the analogy of the same grant, and with a year beginning with the month
Mârgaśîrsha next before the commencement of the northern Śaka year, the given date
would similarly belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 432; and would similarly fall about eight months
and a half before the commencement of the recorded saṁvatsara. This record, therefore,
also disproves the possibility of our being concerned with a year, northern or
southern, beginning with the month Mârgaśîrsha next before the commencement
of the northern Śaka year.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara commenced on Mârga-
śîrsha śukla 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 433 current, corresponding to Thursday, the 18th Novem-
ber, A.D..510; and it was followed by Mahâ-Vaiśâkha on Mârgaśîrsha śukla 8 of Śaka-
Saṁvat 434, corresponding to Monday, the 14th November, A.D. 511. Accordingly, by
this system also the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara was current on the given date.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 280 current; and its English equivalent would be Tuesday, the 16th
December, A.D. 357. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that Jupiter's rising, next before the given
date, took place on Mârgaśîrsha śukla 4 of the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 280, correspond-
ing to Sunday, the 2nd November A.D. 357; or, by the English calendar, on Monday,
the 3rd November. His longitude then was 213° 31'. By all three systems, he was then
in Anurâdhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must nave been named Mahâ-
Vaiśâkha. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Pausha krishṇa 2 of Śaka-Saṁvat
281, corresponding to Friday, the 4th December, A.D. 358; or, by the English calendar,
on Saturday, the 5th December. His longitude then was 244° 49. By the system of
equal spaces, and by the Garga system of unequal spaces, he was then in Mûla; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must, according to these two systems, have been named
Mahâ-Jyêshṭha. By the Brahma-Siddhânta system of unequal spaces, he was then in
Pûrvâ-Ashâḍhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must, according to this system,
have been named Mahâ-Âshâḍha; the intervening saṁvatsara, Mahâ-Jyêshṭha, being
omitted. Accordingly, with this epoch, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara was not current on
the given date. For the commencement of the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara, we have to go
back to Jupiter's rising on Kârttika krishṇa 7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 279, corresponding to
p 26

118 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
On the analogy of the Kaira grant of Dharasêna IV. of the year 330, and with a
year beginning either with the month Kârttika, or with the month Mârgaśîrsha, next
before the commencement of the northern Śaka year, the given date of Chaitra śukla 13,
in Gupta-Saṁvat 209, would still belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 451. But the results for the
dates of both A. and C. above, at pages 108 and 115, disprove the possibility of our
being concerned with the scheme of the southern Vikrama year, beginning with the
month Kârttika next before the commencement of the northern Śaka year. And the
result for the date of C. also disproves the possibility of cur being concerned with a year,
northern or southern, beginning with the month Mârgaśîrsl.a next before the commence-
ment of the northern Śaka year.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara did not commence
till Âśvina śukla 3 of Śaka-Saṁvat 451 current, corresponding to Saturday, the 2nd Sep-
tember, A.D. 528; and consequently it was not current on the given date. The saṁvat-
sara then current was Mahâ-Bhâdrapada, which commenced on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 11
of Saka-Saṁvat 450, corresponding to Tuesday, the 7th September, A.D. 527.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 298 current; and its English equivalent would be Monday, the 2nd March,
A.D. 375. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took
place on Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 297, corresponding to Wednesday, the 26th
March, A.D. 374; or, by the English calendar, on Thursday, the 27th March. His
longitude then was 355° 11'. By all three systems, he was then in Rêvatî; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Âśvayuja. Jupiter s next
following rising took place on Jyêshṭha kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 298, corresponding to
Sunday, the 3rd May, A.D. 375; or, by the English calendar, on Mondav, the 4th May.
His longitude then was 31° 49'. By all three systems, he was then in Kṛittikâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Kârttika. Accordingly, with
this epoch, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on the given date. This,
however, is a mere coincidence. As we have seen at page 109 above, there is the same
coincidence in respect of the date of A.; but it does not occur in respect of B. and C.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on
Śrâvaṇa kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 297 current, corresponding to Monday, the 23rd
June, A.D. 374; and it was followed by Mahâ-Kârttika on Âshâḍha śukla 4 of Śaka-
Saṁvat 298, corresponding to Friday, the 19th June, A.D. 375. Accordingly, with this
epoch, and by this system also, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on
the given date.
With Sir E. Clive Bayley's epoch of A.D. 190-91, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 322 current; and its English equivalent would be Sunday, the 6th March,

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 119
A.D. 399. Here Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Vaiśâkha śukla
3 of Śaka-Saṁvat 321, corresponding to Tuesday, the 6th April, A.D. 398; or, by the Eng-
lish calendar, on Wednesday, the 7th April. His longitude then was 5° 28'. By all three
systems, he was then in Aśvinî; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been
named Mahâ-Âśvayuja. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Âshâḍha kṛishṇa
7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 322, corresponding to Friday, the 13th May, A.D. 399; or, by the Eng-
lish calendar, on Saturday, the 14th May. His longitude then was 41° 42'. By all three
systems, he was then in Rôhiṇî; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been
named Mahâ-Kârttika. Accordingly, with this epoch also, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁ-
vatsara was current on the given date. This again, however, is a mere coincidence.
And again, though there is the same coincidence in respect of the date of A., it does
not occur in respect of B. and C.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on
Chaitra śukla 10 of Śaka-Saṁvat 321 current, corresponding to Sunday, the 14th March,
A.D. 398; and it was followed by Mahâ-Kârttika on Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 2 of Śaka-Saṁvat
322, corresponding to Thursday, the 10th March, A.D. 399. Accordingly, with this epoch
again, and by this system also, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on the
given date.
E.—The Bhumarâ Pillar Inscription.
The last inscription of this series is the Bhumarâ pillar inscription of the
Mahârâjas Hastin and Śarvanâtha, No. 24, page 110; in which the date (line
7 ff.) is — Mahâ-Mâghê saṁvatsarê Kârttika-mâsa divasa 10 9,—"in the Mahâ-Mâgha
saṁvatsara; the month Kârttika; the (solar) day 10 (and) 9."
This gives us, for calculation, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara, as current on the
nineteenth solar day of the month Kârttika (October-November); but the current year of
the Gupta era is not given. The only guide, therefore, in determining the approximate
Gupta year, for which the calculations should be made, is the fact that this inscription
shows that the Parivrâjaka Mahârâja Hastin was, at the time of this record, contempora-
neous with the Mahârâja Śarvanâtha of Uchchakalpa. For the Mahârâja Hastin, we have
the extreme recorded dates of Gupta-Saṁvat 156 and 191; while, for the Mahârâja
Śarvanâtha, we have similarly the dates of the years 193 and 214; and for his father,
Jayanâtha, the latest date of the year 177, all of which may have to be referred to the
Gupta era. If so, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara in question,—on the assumption that
what should be its regular place in the series was not affected by any omissions and
repetitions, subsequent to the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara which was current on Kârttika
śukla 3 in Gupta-Saṁvat 156,—must be found in or about Gupta-Saṁvat 189 or 201; with
a preference in favour of the year 189, because of the early date of the year 156 for the
Mahârâja Hastin.

120 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
For Gupta-Saṁvat 189 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 431 current, the given date, viz. the
nineteenth day of the month Kârttika, corresponds to Monday, the 13th October,
A.D. 508. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 above, Col. E1) that Jupi-
ter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Śrâvaṇa śukla 15 of the same
year, Śaka-Saṁvat 431, corresponding to Monday, the 28th July, A.D. 508; or, by the
English calendar, on Tuesday, the 29th July. His longitude then was 117° 4'. By both
the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Maghâ; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Âśvina kṛishṇa 13 of Śaka-Saṁvat 432, corresponding to Saturday, the 29th August,
A.D. 509; or, by the English calendar, on Sunday, the 30th August. His longitude then
was 147° 49'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî;
and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna. Therefore,
by both the systems of unequal spaces, in Gupta-Saṁvat 189, with the running difference
of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta and current Śaka years, the
Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. And this result gives
Śaka-Saṁvat 431 current (A.D. 508-509), as the equivalent of the possible current Gupta
year.
Again, for Gupta-Saṁvat 201 + 242 = Saka-Saṁvat 443 current, the given date,
viz. the nineteenth day of the month Kârttika, corresponds to Friday, the 2nd October,
A.D. 520. Here, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 above, Col. E2) that
Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Bhâdrapada śukla 3 of the
same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 443, corresponding to Sunday, the 2nd August, A.D. 520; or
by the English calendar, on Monday, the 3rd August. His longitude then was
121° 30'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Maghâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha. Jupiter's
next following rising took place on Âśvina kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 444, corre-
sponding to Friday, the 3rd September, A.D. 521; or, by the English calendar, on Satur-
day, the 4th September. His longitude then was 152° 17'. By both the systems of un-
equal spaces, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must
have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna. Therefore, by both the systems of unequal spaces,
in Gupta-Saṁvat 201 also, with the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years
between current Gupta and current Śaka years, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was
current on the given date. And this result gives Śaka-Saṁvat 443 current (A.D.
520-21), as the equivalent of the possible current Gupta ye.
The results for these two years, Gupta-Saṁvat 189 and 201, answer, as is required,
to the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta
and current Śaka years. But they do not, in themselves, prove it; for the reason that the
current Gupta year itself is not mentioned in the record. The important point is, that in
neither of these two cycles was the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara omitted.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS: INTRODUCTION. 123

then in Maghâ; and the Mahâ-Magha saṁvatsara then commenced, and was cur-
rent on the given date in Gupta-Saṁvat 200. Jupiter's next following rising took
place on Âśvina kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 290, corresponding to Friday, the 7th Septem-
ber, A.D. 367; or, by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 8th September. His longitude
then was 157° 42'. By all three systems, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî; and the saṁvat-
sara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna; and it was a repeated
saṁvatsara by the two systems of unequal spaces, but an ordinary saṁvatsara by the
system of equal spaces.
By the mean-sign system, in Gupta-Saṁvat 188 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 354-55
= Śaka-Saṁvat 277 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Âśvina śukla 13,
corresponding to Friday, the 16th September, A.D. 354; and it was current through the
whole month of Kârttika in the same year, being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Kârttika
kṛishṇa 4 of Śaka-Saṁvat 278, corresponding to Tuesday, the 12th September, A.D. 355.
And again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 200 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 366-67 = Śaka-Saṁvat 289 current,
the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Bhâdrapada śukla 3, corresponding to Thurs-
day, the 27th July, A.D. 366; and it was current through the whole month of Kârttika in the
same year; being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Śrâvaṇa śukla 10 of Śaka-Saṁvat 290,
corresponding to Monday, the 23rd July, A.D. 367. And thus, with this epoch, and by this
system, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date in Gupta-
Saṁvat 188 and 200. The results, however, do not in themselves prove anything definite
as to the proposed epoch; for the reason that the current Gupta year itself is not men-
tioned in the record: and by taking different Gupta years, the same results would be
obtained with a different epoch.
With Sir E. Clive Bayley's epoch of A.D. 190-91, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that,
for Gupta-Saṁvat 187 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 377-78 = Śaka-Saṁvat 300 current, in which
year the English equivalent of the given date would be Sunday, the 22nd October, A.D.
377, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 4, of
the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 300, corresponding to Tuesday, the 11th July, A.D. 377; or,
by the English calendar, on Wednesday, the 12th July. His longitude then was 100° 32'.
By all three systems, he was then in Pushya; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must
have been named Mahâ-Pausha. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Bhâdrapada
śukla 3 of Śaka-Saṁvat 301, corresponding to Sunday, the 12th August, A.D. 378; or,
by the English calendar, on Monday, the 13th August. His longitude then was 131° 50'.
By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Pûrvâ-Phalgunî; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna; the intervening
Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara being omitted. But, by the system of equal spaces, he was then
in Maghâ; and the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara then commenced, and was current
on the given date in Gupta-Saṁvat 188. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Âśvina śukla 15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 302, corresponding to Thursday, the 12th September

A.D. 379; or, by the English calendar, on Friday, the 13th September. His longitude then
was 162° 0'. By all three systems, he was then in Hasta; and the saṁvatsara which
then began, must have been named Mahā-Phālguna; and it was a repeated saṁvatsara
by the two systems of unequal spaces, but an ordinary saṁvatsara by the system of equal
spaces.
Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 199 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 389-90 = Śaka-Saṁvat 312 cur-
rent, in which year the English equivalent of the given date would be Wednesday, the 10th
October, A.D. 389, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Śrāvaṇa
śukla 6 of the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 312, corresponding to Sunday, the 15th July,
A.D. 389; or, by the English calendar, on Monday, the 16th July. His longitude then
was 104° 51'. By all three systems, he was then in Pushya; and the saṁvatsara which
then began, must have been named Mahā-Pausha. Jupiter's next following rising took
place on Āśvina krishṇa 4 of Śaka-Saṁvat 313, corresponding to Friday, the 16th August,
A.D. 390; or, by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 17th August. His longitude
then was 135° 57'. By all three systems, he was then in Pūrvā-Phalgunī; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahā-Phālguna; the intervening
Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara being omitted.
By the mean-sign system, in Gupta-Saṁvat 188 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 378-79
= Śaka-Saṁvat 301 current, the Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara commenced on Āshāḍha
krishṇa 10, corresponding to Wednesday, the 6th June, A.D. 378; and it was current
through the whole month of Kārttika in the same year; being followed by Mahā-
Phālguna on Āshāḍha śukla 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 302, corresponding to Sunday, the 2nd
June, A.D. 379. Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 200 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 390-91 = Śaka-
Saṁvat 313 current, the Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara commenced on Jyeshṭha krishṇa 2,
corresponding to Wednesday, the 17tb April, A.D. 390; and it was current through the
whole month of Kārttika in the same year; being followed by Mahā-Phālguna on Jyesh-
ṭha krishṇa 8 of Śaka-Saṁvat 314, corresponding to Sunday, the 13th April, A.D. 391.
And thus, with this epoch also, and by this system, the Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara
was current on the given date in Gupta-Saṁvat 188 and 200. But here, again, the
results do not in themselves prove anything definite as to the proposed epoch; for the
reason that the current Gupta year itself is not mentioned in the record; and, by taking
different Gupta years, the same results would be obtained with a different epoch.
Summary of Results.
I have now examined all the dates, at present known, referable to the Gupta-Valabhī
era, that furnish details for computation. And it only remains to sum up the results
established by the preceding inquiries.
Albêrûnî tells us that there was an era, known both as the Gupta era and the
Valabhî era, the years of which were to be converted into years of the Śaka era by

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 121

If the dates in the grants of the Mahârâjas of Uchchakalpa are to be referred to
the Kalachuri era,¹ then the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara of this record will be earlier by
either one or two cycles than the first of the two years given above. Here, again, in res-
pect of the actual epoch no absolute proof can be derived from this record; and the only
important point is, to ascertain that the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was not omitted in either
of the two cycles in question. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that, in Gupta-Saṁvat 165 +
242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 407 current, Jupiter's rising took place on Śrâvaṇa śukla 10, corre-
sponding to Thursday, the 19th July, A.D. 484; or, by the English calendar, on Friday, the
20th July. His longitude then was 108° 19'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he
was then in Âślêshâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, and which was current through
the whole month of Kârttika in the same year, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha.
Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 177 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 419 current, Jupiter's rising took
place on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 13, corresponding to Wednesday, the 24th July, A.D. 496;
or, by the English calendar, on Thursday, the 25th July. His longitude then was 112° 48'.
By the Brahma-Siddhânta system of unequal spaces, he was then in Maghâ, and by the
Garga system, in Âślêshâ; and, by both systems, the saṁvatsara which then began, and which
was current through the whole month of Kârttika in the same year, must have been named
Mahâ-Mâgha. Therefore, by both the systems of unequal spaces, in Gupta-Saṁvat
165 and 177 also, with the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between
current Gupta and current Śaka years, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was current
on the given date, and was not omitted. And these results give either Śaka-Saṁvat
407 current (A.D. 484-85) or 419 current (A.D. 496-97), as the equivalent of the possible
current Gupta year.
By the mean-sign system, in Gupta-Saṁvat 166 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 408
current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Chaitra śukla 5, corresponding to
Thursday, the 7th March, A.D. 485; and it was current through the whole month of
Kârttika in the same year; being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Chaitra śukla 12 of
Śaka-Saṁvat 409, corresponding to Monday, the 3rd March, A.D. 486. Again, in Gupta-
Saṁvat 177 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 419 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara com-
menced on Phâlguna kṛishṇa 12, corresponding to Thursday, the 16th January, A.D.
497; and it was current through the whole month of Kârttika in Gupta-Saṁvat 178;
being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Mâgha śukla 4 of Śaka-Saṁvat 420, corresponding
to Monday, the 12th January, A.D. 498. Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 189 + 242 = Śaka-
Saṁvat 431 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Pausha kṛishṇa 3, cor-
responding to Wednesday, the 26th November, A.D. 508; and it was current through the
whole month of Kârttika in Gupta-Saṁvat 190; being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on
Pausha kṛishṇa 9 of Śaka-Saṁvat 432, corresponding to Sunday, the 22nd November,

¹ See page 8 above.

122 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III
A.D. 509. And thus, by this system also, in Gupta-Saṁvat 166, 178, and 190, the Mahâ-
Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. But this was not the case in the
next cycle. In Gupta-Saṁvat 201 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 443 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha
saṁvatsara commenced on Kârttika śukla 9, corresponding to Tuesday, the 6th October,
A.D. 520, and falling four, five, or six days after the nineteenth day of the month; and it
was followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Kârttika kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 444, correspond-
ing to Saturday, the 2nd October, A.D. 521, and falling seventeen, eighteen, or nineteen
days before the nineteenth day of the month. And thus, though the given saṁvatsara
was not omitted, the given day did not fall within the limits of its duration.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that,
for Gupta-Saṁvat 188 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 354-55 = Śaka-Saṁvat 277 current, in
which year the English equivalent of the given date would be Saturday, 8th October, A.D.
354, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 12 of
the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 277, corresponding to Tuesday, the 2nd August, A.D. 354;
or, by the English calendar, on Wednesday, the 3rd August. His longitude then was
122° 59'. By all three systems, he was then in Maghâ; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Âśvina śukla 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 278, corresponding to Sunday, the 3rd September,
A.D. 355; or, by the English calendar, on Monday, the 4th September. His longitude
then was 153° 34'. By all three systems, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî, and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna. Accordingly,
with this epoch, and with Gupta-Saṁvat 188 as the intended current year, the Mahâ-
Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. This result, however, does not
help to prove the epoch, because the record does not specify the current Gupta year;
and, by taking a different Gupta year, the same result can be obtained for a different
epoch.
Again, for Gupta-Saṁvat 199 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 365-66 = Śaka-Saṁvat 288
current, in which year the English equivalent of the given date would be Wednesday, the 5th
October, A.D. 365, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Śrâvaṇa
śukla 1 of the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 288, corresponding to Wednesday, the 6th July,
A.D. 365; or, by the English calendar, on Thursday, the 7th July. His longitude then was
95° 56'. By all three systems, he was then in Pushya; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Pausha. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Bhâdrapada śukla 15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 289, corresponding to Monday, the 7th August,
A.D. 366; or, by the English calendar, on Tuesday, the 8th August. His longitude then
was 127° 24'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Pûrvâ-Phalgunî; and
the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna; the interven-
ing Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara being omitted. But, by the system of equal spaces, he was

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS INTRODUCTION 127
whether the era was actually established by the Early Guptas themselves, we must refer
the rise of the Early Gupta power to somewhere about A.D. 319, instead of
placing the period of their supremacy anterior to that year, and their downfall
in it.
A few concluding words, however, seem necessary as to the exact years of the
Christian era, which represent respectively the epoch or year 0, and the commencement
or first current year, of the Gupta-Valabhî era.
Taking the years quoted in the records without qualification, as current years,
we have obtained the following results,¹—by the Êraṇ pillar inscription of Budhagupta,
Gupta-Saṁvat 165 current = A.D. 484-85 current;² by the Parivrâjaka grants, 156 current
= A.D. 475-76 current;³ 163 current = A.D. 482-83 current;⁴ 191 current = A.D. 510-11
current;⁵ and 209 current = A.D. 528-29 current;⁶ by the Nêpâl inscription of Mânadêva,
386 current = A.D. 705-706 current;⁷ and by the Verâwal inscription of Arjunadêva,
945 current = A.D. 1264-65 current.⁸ And all these equations give the uniform result of
Gupta-Valabhî-Saṁvat 0 = A.D. 319-20 current, or more precisely, by the Śaka
year, the period from the 9th March, A.D. 319, to the 25th February, A.D. 320;⁹ and
Gupta-Valabhî-Saṁvat 1 current = A.D. 320-21 current, or more precisely, by the
Śaka year, the period from the 26th February, A.D. 320, to the 15th March, A.D. 321.
The results obtained from the Kaira grant of the year 330 and the Verâwal inscription
of Valabhî-Saṁvat 927, differ slightly from the above, and are—Gupta-Valabhî-Saṁvat
330 current = A.D. 648-49 current;¹⁰ and Valabhî-Saṁvat 927 current = A.D. 1245-46
current.¹¹ In these two instances the difference is due to a local alteration of the true and
¹ I exclude the Bhumarâ pillar inscription, as proving nothing definite, because the Gupta year is
not given in it.
² Or, more precisely, by the Śaka year, as commencing with Chaitra śukla 1, the period (see
Indian Eras, p. 153) from the 14th March, A.D. 484, to the 2nd March, A.D. 485.—The dates given
in these notes are quoted as approximately correct; they may, or may not, be the exact dates.
³ Or, in the same way, the period from the 21st February, A.D. 475, to the 11th March, A.D. 476.
⁴ Or, in the same way, the period from the 6th March, A.D. 482, to the 22nd February, A.D. 483.
⁵ Or, in the same way, the period from the 25th February, A.D. 510, to the 15th March, A.D.
511.
⁶ Or, in the same way, the period from the 8th March, A.D. 528, to the 24th February, A.D. 529.
⁷ Or, in the same way, the period from the 1st March, A.D. 705, to the 20th March, A.D. 706.
⁸ Or, in the same way, the period from the 1st March, A.D. 1264, to the 19th March, A.D. 1265.
⁹ Here I owe the initial and ending dates, which it was desirable to have exactly, to Mr. Sh. B.
Dikshit.
¹⁰ Or, more precisely, by the southern Vikrama year, as commencing with Kârttika śukla 1, the
period (see C. Patell's Chronology, p. 122) from the 24th September, A.D. 648, to the 12th October,
A.D. 649.
¹¹ Or in the same way, the period from the 23rd October, A.D. 1245, to the 12th October, A.D.
1246.

128 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
original scheme of the Gupta year; made in such a way that each subsequent year com-
menced with the Kârttika śukla 1 immediately preceding the true commencement of the
year with Chaitra śukla 1. And for these two dates, and any that may be found
hereafter to belong to the same class, we have to apply the equations of Gupta-Valabhî-
Saṁvat 0 = A D. 318-319 current, or more precisely, by the southern Vikrama year, the
period¹ from the 12th October, A.D. 318, to the 30th September, A.D. 319; and Gupta-
Valabhî-Saṁvat 1 current = A.D. 319-20 current, or more precisely, by the southern
Vikrama year, the period from the 1st October, A.D. 319, to the 18th October, A.D. 320.
These two instances, however, are purely exceptional ones. And, in the case of all
dates in the era referable to the true and original scheme of its years, we have to apply the
epoch of A.D. 319-20; and to treat the years of the era as northern years, commencing
with Chaitra śukla 1.
The equation between the epoch of the Gupta-Valabhî era and the Christian era, is
not intrinsically dependent on any reference to the Śaka era; and it could be established
directly by European Tables. In this inquiry, however, it has been established through
results that have been worked out from Hindu Tables which are arranged for the Śaka
era according to expired years: and, in order to use those Tables, the given Gupta-Valabhî
years had to be converted into expired Śaka years. The process, however, has not converted
the given Gupta-Valabhî years themselves into expired years But what has been done
has simply been, first, by the addition of a uniform running difference, to obtain the current
Śaka year corresponding to each given current Gupta-Valabhî year; and then, in the usual
way, to take the immediately preceding Śaka year as the expired year that is required as
the basis of the calculation. Thus, the details of the date in the Êraṇ pillar inscription of
Budhagupta, which really belong to Gupta-Saṁvat 165 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 407 cur-
rent, have been calculated with the basis of Śaka-Saṁvat 406 expired; and the details of
the other dates in the same way.
Now, in the case of an era used specially by astronomers for their technical pro-
cesses, as the Śaka era was, since we have to work with expired years, it is natural
enough that the Tables should be arranged accordingly. And possibly, after a certain
period, and in certain parts of India, we may have to interpret any given year of such an
era as an expired year, whether it is expressly denoted as such or not.² But the same
rule does not hold good in the case of eras that are not actually used for astronomical
processes, though they are quoted in connection with details fixed by such processes.
¹ Here, again, I owe the exact dates to Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit.
² A clear instance of this is furnished by the date in the Dêôgaḍh inscription of Bhôjadêva (see
page 107 above, note 1). By the literal rules of translation, the given Śaka year, 784, has to be
interpreted as a current year; but, for the calculation, it has to be applied as an expired year.

[Header] THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 125

adding, according to his most explicit statement, two hundred and forty-one years to
the Gupta-Valabhî dates. This fixes the starting-point of the era, approximately, as
having occurred when Śaka-Saṁvat 241 had expired, and, by the epoch of the well-known
Śaka era, when A.D. 319-20 was current; leaving only the determination of the exact
epoch by the calculation of recorded dates. And, as regards a special point in his state-
ments, of extreme importance, with the help of Prof. Wright, we have now obtained a
translation which,—if it does not actually mean only that the Early Gupta kings had
exercised so powerful a sway that, even when their dynasty came to an end, the era that
had been used by them still continued in use,—is yet fully capable of that interpretation.
At any rate, this translation frees us from the obligation under which we lay, by reason
of M. Reinaud's rendering of the same passage, of connecting the establishment of an era
with the extermination of the dynasty, and of placing the period of the Early Gupta
supremacy anterior to A.D. 319, and the termination of it in that year. And the most that
can be said against it, is, that it is the literal rendering of an ambiguous original, the real
meaning of which must be determined by extraneous considerations.
The Mandasôr inscription of Mâlava-Saṁvat 529 expired shews that we must look
to somewhere about A.D. 319 for the starting-point of the era in which are recorded the
dynastic dates of Kumâragupta and the other kings of the Early Gupta dynasty, and
any others that are to be referred to the same uniform series with them.
The dates in the records of the Early Guptas themselves, as far as the time of
Skandagupta, do not afford details for computation. But, clearly belonging to the same
uniform series of years, is the date contained in the Êraṇ pillar inscription of Budha-
gupta. And converting this date into a Śaka date, in the manner indicated by Albêrûnî,
we have found that, the resulting Śaka year being taken as an expired year, the details
work out quite correctly.
Such dates, also, are those contained in the records of the Parivrâjaka Mahâ-
râjas; which, moreover, include a specific declaration that the Gupta sovereignty was then
still continuing. And, calculating them in precisely the manner that is indicated by the
results for the date in the Êraṇ pillar inscription, we have obtained equally correct and
uniform results. Also, the latest of these records, the Khôh grant of the Mahârâja
Saṁkshôbha, No. 25, page 112, shews that the Gupta sovereignty continued for at least
two hundred and nine years. And this fact is amply sufficient to explain why,—whatever
may have been its historical origin,—the era used in all these records should eventually
come to be popularly known as the Gupta era.
Such dates, again, are those contained in the inscriptions of Śivadêva I. and
Mânadêva of Nêpâl. And, that the first of them is recorded in the era in question, is
shewn by the dates, in the Harsha era, for Aṁśuvarman, the contemporary of Śivadêva I.;
while, with the same treatment, the details of the second of them work out quite correctly.

126 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
Such another date is that contained in the Môrbî grant of Jâïnka. And the details
of this, again, work out correctly with the same treatment.
Such a series of dates, too, is that contained in the records of the Valabhî family.
And, with a slight modification, due to a change in the scheme of the year, easily explain-
able, the same treatment gives correct results for the date in the Kaira grant of Dharasêna
IV. of this family, of the year 330; the only one, at present, that affords exact details for
calculation. Also, these records give us a succession of twelve generations, commencing
with the Sênâpati Bhaṭârka, and ending with king Śîlâditya VII., with dates ranging from
the year 207 to the year 447. For the first six or seven generations, the members of this
family were only feudatory Nṛipatis and Mahârâjas, without the authority to establish an
era of their own. And as a matter of fact, the date of the year 207 for the Mahârâja
Dhruvasêna I., in the second generation, proves that the era did not run from the rise to
power of his father Bhaṭârka, the founder of the family, but must have been adopted from
some outside source. While, on the other hand, the long duration of this family, coupled
with the fact that several of their charters were issued from the city of Valabhî itself,¹ and
all of them belong either to that vicinity or to the neighbouring parts of Gujarât, is amply
sufficient to explain why the era used by them should eventually come to be popularly known,
in those parts, as the Valabhî era.
And, finally, undoubted instances of the actual use of an era known as the Valabhî era,
as late as the thirteenth century A.D., are furnished by the Verâwal inscriptions dated
in Valabhî-Saṁvat 927 and 945. For the details of the earlier of these two dates, correct
results can be obtained by applying the same slightly anomalous treatment that applies to
the date in the Kaira grant of Dharasêna IV. of the year 330. The latter of them, however,
goes far beyond this. Not only does it fix the epoch of the era approximately, and in accord-
ance with Albêrûnî's statement, through the concomitant mention of the equivalent
Vikrama and Hijra years; but also the details of it are such as to prove that the epoch of
the era was exactly when Śaka-Saṁvat 241 had expired, and A.D. 319-20 was current.
And it has furnished, in fact, the exact analogy, in accordance with which all dates in the
Gupta-Valabhî era, that follow the true and original northern scheme of its years, have to
be tested.
All this uniform agreement of results cannot be attributed to mere coincidence. But
we must take it now, as a settled matter, that all the dates in question belong to one and
the same era, running from the epoch of A.D. 319-20. And, irrespective of the question
¹ e.g. the grants of Dhruvasêna I., of the year 207 (Ind. Ant. Vol. V. p. 204); of Guhasêna, of
the year 248 (id. Vol. V. p. 206, and Archæol. Surv. West. Ind. Vol. III. p. 93); of Dharasêna II., of
the year 252 (Ind. Ant. Vol. VII. p. 68: Vol. VIII. p. 301; Vol. XV. p. 187; and No. 30 below,
p. 164); of Śîlâditya I., of the year 286 (Jour. Bo. Br. R. As. Soc. Vol. XI. p. 359, and Ind. Ant.
Vol. XIV. p. 327), and of the year 290 (Ind. Ant. Vol. IX. p. 237); of Dhruvasêna II., of the year 310
(id. Vol. VI. p. 12); and of Dharasêna IV., of the year 326 (id. Vol. I. p. 14, and Jour. Bo. Br. R.
As. Soc. Vol. X. p. 66).

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 129
Such an era is the Vikrama era.¹ And,—though the expired years of this era might
be quoted, as is shewn, for instance, by lines 19 and 21 of the Mandasôr inscription
of Mâlava-Saṁvat 529 expired, No. 18, page 79, and by line 21 of the Kaḍi grant of
Jayantasiṁha of Vikrama-Saṁvat 1280 expired,²—yet, that, occasionally at least, the
current years were used, is proved by the Gwâlior Sâsbahû temple inscription of Mahî-
pâla,³ in which we have first in words, the number of years expired, 1149, and then,
partially in words and fully in figures, the number of the current year, 1150. Such an era,
again, is the Gupta-Valabhî era; or, at least, we have not as yet obtained the slightest
indication of its ever having been used by astronomers as the basis of calculations.
And, in the absence of the use of any word meaning "expired" in connection with the
year in a Gupta-Valabhî date, it is only reasonable that we should follow the ordinary rules
of interpretation, and render the original passage as denoting a current year.
In one instance only, among the Gupta-Valabhî dates at present known, is a word
meaning "expired" used in connection with the year. This exceptional instance is the
Môrbî grant of Jâiṅka, in which an eclipse of the sun is recorded as having occurred when
the year 585 had passed by. Unfortunately, the month and tithi, in and on which the
eclipse occurred, are not specified; nor even the week-day. And, as we have seen at page
100 above, it might be possible to identify the solar eclipse of this record with that
of the 10th November, A.D. 904. In that case, the given year 585 expired, and the
indicated year 586 current, would be equivalent to A.D. 904-905 current. It would then
be as an expired year, not a current one, that the year 165 of the Êraṇ pillar inscription
of Budhagupta is equivalent to A.D. 484-85 current; and so on with all the other dates.
And we should have to apply, in the case of all dates in the era referable to the true
and original scheme of its years, the epoch of A.D. 318-19 current, or more precisely,
by the Śaka year, the period⁴ from the 18th February, A.D. 318, to the 8th March, A.D.
319; and, in the case of dates belonging to the same class with those of the Kaira
grant of the year 330 and the Verâwal inscription of Valabhî-Saṁvat 927, the epoch of A.D.
317-18 current, or more precisely, by the Vikrama year, the period from the 23rd Sep-
tember, A.D. 317, to the 11th October, A.D. 318. But we have also seen that the solar
eclipse in question can be far more satisfactorily identified with that which occurred
on the 7th May, A.D. 905; to do which, we have to take the given year 585 expired, and
the indicated year 586 current, as equivalent to A.D. 905-906 current. And this record,
therefore, furnishes strong and instructive corroboration of my view that, in the absence of

¹ The present Tables of this era, however, seem to be arranged, like those of the Śaka era,
according to expired years. And some of the almanacs quoted in Appendix I. below, give them in
the same way.
² Ind. Ant. Vol. VI. p. 197.
³ For the full reading and translation of the date see Texts and Translations, page 22, note 5.
⁴ Here, again, I owe the exact initial and ending dates to Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit.

130 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
any distinct specification to the contrary, we must interpret the years in Gupta-
Valabhî dates as current years.
The Origin of the Era.
I have shewn, at page 33 ff. above, that the so-called Gupta era is not one which,
due originally to some event occurring only in approximation to A.D. 318, 319, or 320, had its
exact epoch determined, for convenience of comparison with the Śaka era, by adopting the
expiration of an even number of cycles of the planet Jupiter, either of the Twelve-Year or
of the Sixty-Year System. And no other chronological or astronomical considerations sug-
gest themselves, for the selection of the exact epoch that has been proved. Its origin,
therefore, must be found in some historical event, which occurred actually in
A.D. 320, or so closely to that time that, when the scheme of the northern Śaka year was
applied, the reckoning of the era was not affected to any appreciable extent. And here,
though the point is not conclusive either way, we must bear in mind that, as has been
shewn at page 19 ff. above, in the epigraphical references to the era there is nothing at
all, at any early period, to connect the name of the Early Guptas with it, especially as
the founders of it; and nothing to connect the name of Valabhî with it, until at least nine
centuries after its establishment.
We must also bear in mind that it is certain that the era cannot have been
established by any member of the Valabhî family; the reasons for this being
—(1) that, for the first six or seven generations, the members of this family were mere
feudatory Sênâpatis and Mahârâjas, without the authority to establish an era of their own ;
—and (2) that the date of the year 207 for the Mahârâja Dhruvasêna I., in the second
generation, proves that the reckoning runs from long before the first rise to power of
his father, the Sênâpati Bhaṭârka, by whom the family was founded.
In the same way, the first two members of the Early Gupta family, Gupta and Ghaṭôt-
kacha, held only the feudatory rank of Mahârâja, and had not the authority to establish
an era. The first paramount sovereign in the family was Ghaṭôtkacha’s son, Chandragupta
I. And, if a Gupta era, truly and properly so called, was devised in his time, then as its
starting-point there would have been selected the commencement of his reign, not the date
of the rise to power of his first recorded ancestor, the Mahârâja Gupta ; as was done in
the case of the Harsha era, which disregards, not only two generations of Mahârâjas at the
commencement of the genealogy, but even the reigns of two kings, Prabhâkaravardhana
and Râjyavardhana II., and runs from the commencement of the reign of the third para-
mount sovereign, Harshavardhana himself. So, also, when the Western Châlukya king
Vikramâditya VI. established a new era under the name of the Châlukya-Vikrama-Kâla,¹
he disregarded the reigns of all his ancestors, and made the era date from his own accession
¹ See Ind. Ant. Vol. VIII. p. 187 ff.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 131
to the throne. The dates in the Early Gupta records shew clearly that the Gupta era, cannot,
under any circumstances, run from the accession of any member of the dynasty later than
Chandragupta I. And there are essential difficulties, under any normal conditions, in the
way of making the era date from the commencement of his reign; i.e. of taking A.D. 320-21
as his first current year. For his great-grandson, Kumâragupta, we have dates in the era,
ranging from the year 96 to the year 130 odd;¹ of which we may take, as the latest certain
one,² that of the year 129, recorded in the Mankuwâr inscription, No. 11, page 45. And,
as we ought to assume that Chandragupta I. was at least twenty years old when his reign
commenced, this gives us a period of a hundred and forty-nine years, which, spread over
four generations, gives to each a duration of thirty-seven years and a quarter, or nearly
half as much again as the usually accepted average maximum rate of twenty-five years for
a Hindu generation. This, too. is only dealing with the question of generations. If we
take the period of a hundred and twenty-nine years only, from the commencement of the
reign of Chandragupta I. to nearly the end of that of Kumâragupta,—which gives an
average of thirty-two years and a quarter for each of the four reigns,—then, as compared
with the average duration, twenty years at the outside, of a Hindu reign, the excess is still
more remarkable. And almost exactly the same results are obtained, if, instead of con-
sidering four generations and reigns, down to the end of the time of Kumâragupta, we
take the latest certain date³ of Chandragupta II., viz. the year 93 given in the Sâñchi
inscription, No. 5, page 29, and spread the period of ninety-three years over three
reigns, or, on the same assumption as regards the age of Chandragupta I., the period of a
hundred and thirteen years over three generations. On the question of generations, I will
not base any particularly special objection. An analogy for an abnormal average rate
might be deduced from the Western Châlukya genealogy,⁴ in which we have Śaka-
Saṁvat⁵ 930 for the commencement of the reign of Vikramâditya V., and Śaka-Saṁvat
1060 for the end of the reign, and it may safely be assumed the death, of Sômêśvara III.
in the third generation after him. If we take it that Vikramâditya V. was twenty years
old in Śaka-Saṁvat 930, we have one hundred and fifty years for the four generations; or
an average of thirty-seven years and a half for each. But, from Śaka-Saṁvat 930 to
1060, there were six reigns; with an average of twenty-five years, or seven less than we
¹ See page 67 above.
² And it must be very nearly his latest date; for, he had then been reigning for at least thirty-
three full years, and we have the date of the year 136 for his son and successor, Skandagupta.—The
selection of any later date would, of course, only intensify the force of the argument.
³ The silver coins (see Ind. Ant. Vol. XIV. p. 65 f.) seem to give the year 94 or 95; but the latest
absolutely certain date is the one that I quote. Here again, the adoption of a later date would only
strengthen the argument.
⁴ See my Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts, p. 18, Table.
⁵ The exact year was doubtful when I wrote the book referred to in the preceding note; but it
has now been established by the Kauthêm grant (Ind. Ant. Vol. XVI. p. 15 ff.)
R 2

132 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
should have to allot to each of the four Early Gupta kings in question. And even this
result is due chiefly to the extraordinarily long reign of Vikramâditya VI., for fifty-two
years, from Śaka-Saṁvat 997 to 1048. If we take the whole period of the Western
Châlukya dynasty, covering one hundred and ninety years, from Śaka-Saṁvat 895, the
first year of Taila II., down to Śaka-Saṁvat 1084, as the end of the reign and the death
of Taila III.,¹ we have ten reigns, with an average duration of just nineteen years each.
An average of thirty-two years for four successive reigns of Hindu fathers and sons, seems,
from every point of view, an impossibility. And this prevents our making the Gupta era
run from the commencement of the reign of Chandragupta I. We must, therefore,
accept it as certain that the Early Guptas only adopted the era of some other
dynasty. And we must look for its origin to some extraneous source.
Now, it is evident that the Early Guptas rose to power first as feudatory Ma-
hârâjas, the third of whom, Chandragupta I., while holding that same rank, established his
independence; so that, his successors maintaining the same position, the paramount titles,
and not his original feudatory title, are always coupled with his name in the genealogical
passages in their records. And, from the Mahârâja Gupta down to Kumâragupta, we
have two feudatory governments and four reigns; which, at the average rate of twenty
years, almost fill up the period indicated by the latest certain date for Kumâragupta, and,
by a coincidence, place the commencement of the government of the Mahârâja Gupta
very near to A.D. 320. If, then, we could determine the paramount sovereign of whom
the Mahârâja Gupta was a feudatory, we should have in him the founder of the era; pro-
vided we could only shew that his successors also dated their records in it. And the only
difficulty then remaining, would be,—When Chandragupta I. and his descendants had
asserted themselves as independent sovereigns, by rebellion against their masters, why
should they continue to use a purely dynastic era, which had only been running for a short
time and had certainly not become an astronomical era, and which would always remind them
of the originally subordinate status of their ancestors; instead of establishing a new era
of their own, or instead of adopting some well-known era, of general use, which could
evoke no reminiscence of a humiliating kind?² The Early Gupta records, however, throw
no light on this point; nor can we expect any, unless we obtain inscriptions of the time of
the Mahârâjas Gupta and Ghaṭôtkacha, or of the early years of Chandragupta I. And at

¹ I exclude the short reign of Sômêśvara IV., from Śaka-Saṁvat 1104 to about 1111, because there
had been meanwhile an interruption of the Western Châlukya power by the Kalachuris of the
Dekkan.
² An objection of this sort does not apply to the use of the Gupta era by the Valabhî family. The
Sênâpati Bhaṭârka drove out the invaders who had overthrown the Gupta sovereignty in Western
India; and may possibly have been himself the feudatory of some descendant of the original Gupta
stock. And when Dharasêna IV. became a paramount sovereign, it was on the disruption of the
Kanauj kingdom. At neither point was there any reason for the members of this family to feel any
ersion to the Gupta era.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 133
present, in connection with India itself, we know of no king the commencement of whose
reign can with any certainty be referred to A.D. 320; and of no historical event to which
we can safely allot that date. Nor, while the Early Gupta sovereignty continued, is there
any indication of the Gupta era having been used, in India, by any other independent
dynasty. The nearest approximation to the year in question that we have, is in the case
of the Kalachuri dynasty of Central India; in respect of which certain points in the
records of the Parivrâjaka Mahârâjas and the Mahârâjas of Uchchakalpa do tend to
support the actual existence, in the Early Gupta period, of a Kalachuri era, and,
consequently, of Kalachuri kings under some earlier name.¹ The Kalachuri dates,
however, certainly cannot be referred to the Gupta epoch. And circumstances indicate
that the dominion of the Kalachuri kings, at that time, was confined entirely to the more
eastern parts of Central India; so that they were only contemporaries of the northern
dynasty of which the Early Guptas were at first the servants. Mr. Fergusson's opinion,²
again, was in the direction of the era being established, with the foundation of Valabhî as
a new capital of Western India, by the Andhra king Gôtamiputra, whom he placed³
between A.D. 312 and 333; the Mahârâja Gupta being a feudatory of him or of one of
his immediate successors. But the chronology of the Andhras,—who, at the best, seem
to have been too essentially a western and southern dynasty to be concerned in any lead-
ing way with the history of Northern India,—still remains to be finally determined. And
Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar, who has given more consideration to the subject than any one else
as yet, places Gôtamiputra about two centuries earlier,⁴ in the period A.D. 133 to 154;
and, according to his view of the early chronology, we should have to refer the establish-
ment of the Gupta era to some event connected with either the downfal of the Kshatrapas
of Saurâshṭra or the history of the Râshṭrakûṭas of the Dekkan. The Kshatrapas, how-
ever, certainly did not use the Gupta era. And there is not the slightest particle of
evidence that the Râshṭrakûṭas ever had an era of their own. There can be but little doubt
that the real paramount lords of the Mahârâjas Gupta and Ghaṭôtkacha, and at first of
Chandragupta I. himself, were some of the later Indo-Scythian kings of Northern India,
whose duration is certain at any rate up to the time of Samudragupta. These Indo-
Scythian kings must have used the Śaka era. But this era, again, had not then become
an astronomical era;⁵ and there was, therefore, no special inducement for the Early Guptas
to adopt it; but, on the contrary, there was an objection of the kind already indicated.
Further, the Vikrama era was not an astronomical era; and the use of it, in those days, under
the name of the Mâlava era, was probably confined to the different sections of the Mâlava
tribe, and to territories of which no part was brought under the Early Gupta sway until the
time of Samudragupta. And, finally, the Kaliyuga era in all probability was used only
¹See page 8 ff. above.
²Jour. R. As. Soc. N. S. Vol. IV. p. 128 f. ³id. p. 122.
⁴Early History of the Dekkan, p. 27. ⁵See Appendix I. below

by the astronomers of Ujjain, for purely technical purposes; and was not known at all in
the territories in which the Early Guptas first rose to power. In fact, in India itself
there was no already existing era which would recommend itself to the Early
Guptas. And we have next to inquire whether there may have been any such era,
beyond the limits of India proper.
By a comparison of the dates of Sivadêva I. and Aṁśuvarman, at page 95 f. above,
I have already shewn, in a general way, that the Gupta era was in use beyond the
north-eastern frontier of India, in Nêpâl; a fact which is duly corroborated by the
results for the date in the inscription of Mânadêva, of the year 386. We must, therefore,
now see what more particular information can be gathered from the epigraphical records
of that country.¹

¹ And here we may note that the Kings of Valabhî can have had nothing to do either with the
introduction of an era into Nêpâl, or with the borrowing of an era from that country. As I have
already had occasion to remark, the members of the Valabhî family, for the first six or seven genera-
tions inclusive of Bhaṭârka, were mere feudatory Sênâpatis and Mahârâjas; and these members of the
family, at any rate, cannot possibly have conquered Nêpâl, or even have extended their territory up
to the confines of that country. The first of the family who claimed to be a paramount sovereign is
Dharasêna IV., with the dates of 326 and 330; and with the titles of Paramabhaṭṭâraka, Mahârâjâ-
dhirâja, and Paramêśvara, in common with all his successors, and also with that of Chakravartin,
which, not being assumed by any of his successors, may perhaps indicate that his power was more
extensive than theirs ever was. Now, in passing; if we refer his first date of 326 to the epoch of A.D.
319-20, the result, A.D. 645-46, brings us to a very suitable period indeed for him to assume the posi-
tion and titles of a paramount sovereign; viz. to the commencement of the anarchy which, as Ma-
twan-lin tells us (Ind. Ant. Vol. IX. p. 20) attended the death of Harshavardhana, "the warlike lord
of all the region of the north." It ended in the complete disruption, for the time, of the kingdom of
Kanauj. Aṁśuvarman became paramount in Nêpâl, and Âdityasêna in Magadha; and the opportu-
nity was of course taken advantage of by Dharasêna IV., to assert his independence in the west of
India. But, to say nothing of the improbability of the thing on other grounds, the fact that
Aṁśuvarman became king of Nêpâl, is in itself enough to prevent our admitting the possibility of a
conquest of that country by Dharasêna IV. Referring the same date of 326 to the three earlier
proposed epochs, we have respectively A.D. 403, 492, and 516. For these periods there is, perhaps,
no particular objection to our assuming, for the sake of argument, that Dharasêna IV. may have
extended his power over a considerable portion of Northern India, in the parts nearer to Kâṭhiâwâḍ
and Gujarât. But the Valabhî charters, in which a conquest so extensive as that of the whole of
Northern India up to Nêpâl, or inclusive of that country, would most certainly have been recorded,
give not the slightest hint of any such event at any time in the history of the family. In fact, with
the exception of the allusion to the overthrow of the Maitrakas by Bhaṭârka, they give absolutely no
detailed information at all in connection with any of the successes claimed by the members of this
family; which tends to shew very plainly that, from beginning to end, the Valabhî power was purely
local. And, in connection with the earlier proposed epochs, even if Dharasêna IV. did conquer
Nêpâl, or Northern India up to the frontier of Nêpâl, and did introduce there the era of A.D. 319-20,
the question still remains, and cannot be answered,—Why should he act with such extreme inconsist-
ency as to introduce there this era, which, according to those who have sought to establish those
epochs, was not brought into actual use in his own territory; instead of the Gupta era which he him-
self, and his successors, continued to employ for all the official purposes of their own kingdom?