प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

CHAPTER IV.
EDUCATIONAL ORGANISATION & FINANCE.
Private teacher the pivot of the system-How organised in-
stitutions arose-Organisation of Buddhist universities and Hindu temple-
colleges-School and college buildings-Boardings for students-Payment
of fees how far obligatory-Admission procedure-The size of classes-
School hours-Duration of the college session-Holidays-Organisation
and duration of courses-Longer courses for experts-Lifelong students
Educational finance-The quota of ordinary men-Of rich men-The
example of the Punjab--Government contribution in direct and indirect
forms-Government help without Government control-State help in
other countries in contemporary time.
Introduction: The history of ancient Indian edu-
cation extends over several centuries, and so we naturally
come across different types of educational organisations
in different ages. In the pre-historic period down to
about 1000 B. C. the family was the only educational
agency both for the literary and professional education:
we have already shown in Chap. II how it used to dis-
charge this function. As education began to become
more and more complex and exacting, the specialist came
into the field in the form of the private teacher. He
continued to be in its sole and undisputed possession till
about the early centuries of the Christian era, when
organised educational institutions came into existence in
connection with the Buddhist monasteries. In a few
centuries, Hinduism copied the Buddhist example and
organised its own temple colleges. Monastic universities
and temple colleges were however confined to some
famous centres of learning; private teachers still conti-
nued to be the main stay of the educational system through-
out the moffusil. In medieval times the Maṭhas of the
various religious pontiffs (Āchāryas) used to organise