प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

60 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA [Ch.
who used to pay their teachers honorarium in advance
used to stay in their houses like eldest sons, doing no
household work and spending all their time in study. Free
students,—dhammāntevāsikas,—on the other hand used to
do all kind of manual work for their teachers. They
used to work by day, when paying scholars were receiving
their lessons ; teachers used to hold special classes for
them at night with a view to see that their education did
not suffer on account of their day’s work on the farm
or in the household.¹ At Nālandā also secular students
who sought free boarding, lodging and education had to
do some manual work for the monasteries.²
· Mutual reltaions between Teachers and
Students : Public educational institutions, where tea-
chers used to teach students admitted by the managing
body, were not many in ancient India. The relations
between the teacher and the student were therefore
direct and not through any institution. The student
usually went to such a teacher as attracted his atten-
tion by his reputation for character and scholarship ;
the teacher selected such students as appeared to him
sincere, zealous and well-behaved. The student usually
lived either under the roof of the teacher or under his
direct supervision. The teacher not only did not demand
any fee but also helped the poor students in getting food
or clothing. He nursed him if he was ill. The student
naturally lived as a member of the household of the tea-
cher and helped him in doing the household work if
necessary. The teacher on the other hand would not

1. Cf. धंमंतेवासिका आचरियस्स कम्मं कत्वा रत्तिं सिप्पमुग्गण्हन्ति आचरियभाग-
   दायका गेहे जेट्ठपुत्ता विय हुत्वा सिप्पमेव उग्गण्हन्ति ।
   Tilamuṭṭhijātaka, No. 252
2. Takakusu, I-tsing, P. 106.