प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

Chapter VIII.
PROFESSIONAL AND USEFUL
EDUCATION.
MEDICAL EDUCATION—Its general features—Training in
surgery—Arrangements for practical training—Duration of the course
and examination—Medical education in later times—Veterinary
education—MILITARY EDUCATION—Non-official training agencies—
Military schools—professional military coaches—Education of the
princes—COMMERCIAL EDUCATION—Its general scope—How it was
imparted. TRAINING IN ARTS AND CRAFTS—Society's attitude
towards arts and crafts in early and later times—Training given by the
apprenticeship system—Workshop atmosphere—Painter's training as
an illustration—Efficiency of the training—Was it narrow ?
Introduction : In this chapter we propose to take
a rapid survey of some of the important branches of
useful and professional education and of the ways in
which it was imparted. Medical, military and com-
mercial education and the training of artists and
artisans for sculpture, architecture, painting, smithy,
carpentry etc. will principally engage our attention.
MEDICAL EDUCATION.
Early Progress : Medical science is no doubt of
hoary antiquity in India. The Vedic literature refers
to the healing feats of Aśvins, who though originally
human beings, were later deified by a grateful posterity.
This science was fairly well developed by the 4th
century B. C., for the Greeks, who had accompanied
Alexander the Great, were very well impressed by the
skill of Indian doctors in curing the cases of serpent
bite. The Jātakas refer to the medical students at
Taxila performing operations for cranial abscesses and
intestinal displacement.