प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

158 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA [Ch.
METHOD OF TEACHING AND STUDY
General Conditions of the Times : Before des-
cribing and commenting upon the method of teaching
and study current in ancient India, it is necessary that
we should familiarise ourselves with the general
conditions of the age. In the beginning the art of
writing was unknown, and even when it was invented,
it was not utilised for preserving and transmitting the
Vedic literature, which for several centuries was
the main topic of study. It was further held as
imperatively necessary that the canonical literature
should be memorised in the most meticulous way ;
there should be no possibility of the mistake even
of a single accent. The service of the art of writing
was no doubt utilised for preserving and teaching
non-Vedic literature, but owing to the absence of
paper and printing, books could be within the reach
of the rich only. Being written on birch leaves,
they were fragile as well as costly. The average
student could therefore not have his own copy of the
text-book ;¹ even the desire to possess one was regarded
as a symptom of indolence.² Under such circum-
stances, extensive use of a library was altogether
impracticable, nor could the help of visual instruction
through the help of charts and pictures be possible.
Oral instruction was the only available method of
teaching and it was the cheapest and the most
accurate.

1. गीती शीघ्री शिरःकंपी तथा लिखितपाठकः ।
   अनर्थज्ञोऽल्पकण्ठश्च षडेते पाठकाधमाः ॥
   Pāṇinīya-śikshā, 32.
2. द्यूतं पुस्तकशुश्रूषा नाटकासक्तिरेव च ।
   स्त्रियस्तन्द्री च निद्रा च विद्याविघ्नकराणि षट् ॥
   Nārada in S. C. S. p. 52.