व्यवहारमयूख (नीलकण्ठ भट्ट - पश्चिमी भारत की हिन्दू न्याय-संहिता एवं व्यवहार कोष)

'? Wait, reservoi... the 'i' and 'r' merged to look like 'n'! reservon or reservoir? It looks like reservon. Wait, let's check: r-e-s-e-r-v-o-i-r vs r-e-s-e-r-v-o-ı-ı vs reservon. It's reservoir.
Line 37: definition of prāyas'citta - wait, in line 37: ( definition of prāyas'citta -> wait, look at prāyas'citta: does it say prāyas'citta or prāyas'citta? Yes.
Line 41: (12) S'āntimayūkha (definition of s'ānti, Vināyakas'ānti, graha-s'ānti, various

Let's transcribe faithfully, matching the accents (ś vs s'), uppercase/lowercase, and structure cleanly.Dāmodarabhaṭṭa, the older brother of Nīlakaṇṭha, had a son Siddheśvara
who composed a work called Saṁskāramayūkha in 1679-80 A. D Nīlakaṇṭha
had two sons, Śaṅkara and Bhānu.

XII VYAVAHĀRAMAYŪKHA
appendix to the edition of the Vyavahāramayūkha (Bhandarkar Oriental
Institute Poona). In that work he refers to the Vyavahāramayūkha as
already composed by him. So that work is not a first rough draft or plan of
the Vyavahāramayūkha but is rather an epitome of his larger work for the
benefit of beginners. He appears to have composed a separate work on adop-
tion viz Dattakanirṇaya.
Nīlakaṇṭha's literary activity must be placed in the first half of the
17th century. We saw above that his grandfather Nārāyaṇabhaṭṭa was
born in 1513. His father Śaṅkara bhatta quotes in his Dvaitanirṇaya the
Toḍarānanda which must have been composed between 1570 – 1586 (the year
of the death of Todarmal). So the Dvaitanirṇaya was not composed much
earlier than 1600 A. D. Kamalākara who was the paternal first cousin of
Nīlakaṇṭha composed in 1612 A. D. his Nirṇayasindhu which was one of his
earliest works. One ms. of the Vyavahāratattva bears the date saṃvat 1700
(i. e. 1643-44 A. D.). Śaṅkara the son of Nīlakaṇṭha composed his Kuṇḍa-
bhāskara in 1671 and Divākarabhaṭṭa daughter's son of Nīlakaṇṭha wrote
his Ācārārka in 1686 A. D. Therefore Nīlakaṇṭha's literary activity lies bet-
ween 1610 and 1650 A. D.
Nīlakaṇṭha occupies a prominent position among the mediaeval Sanskrit
writers on dharmaśāstra. He frequently differs from Vijñāneśvara the re-
nowned author of the Mitākṣarā. These differences have been pointed out
in the notes and in the Index. In the arrangement of the subjects of
dharmaśāstra and in their treatment he was largely influenced by the Madana-
ratna. He frequently refers to other digests and encyclopaedias like his own
viz. the Caturvargacintāmaṇi of Hemādri, the Vivādaratnākara of Caṇḍeśvara,
the Nṛsiṃhaprasāda and the Toḍarānanda. Nīlakaṇṭha expresses frank dissent
even from the most eminent of his predecessors. He boldly criticises even
his father's views, though Śaṅkarabhaṭṭa was a profound Mīmāṃsaka.
Nīlakaṇṭha was himself a profound student of the Mīmāṃsā system. In the
vastness of the materials drawn upon, in ease and grace of style, in the
brevity and lucidity of his remarks, in clearness of vision and in logical pre-
sentation of topics he is hardly surpassed by any mediaeval writer on
dharmaśāstra.
A few words about the position of the Vyavahāramayūkha in modern
Hindu Law may not be out of place here. It has been repeatedly held by
the Privy Council and by the Bombay High Court that the Mitā-
kṣarā and the Mayūkha are the books of chief authority in Western India.¹
In the Maratha country and in the Island of Bombay the Mayūkha is of
paramount authority and a secondary place is given to the Mitākṣarā. (see
1 See for instance 12 B. H. C. R. (O. C. J.) 325 at p. 328; L. R. 24 I. A.
28 at p. 44; 11 Bom. L. R. 641 at p. 650; Bai Kesserbai v. Hunsraj Morarji 33 I. A. at p. 186; Krishnaji
v. Chundrabhagabai 12 Bom. 110 at p. 117 (P. C.).

'INTRODUCTION' xiii

is assigned to the Vyavahāramayūkha.¹ The Vyavahāramayūkha is of para-
mount authority in Gujerat, the town and island of Bombay and in northern
Konkan.² Though the pre-eminence of the Mitākṣarā in the Maratha
country is acknowledged, yet in a few instances its doctrines have been either
set aside or modified in favour of the views propounded by the Vyavahāra-
mayūkha. For instance, though the Mitākṣarā nowhere expressly recognizes
the sister as a gotraja sapiṇḍa, the courts, following the Mayūkha, have
assigned to her a very high place as an heir even in the Maratha country
and in Ratnagiri It is a well-established rule of the Bombay High Court
that where the Mitākṣarā is either silent or obscure the aid of the Vyava-
hāramayūkha must be invoked for its interpretation and the principle of
interpretation is to harmonize both works wherever and so far as that is
reasonably possible ³ It is instructive to see how the Vyavahāramayūkha
came to be recognised as the leading authority in Gujerat in matters of Hindu
Law It has been stated above that the family of Nīlakaṇṭha came from
Paithan in the Deccan. Naturally all the learned members of this family,
though they wrote in Benares or elsewhere, preferred the usages of the
Deccan and Śaṅkarabhaṭṭa, the father of Nīlakaṇṭha, says in his Dvaita-
nirṇaya that he will abide by the views of Deccan writers Therefore the
works of the Bhaṭṭas of Benares were highly esteemed by the learned men
of the Maratha Country That the Mayūkhas of Nīlakaṇṭha were eagerly
sought for even as far to the south as Belgaum in the times of the Peshwas
is established by a letter of Naro Vinayak, Mamlatdar of Athni in the pre-
sent Belgaum District, dated 28th June 1797⁴, where reference is made to
the copying of the six Mayūkhas on saṃskāra, ācāra, samaya, śrāddha, nīti
and vyavahāra and a request is made that the other six Mayūkhas might
be sent for a copy being made When the Marathas held sway over Gujerat
in the 18th century, the works of Kamalākara ( particularly the Nirṇaya-
sindhu ) and of Nīlakaṇṭha were relied upon by the śāstris at the court of
the Maratha rulers of Gujerat⁵ Thus the Vyavahāramayūkha had come to be
recognised as a work of paramount authority in Gujerat at the time of the
advent of the British in the first decades of the 19th century. It appears that
even in Northern India the Vyavahāramayūkha was referred to by the British

1. Vide Rakhmabai v Radhabai 5 Bom H C R ( A. C J. ) 181 at p 185, Narayan
   v Nana 7 Bom. H C. R ( A C J ) 153 at p 169, Krishnaji v Pandurang 12 Bom. H C. R.
   65, at pp. 67 — 68, Jankibai v Sundra 14 Bom. 612 at p 616 ( a case from Ratnagiri ).
2. Lallubhai v Mankuvarbai 2 Bom 388 at p 418, Jankibai v Sundra 14 Bom 612 at
   pp 623 — 624, Vyas Chimanlal v Vyas Ramchandra 24 Bom 367 ( F B ) at p 373.
   3 Gojabai v Shrimant Shahajirao 17 Bom 114 at 118, Bai Kesserbai v Hunsraj 30
   Bom 431, 442 ( P C, ), Bhagwan v Warubai 32 Bom 300 at p 312
3. Vide Introduction to the edition of the text of the Vyavahāramayūkha p. XLIII n 1
   ( Bhandarkar Institute ) where the letter is set out in full.
4. Vide Lallubhai v. Mankuvarbai 2 Bom 388, pp 418 — 419 and Bhagirithibai v. Kahnu-
   jirao 11 Bom 285 ( F. B ) at pp 294 — 295 for the reasons of the pre-eminent position of
   the Vyavahāramayūkha in Gujerat and in Bombay island.

xiv, VYAVAHARAMAYUKHA
courts as early as 1818 A. D.¹
As the Vyavahāramayūkha is said to be of paramount authority in
northern Konkan and as it considerably differs from the Mitākṣarā in matters
of inheritance and succession it is of great practical importance to settle with
precision the exact limits in northern Konkan up to which the Mayūkha
must be regarded as supreme. It has been decided that Karanja, an island
opposite the Bombay harbour is governed by the principles of the Mayūkha²
that Mahad the southernmost Taluka of the Kolaba District is not under the
paramount influence of the Mayūkha and that the predominance of the Ma-
yūkha cannot either on principle or authority be taken further south than
Chaul and Nagothna (in the northern part of the Kolaba District³)
Though the authority of the Vyavahāramayūkha is supreme in Gujarat
in the island of Bombay and in northern Konkan and high in the Maratha
country it is not to be supposed that the whole of it has either been accepted
by the people or adopted by the courts. There are several matters such as
the twelve kinds of sons the fifteen kinds of slaves and the marriage of a
person with girls belonging to lower castes than his own on which Nīlakaṇṭha
dwells with as much learning and seriousness as any ancient writer although
those usages had become obsolete centuries before his day. Nīlakaṇṭha says
that the paternal great-grand father the paternal uncle and the half brother's
son succeed together as heirs. But the courts have never recognised this rule
nor has that view ever been made the foundation of a claim in a court of law.⁴
Nīlakaṇṭha, following his father Śaṅkarabhaṭṭa says that a daughter's son
or a sister's son can be adopted even by a person belonging to the three
twice-born classes. But the Bombay High Court owing probably to mis-
apprehension as to the correct meaning of a highly abstruse passage of the
Mayūkha (pp. 112-118 of the present translation and notes thereon) holds
that the Vyavahāramayūkha is opposed to the adoption by the regenerate
classes of the daughter's son and sister's son.⁵

1. Vide Bhagwansingh v Bhagwan 17 All. 291 at p 314
2. Vide Sakharam v Sitabai 3 Bom. 353
3. Vide Varkur v Dhou 40 Bom 621 (where the authorities are collected).
4. Vide Rakh v Govind 1 Bom 97 at p 112 and also Bai v Manikrachai 21 B...
   at pp 420 and 447
5. Vide Gopal v Hanmant 3 Bom. 273 at p 280, and Vyas Chimanlal v Ramchandra 24 Bom. 453 at p. 480.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Ait. br. = Aitareya-brāhmaṇa
Āp. Gr. S. = Āpastamba-gṛhya-sūtra
Āp. S'r. S. = Āpastamba-s'rauta-sūtra
Baud Dh S. = Baudhāyana-dharmasūtra
B. I. = Bibliotheca Indica series
Bor. = Borradaile's translation of the Vyavahāramayūkha contained
in Stokes' collection
Br. = Bṛhaspati, translated by Dr. Jolly in Sacred Books of the
East, vol. 33
B. S Series = Bombay Sanskrit series
C P Code = Civil Procedure Code
Dh S. = Dharmasūtra
D M = Dattakamīmāṁsā
Kāt. = Kātyāyana ( text reconstructed by P. V. Kane with transla-
tion and notes )
Mit. = Mitākṣarā
Nar. = Nārada in S. B. E.
Nīl = Nīlakaṇṭha
Par. M. = Parās'ara-Mādhavīya (Bombay Sanskrit Series)
Ṛg. = Ṛgveda
S. = Stokes' collection of Hindu Law Books
S. B. E. = Sacred Books of the East series
Sm. C = Smṛti-candrikā
Tai. Ā. = Taittirīya Āraṇyaka
Tai S = Taittirīya Saṁhitā
Vāj. S. = Vājasaneyasaṁhitā
V. C. = Vivāda-cintāmaṇi
Vīr = Vīramitrodaya (Jīvānanda's edition)
V. M = Vyavahāramayūkha ( edited by P. V. Kane with notes in
the Govt. Oriental Series, Bhandarkar Institute, Poona)
V. R. = Vivāda-ratnākara
Vy. Māt = Vyavahāramātṛkā (edited by Sir Asutosh Mukerji)
Yāj. = Yājñavalkya-smṛti

INDEX OF CASES

Adit Narayan v Mahabir 165n.
Advi v Fakirappa 180n
Advyappa v Rudrava 155n 2, 156n 2
Akkawa v Sayadkhan 181n 2.
Amarjit Upadhya v Algu 181n 1
Ambabai v Govind 98n 1
Anandi v Hari 157n 1
Anandibai v Chandrabai 153n.
Anant v Mahadu 177n
Anant v Ramabai 192n 2.
Angammal v Venkata 191n 3.
Apaji v Ramchandra 78n 5, 87n 1
Appaji v Mohanlal 163n, 168n 1
Appandal v Bagupali 161n 1.
Asita Mohan v Nirode Mohon 116n 1
Atmaram v Madhorao 115n 3.
Authikesavalu v Ramanujam 169n 1
Babaji v Balaji 155n 2
Bacha v Jugmon 189n 2.
Bachoo v Mankorebai 80n 3.
Bai Devkore v Amritram 163n 2
Bai Gulab v Jiwanlal 97n 1
Bai Kesserbai v Bai Monghibai 189n 1
Bai Kesserbai v Hunsraj 190n.
Bai Mancha v Narotamdas 13n 2.
Bai Mangal v Bai Rukhmini 175n 1
" Mani v Utsall 91n 1
" Narmada v Bhagwantrai 187n 2
" Parson v Bai Somli 8n 3, 65n 2.
" Raman v Jagjivandas 16 n 2.
Bajaba v Trimbak 18 n 2.
Bal v Maneklal 21 n 1
Balaji v Datto 116n 3
Bal Gangadhar Tilak v Shriniwas 110n 2.
Balkrishna v Lakshman 167n 1.
Balkrishna v Ramkrishna 160n.
Balshet v Miransaheb 141n 3
Balvantrao v Bajirao 100n 2.
Bapu v Shankar 80n 1
Bapuji v Dattu 192n
" v Pandurang 106n
Basangavda v Basangavda 163n 1
Basappa v Fakirappa 111n 2.
" v Gurulingawa 170n 1
" v Rayawa 1 n 1
Basawa v Lingangavda 111n 4, 170n 3
Bata Krishnayya v Venkata 116n 4
Beharilal v Shiblal 170n 1

Benares Bank Ltd. v Hari 21*n 1
Beni Prasad v Hardai Bibi 110n 1
Beti Kunwar v Janki Kunwar 93n 4
Bhagavati Shukul v Ram Jatan 103n 1
Bhagirthibai v Baya 162n.
Bhagirthibai v Kahnujirao 1 in 1, 155n 2, 180n 3, 186n 2, 187n 2
Bhagwan Singh v Bhagwan Singh 110n 1
Bhagvanlal v Bai Divali 160n 3
Bhala v Parbhu 271n 3.
Dharmappa v Ujjangawda 109n 3, 192n 2.
Bhaskar v Sarasvatibai 235n 1.
Bhau v Hari 118n.
" v Raghunath 190n 3.
" v Sundrabai 7n 1
Bhausaheb v Ramgauda 123n 1
Bhikubai v Hariba 183n 2, 184n 8.
Bhikya v Vedu 27n
Bhimabai v Gurunathgouda 118n 1, 132n 2.
Bhugwandeen v Mynabaee 152n, 17 n 1
Bhupati Nath v Ram Lal 235n 1
Bindra v Mathura 1 3n.
Brij Indar v Ranee Janki 177n 1.
Buddhaseng v Laltusing 163n 1
Bulakhidas v Keshavlal 165n 2.
Chalakonda Alasani v Chalakonda Ratnachalam 15 n 2
Chandreshwar Prasad v Bisheshwar 110n 2
Chandika v Munna Lal
Chedalavada Subbayya v Chedalavada Ananda 102n 1.
Chellammal v Ranganathan 97n.
Chenava v Basangavda 120n 1
Chengama v Munisami 101n 1
Chimnaji v Dinkar 1 3n 1
Chinnasami v Kunju 1 2n 1
Chinna Pichu Padayachi v ...
Chotay Lal v Chunno Lal 176n 2
Chunilal v Surajram 7n 1
Collector of Masulipatam v Cavaly 15 n 1, 166n 2
Collector of Madura v Moottoo 114n 1
Collector of Thana v Hari 1 n 6.
" v Keshavnath 8n 6
Dadbhai v Ramchandra 207n 1
Dal Singh v Musammat Dini 1 n 1
Damodar v Purmanandas 1 1n 7, 140n 1
Damodardas v Uttamram 91n 4.

INDEX OF CASES XVII
Dasharathi Kundu v. Bipin Behari 180n 4
189n 2
Dattatraya v Gangabai 123n 1
Dattatreya v Govind 121n 2
Dayaldas v Savitribai 183n
Debi Mangal Prasad v Mahadeo Prasad
176n 2
Debi Prasad v Thakur Dial 95n 2, 144n 3
Debi Prasanna v Harendra 189n 2
Dhapabai v Champalal 104n 1
Dharma v Ramkrishna 120n
Dharmapuram Pandara v Virapandiam
167n 2.
Dhondo v Appaji 116n 4
Dhondi v Radhabai 161n
Durbar Khachar v Khachar Harsur 217n 1
Durga Dat v Ganesh 136n 2
Dwarka Nath v Saratchandra 188n 1, 191n 1
Ekoba v Kashiram 158n 1
Fakirappa v Savitrewa 104n 1
Fakirappa v Yellappa 93n 2
Gadadharbhat v Chandrabhagabai 151n 2
Gajadhar v Gaurishankar 165n
Gandhi Maganlal v Bai Jadab 191n 1
Ganesh v Waghu 162n
Ganeshi Lal v Babu Lal 143n 3
Ganga v Ghasita 183n
Gangabai v Anant 108n 2
,, v Bandu 99n
Gangadhar v Yellu 150n 3
Gangaram v Ballia 191n 3
Ganga Sahai v Kesri 159n
,, v Lekhraj 115n 6, 119n 2
Gangu v Chandrabhagabai 193n 3
Ganpat v Gopalrao 100n 3
Ganpat Rama v Secretary of State 166n 3
Ganpat v Tukaram 152n 1
Garuddas v Laldas 163n 1
Ghelabai v Uderam 235n 1
Ghelabhai v Hargovan 25n 2
Giriapa v. Ningapa 116n 4
Girjabai v Sadashiv 86n 2
Gojabai v Shrimant Shahajirao 159n, 188n 1,
189n 2
Gokalchand v Hukamchand 135n 2
Gopal v Hanmant 113n
Gopal v Narayan 109n 3
Gopalan v Venkataraghavulu 102n 1
Gopalayyan v Raghupatiayyan 113n.
G Gopalkrishnan v S Venkatanarasa 102n1
Govind v Trimbak 142n 1.
Govindayyar v Dorasami 110n 2
Govindrazulu v Devara Bhotla 102n 1
III
Gowri v Shivram 113n
Gridhari v Government of Bengal 164n 1.
Gunjeshwar v Durga Prasad 192n.
Gurunath v Krishnaji 151n 2.
Hanmanta v Bhimacharya 109n 3
Haribhai v. Mathur 162n 2.
Haridas v Ranchordas 159n
Hira v Hansji 189n 1
Hira Naikin v Radha 108n 2
Hirabai v Lakshmibai 180n 4
Hira Lal v Tripura Charan 183n.
Hosbanna v Devanna 93n 1.
Huchrao v Bhimrao 120n 1.
Hushensab v Basappa 93n 1
Ilata Shavitri v Ilata Narayananan 197n 1.
Indramoni v Beharilal 115n 2
Ishwar Dadu v Gajabai 118n 1
Isri Dutt v Hansabutti 177n
Jadunath Kuar v Bisheshar 160n
Jagannath v Narayan 189n 1.
Jagannath Raghunath v Narayan 84n 2.
Jagubhai v Kesarlal 159n
Jaikisandas v Harkisandas 189n 1
Jairam v. Hari 102n 1
Jairam v Nathu 93n 1
Jamnabai v Khimji 155n 3
Jamnabai v Vasudev 94n 2
Jana v Rakhma 162n
Janghibai v Jetha 191n 1
Jankibai v Sundra 187n 2
Jatindra Mohan v Ghanashyam 78n 6
Javerbai v Kablibai 233n 3
Jaya v Manjanath 183n
Jivabhai v Vadilal 87n 4, 88n 2
Joharmal v Eknath 216n 1
Jotindra Nath v Nagendra Nath 165n
Jugmohandas v Sir Mangaldas 78n 5, 80n 3,
92n 2
Kalgauda v Somappa 82n 2 111n 2, 120n,
132n 4, 167n 3
Kali Komul v Umashankar 123n 1
Kalidas v Kanhya Lal 235n 1
Kaliparshad v Ramcharan 88n 2
Kallava v Vithabai 95n 1
Kalianrai v Ramchandra 162n 2
Kamulammal v Vishwanathaswami 99n
Kamalabai v Bhagirthibai 191n 1
Kamesvara Sastri v Veercharlu 102n 1
Kandasami v Doraisami 89n 1
Kanhai Ram v Musammat Amri 177n
Kashibai v Moreshwar 163n 1
Kenchava v Girimallappa 165n, 191n 3

XVIII VYAVAHĀRAMAYŪKHA
Kesarsingh v The Secretary of State for India, 117n 1.
Kesserbai v Hunsraj 111n 2, 160n, 188n 1, 190n
Kesserbai v Valab 157n 1, 162n, 168n 1
Khandacharya v Govindacharya 163n 1.
Khodabhai v Bahadar Dala 157n 1
Khushalchand v Mahadevagiri 142n 2.
Kisanji v Lakshmi 156n 2, 157n 1.
Krishna v Paramashri 120n 1.
Krishna v Sami 196n 2.
Krishnai v Shripati 177n.
Krishnabai v Khangowda 143n 2.
Krishnaji v Moro 185n 2.
Kurnaram v Hinibhoy 179n 1
Lajvanti v Safachand 177n.
Lakshman v Jamnabai 185n 2.
" v Satyabhamabai 151n 1, 165n 4,
180n 1, 218n 2.
Lakshman Dada v Ramchandra Dada 80n 3,
89n 1
Lakshmandas v Manohar 78n 6.
Lakshmappa v Ramava 111n 4
Lakshmi v Dada 162n.
Lakshmibai v Jayram 160n.
Lallubhai v Cassibai 111n 1, 160n.
" v Mankuvarbai 111n 1, 121n 2, 150n
2, 151n 1, 160n, 161n 1
Lalubhai v Bai Amrit 21n 2, 73n 5.
Laxmipatirao v Venkatesh 120n, 123n 1
Lingangowda v Tulaswa 101n
Lingayya v Chengalamma 120n
Madhavrao v Ambabai 186n 1
Maharana Fattehsangji v Dessai Kallian-
raiji 78n 6.
Mahasboya Shoshinath v Shrimati Krishna
Sundari 110n 1
Mandavilli Seetarammar v Antavilli Surya-
narayana 110n 2.
Maneklal v Mohanlal 243n 1
Manilal Rewadat v Bai Rewa 186n 2, 187n
2, 189n 1
Manjanath v Narayana 20n 1
Manjunath v Kaveribai 113n.
Manki v Kundan 151n 3.
Maruti v Ramu 14n 3.
Mathura v Esu 105n, 107n 2.
Meenakshi Ammal v Appakutti 98n 1
Motharam v Rewachand 155n 2.
Mohanlal v Bai Kashi 160n, 161n 1
Moniram v Keri Kolitani 163n 2.
Moosa Hajee v Hajee Abdul 147n 3, 149n 1
Moro v Ganesh 20n 1.
Mulchand v Bai Mancha 181n
Mulji v Cursandas 158n 2.
Murarji v Parvatibai 191n 3, 193n
Musummat Ganga v Ghasita 151n 2.
Musummat Sundar v Musummat Parbati
113n.
Muthukaruppa v Selathammal 150n 2.
Muthu Ramkrishna v Marimuthu Goundan
179n 2.
Muthusami v Meenammal 192n
Muthusami v Muthukumarsami 165n.
Muthuswami v Simambedu 163n 3.
Nagammal v Sankarappa 109n 3, 192n 2.
Nagesh v Gururao 95n 1.
Nagubai v Monghibai 140n 3, 153n, 203n 2.
Nahalchand v Hemchand 160n.
Nanja Pillai v Sivabaghyathachi 168n 1.
Narasimha v Venkatadri 151n 2.
Narasimma v Mangammal 133n
Narasinharso v Krishnarao 214n 4
Narayan v Lakshman 109n 1
" v Venkatacharya 207n 3.
Narayanacharya v Narso 214n 1, 215n 1
Narayan Annavi v Ramlinga 101n 1
Narbadabai v Mahadev 97n 4
Narhar Govind v Narayan 116n 3.
Narotam v Nanka 220n 4
Narsappa v Bharmappa 65n 1.
Natha v Chotalal 97n 1
Nathubai v Bai Hansgavri 110n 2
" v Chhaganlal 219n 1
" v Javher 140n 3
Nawal Singh v Bhagwan Singh 100n 1 and 3.
Ningareddi v Lakshmawa 101n 1
Nirman Bahadur v Fateh Bahadur 89n 1
Padma Coomari v Court of Wards 103n 1
Pamchand v Mancharbal 12n.
Pandharinath v Govind 13n.
Pandit Suraj Narain v Iqbal Narain 8n 2
Paramappa v Shiddappa 144n 1
Parbati Kuar v Nihal Chand 101n 1
Patel Vandravan v Patel Manilal 131n 1
Pavadey v Ambaji 118n 1
Perrara v Bettaswami 216n 1
Pranjivandas v Devkuvarbai 160n 1, 161n 1
Radhabai v Ganesh 151n 1
Raghavendra v Gururao 118n 1
Ragho v Bawoo 218n 2
Raghunath v Lakshmibai 186n 1

INDEX OF CASES XIX
Radhe Lal v. Bhawani Ram 150n 3
Raghunathji v. Bank of Bombay 8n 2, 210n
2, 220n 3
Rahi v Govind 97n 1 and 2, 98n 1, 265n 2.
Raja Jogendra Bhupati v Nityanund 98n 1
,, Mukund v. Shri Jagannath 119n 2
Rajah Venkatappa v Ranga Rao 116n 2.
Rajaninath v Nitai 97n 3, 99n
Rajeppa v Gangappa 164n 1, 165n
Ramangouda v Shivaji 127n 1.
Ramappa v. Sithammal 150n 1
Rama Row v. Kuttiya 169n 3.
Rama Sia v Bua 161 n1,
Ramchandra v Vinayak 160n, 164 n1
Ramcharan v. Rahim 169n 3
Ramdas v Baldevdas 167n 2
Ramji v Ghamau 118n 1
Ram Kali v. Gopal Devi 184n 1
Ramnath v. Durga 157n 1.
Ram Pergash v Musammat Dahan Bibi
191n 8.
Ranchod v Ajoobai 192n 2

XX VYAVAHĀRAMAYŪKHA
Vedachala v Subramania 165 n
Vedammal v Vedanayaga 187 n1.
Vellaiyappa v Natarajan 93 n1.
Venilal v Parjaram 162 n.
Venkaraddi v Hanmanta 180 n2.
Venkata v Subhadra 110 n2.
Venkata Ram Rau v Venkata Surya Rau
180 n4.
Venkata Subba Rao v Purushottam 192 n
Venku v Mahalinga 108 n2.
Vijiarangam v Lakshman 186 n2.
Viraragava v Ramlinga 120 n.
Viraswami v Appasvami 220 n1.
Visalatchi v Annasami 185 n2.
Vishnu v Manjamma 153 n2.
Viswasundar v Somasundara 113 n 117 n1
Vithabal v Pandu 69 n1
Vithalrao v Ramrao 163 n1
Vithappa v Savitri 155 n2.
Vithoba v Bapu 116 n2.
Vrandavandas v Yamuna 152 n2
Vyas Chimanlal v Vyas Ramchandra 107 n5,
111 n4 113 n, 182 n1
Walbai v Heerbai 113 n.
Waman v Krishnaji 111 n1
Yadao v Namdeo 118 n1
Yamunabai v Manubai 86 n1
Yeshvadabai v Ramchandra 119 n1
Yeshvantrao v Kashibai 152 n2, 208 n2.
8 Moo. I. A. 29 1 2n 1
8 Moo. I. A. 500 153n 1 166n 3.
11 Moo. I. A. 487 152n 177n 1.
12 Moo. I. A. 397 116n 2.
12 Moo. I. A. 448 161n 1
1 I. A. 71 78 6.
1 I. A. 163 103n 1
4 I. A. 109 13n 2.
5 I. A. 1 17n 178 n 1
5 I. A. 40 190n 1
6 I. A. 15 146n 2.
6 I. A. 88 216n 1
7 I. A. 21 116n 2.
7 I. A. 115 143n 2.
7 I. A. 181 80n 1.
7 I. A. 212 111n 1 160n.
8 I. A. 229 110n 2
8 I. A. 229 123 1
10 I. A. 134 183n 1
10 I. A. 148 115
17 I. A. 104 94 1
23 I. A. 83 104n 2, 161 1
26 I. A. 71 235n 1
26 I. A. 113 111n 4 113n.
29 I. A. 70 15

INDEX OF CASES XVI
10 Bom H C R 441 75n 2
10 Bom H C R 491 235n 1
12 Bom H C R 229 152n 2
12 Bom H C R 362 111n 4
1 Bom L R 144 107n 5, 111n 2
1 Bom L R 551 201n 2
1 Bom L R 571 191n 1
1 Bom L R 770 130n 1
1 Bom L R 842 104n 1
2 Bom L R 163 111n 1
2 Bom L R 151 249n 1
2 Bom L R 478 80n 9
3 Bom L R 73 120n 1
3 Bom L R 201 183n
[

XXII VYAVAHĀRAMAYŪKHA
2 Bom 9 180 n1
2 Bom. 67 221 n3.
2 Bom. 299 21 n2, 27 n5, 201 n
2 Bom. 377 116 n2.
2 Bom. 388 111 n1, 121 n2, 150 n2, 151 n1,
160 n, 161 n, 161 n1.
2 Bom 494 94 n2, 153 n2, 154 n1, 168 n4,
180 n1, 218 n2.
2 Bom. 578 94 n1 and 2, 152 n2, 154 n1.
3 Bom. 7 24 n1.
3 Bom 181 201 n2.
3 Bom. 273 112 n
3 Bom. 353 162n.
4 Bom 37 98 n1.
4 Bom 104 155 n2, 156 n2
4 Bom 188 167 n1, 102 n, 176 n1.
4 Bom. 210 102 n.
4 Bom 462 151 n2.
4 Bom. 545 106 n2, 208 n2.
5 Bom 38 78 n5.
5 Bom. 58 80 n3.
5 Bom 99 27 n4.
5 Bom. 110 111 n2, 160 n.
5 Bom. 204 162 n.
5 Bom. 322 78 n6
5 Bom 563 151 n2.
5 Bom. 597 160 n 164 n1.
5 Bom 660 155 n2.
6 Bom. 662 160 n.
6 Bom 24 235 n1
6 Bom 85 155 n2.
6 Bom. 225 135 n2.
6 Bom. 478 220 n4
6 Bom 496 118 n1.
6 Bom. 541 157 n1.
6 Bom 546 25 n1 78 n6
6 Bom. 616 100 n2.
7 Bom. 84 150 n3, 152 n2, 197 n1
7 Bom 155 151 n2, 180 n4.
7 Bom 221 107 n5.
7 Bom 491 181 n.
9 Bom 91 160 n.
9 Bom. 108 153 n2.
10 Bom 80 120 n.
10 Bom 149 8 n6.
10 Bom. 363 93 n3.
10 Bom. 372 163 n2.
10 Bom. 528 8 n5, 80 n3, 97 n2.
11 Bom. 285 152 n1, 155 n2, 180 n5, 180 n2
187 n2.
11 Bom. 320 152 n1
11 Bom 381 115 n2.
11 Bom 573 180 n4
12 Bom. 25 168 n2.
12 Bom. 26 152 n2
12 Bom. 105 109 n3.
12 Bom. 329 109 n3.
12 Bom 505 187 n2.
13 Bom. 690 108 n2.
14 Bom. 1 155 n3.
14 Bom 90 108 n2.
14 Bom 249 111 n4.
14 Bom 282 98 n1.
14 Bom. 482 235 n1.
14 Bom. 605 157 n1.
14 Bom. 612 187 n2.
15 Bom. 32 135 n2.
15 Bom. 110 116 n2, 117 n1.
16 Bom 29 78 n5, 87 n4.
16 Bom 716 163 n1
17 Bom. 100 116 n 4
17 Bom. 114 158n, 188n 1, 190n
17 Bom 271 91n 4, 94n 2.
17 Bom. 303 95n 1.
17 Bom 351 235n 1.
17 Bom 486 235n 1.
17 Bom 600 151n 2.
17 Bom. 758 186n 2, 187n 2, 188n 1.
18 Bom 197 142n 2.
19 Bom 428 111n 4 120n 1
19 Bom 681 168n 3.
20 Bom 173 162n.
20 Bom 611 902n 1.
20 Bom 721 201n 2.
21 Bom. 105 190n 1.
21 Bom. 333 148n 8.
22 Bom 101 93n 2.
23 Bom 73 141n 3.
23 Bom. 141n 3.
23 Bom. 229 155n 3, 161n 3.
23 Bom 247 98n 1
23 Bom. 291 15n 1
23 Bom. 327 118n 1
23 Bom. 454 207n 2.
23 Bom. 603 86n 1
23 Bom 630 100n 3
23 Bom 725 235n 1.
24 Bom 89 101n 1
24 Bom 102 191n 1
24 Bom 305 201n 1 211n 1
24 Bom 317 165n 1.
24 Bom 367 101n 1, 130n 2, 107n 5 111n 4
192n 1
24 Bom. 473 113n
24 Bom 547 80n 3.
24 Bom 563 158n

INDEX OF CASES
XXIII
25 Bom 537 120n 1
25 Bom 557 101n 1
26 Bom 163 158n
26 Bom 710 165n
27 Bom 75 116n 3
27 Bom 610 162n
28 Bom 408 207n 3
28 Bom 453 151n 2, 163n 3
29 Bom 57 80n 3
29 Bom 91 157n 1
29 Bom 316 151n 1
30 Bom 197 187n 3, 189n 1
30 Bom 229 180n 3
30 Bom 333 177n
30 Bom 431 111n 1,

VYAVAHARAMAYUKHA
365 107n 5.
587 120n 1.
550 157n 2.
148 216n 1.
119 84n 1, 164n 1
256 104n.
649 24n 2.
725 162n.
Cal. 825 108n.
Cal. 848 180n 2.
Cal. 31 99n.
Cal. 483 177n.
Cal. 194 99n.
Cal. 821 183n.
Cal. 955 115n 5.
Cal. 190 87n 4.
Cal. 1005 94n 2.
2 Cal 261 189n 2.
7 Cal 128 235n 1
7 Cal. 868 189n 2.
39 Cal. 819 188n 1 191n 1.
39 Cal. 848 207n 2.
39 Cal. 802 217n 1.
40 Cal 82 199n 2
40 Cal 680 183n.
41 Cal 870 177n.
42 Cal. 384 164n 1.
43 Cal. 1081 86n 2.
45 Cal 17 192n.
45 Cal. 666 185n 2.
48 Cal. 648 37n 8, 99n, 268n 2
50 Cal 266 78n 6.
50 Cal. 601 192n 2
55 Cal. 1153 165n.
56 Cal 1135 192n.
1 Mad H C. R. 85 180n 3
1 Mad. H. C. R. 372 177n 1
1 Mad. H. C. R. 375 220n 1
2 Mad. H. C. R. 135n 2.
5 Mad. H. C. R. 135n —
7 Mad H C. R. 250 118n.
57 M. L. J 820 102n 1,
1 Mad. 252 135n 2.
1 Mad. 281 180n 4
2 Mad. 317 89n 1
2 Mad. 182 150n
4 Mad. 1 86n 1 181n 1 and 2.
5 Mad. 362 95n 1.
5 Mad. 140 155n 2, 157n 1.
6 Mad 20 110n 2.
7 Mad. 407 97n 3.
7 Mad 548 110n 2
8 Mad. 290 101n 2.
9 Mad. 44 111n 1 118n.
9 Mad. 64 122n 1
9 Mad. 186 29n 1.
9 Mad 148 120n.
11 Mad. 5 110n 2.
11 Mad. 167 120n.
11 Mad. 393 106n 2.
12 Mad. 214 106n 2.
13 Mad. 10 165n.
13 Mad. 214 110n 2
16 Mad. 23 165n.
18 Mad. 179 87n 4
19 Mad. 405 168n 8, 169n.
20 Mad. 75 101n 1
20 Mad. 207 150n 2.
22 Mad 398 111n 4 116n 1.
24 Mad. 220 106n 2.
25 Mad. 429 99n
26 Mad. 183 132n.
26 Mad. 500 121n 3.
27 Mad. 13 99n
27 Mad. 71 217n 1.
27 Mad. 206 102n 1.
28 Mad. 1 177n.
28 Mad 377 207n 2.
29 Mad. 43 121n 2.
30 Mad. 340 142n 2, 235n 1.
30 Mad. 406 165n.
31 Mad. 100 157n 1.
31 Mad. 161 217n 1.
31 Mad. 310 103n 1
31 Mad. 512 189n 1.
33 Mad. 165 168n 5.
33 Mad. 245 98n 1
33 Mad. 489 164n 1
34 Mad. 277 99n
34 Mad. 422 101n 1.
35 Mad. 152 150n 1.
36 Mad 116 188n 1
37 Mad. 273 101n 1
37 Mad. 456 21 n 1.
38 Mad 45 191n 1.
38 Mad. 144 155n 1.
38 Mad. 566 101n 1
38 Mad. 1036 179n 2.
39 Mad. 156 98n 1.
39 Mad. 159 86n 2.
39 Mad. 298 180n 2.
39 Mad. 567 107n 1
39 Mad 608 151n 2.
39 Mad. 772 116n 2.
40 Mad. 611 102n 1

INDEX OF CASES XXV
40 Mad 651 163n 2
10 Mad 816 193n 2
41 Mad 146 215n 3.
41 Mad 1073 206n 3
42 Mad 711 215n 1 and 3
43 Mad 4 192n 1, n 2.
43 Mad 32 190n, 191n 1.
43 Mad 398 116n 4.
43 Mad 164 192n
43 Mad 876 113n, 117n 1
44 Mad. 114 164n 1.
44 Mad. 121 165n
44 Mad 656 116n 4
44 Mad 753 165n
45 Mad

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SYNOPSIS OF TRANSLATION
Introduction and Judicial Procedure ... . 1-22
Introductory verses . ... 1-2
Definition of vyavahāra ... ... ... 2
Eighteen vyavahārapadas (titles of law) ... 2
Sabhā (hall of justice) ... . 3
Members of the hall of justice . 4-5
Prāḍvivāka (judge), qualifications of . 4-5
Other tribunals than the royal court of justice ... 5-6
Time of holding court of justice . 6
Conflict between dharmaśāstra and arthaśāstra ... 6
Conflict between two smṛti texts ... 6-7
Varying usages of several countries ... ... 7
Mode of questioning complainant . ... 8
Arrest or restraint of defendant ... 8-9
What persons should not be arrested as defendants ... 9
Who are not to be summoned to attend personally ... 9-10
Fines for not complying with summons ... 10
Agents of parties to causes ... ... 11
Contents of a proper plaint . ... 12
Amendment of plaint . ... 13
Defective plaints described ... ... 13-14
Defendant's reply, varieties of ... ... 14-15
Reply of special plea ... . . 14-15
Reply of res judicata .. ... . 15
Faulty reply of defendant ... ... 15
Burden of proof in different replies ... ... 16-17
Who is to begin .. 17
Four stages of judicial procedure ... ... 17-18
Change of pleading ... ... ... 18
Sureties for parties ... ... ... 19
Who cannot be sureties . ... 19-20
Indications of a false party or witness ... 20
Means of proof, documents, witnesses and possession 20-22
Human and divine proof ... ... 21-22
Documents .. ... ... ... 22-27
Three kinds of documents ... 22
Seven kinds of popular documents ... ... 23
Royal documents . ... ... 25
Possession . . ... 27-30
Witnesses . ... . ... 31-41

XXVIII VYAVAHĀRAMAYŪKHA
Qualifications of witnesses 31
Who cannot be witnesses 33 34
Pointing out the faults of witnesses 34 36
Means of ascertaining false witnesses 37
Mode of swearing witnesses 39
Ordeals 41 75
Kinds of ordeals 41
What ordeals are appropriate in which matter 42 43
Persons fit to undergo various ordeals 44 45
Agents for undergoing ordeals .. 46
Time for ordeals 46 47
Place for ordeals .. 47
Rites common to all ordeals 48 50
Balance ordeal - 50 60
Fire ordeal - 60 65
Water ordeal 66 69
Poison ordeal 69 70
Kośa ordeal 70 71
Rice ordeal - 71 72
Ordeal of heated mass of gold 72 73
Ploughshare ordeal 73
Ordeal of image or picture of dharma - 73 75
Oaths 75 76
Determination of heritage 77 86
Discussion about ownership 77 85
Whether ownership is by birth 78 81
Dāya, meaning of .. 85 86
Sapratibandha and apratibandha dāya 86
Partition ... 86 102
Time of partition 86 89
Shares on partition .... 89 92
Mother's share on partition 93
Rule of division per stirpes 94 95
Sons of wives of different castes 96-98
Share of śūdra's illegitimate son 99
Share of son born after partition 99 101
Provision for marriages of brothers and sisters 101 102
Sons, principal and secondary 103 104
Adoption 104 133
Definition of dattaka - 104 105
Adoption of eldest son 107 108
Girl cannot be adopted 108 109
Mode of adopting a son 109 114
Śūdras and women can adopt 114 115

SYNOPSIS OF TRANSLATION xxix
Permission for women to adopt ... ... 117-118
Dattaka of two kinds ... .... 120-129
Dvyāmuṣyāyaṇa son .. ... 124-126
Sapinda relationship of kevala dattaka .. 129-131
Rites of adoption . .. . 131-133
Partition .. . . ... 143 ff
Partition of debts . . . . .. 34-1351
Impartible property ... ... .. 135-143
Self acquisition . ... 136
Gains of learning . . 136-138
Property impartible by nature . . 139-142
Indications of partition ... . 144
Religious duties of coparceners . . . 144-149
Sapratibandha Dāya ... ... 150-167
Order of succession to sonless man .. 150
Widow as heir ... ... 150-155
Daughters as heirs . ... 155-156
Daughter's son as heir . 156
Father as heir ... ... ... 156
Mother as heir ... . ... 156-157
Full brother and his son ... ... 157-158
Gotrajas as heirs ... ... ... 159-163
Grandmother ... ... : 161
Sister as gotraja ... ... 161
Paternal grandfather and other gotraja heirs ... 162-163
Samānodakas 163
Bandhus as heirs . . . 163-166
Strangers as heirs . 164
King as ultimate heir . .. 164
Heirs of ascetics . . . 165
Re-union . . . 168-176
Who can re-unite .. . 168
Partition among re-united members 169
Succession to re-united member . . 169-176
Strīdhana 176-191
Kinds of strīdhana . . 176-178
Saudāyika explained . . 180
Dominion over strīdhana .. 181-182
Heirs to strīdhana . .. 182ff
Yautaka strīdhana . .. 184
Approved and unapproved forms of marriage 187
Heirs to a maiden 191
Exclusion from inheritance 191-197
Recovery of debts . 197-221

XXX VYAVAHĀRAMAYUKHA
Rates of interest allowed 198 202
When no interest allowed 199
Maximum interest allowed 200
Rule of damdupat 202 202
Pledge 201 206
Sureties 206 209
Methods of recovering debts 209 213
Evil results of not paying a debt 214
Who are liable to pay another's debts 214 221
Descendant's liability to pay ancestor's debts 215 219
Deposit 222 225
Sale without ownership 225 229
Joint undertakings or partnerships 229 231
Resumption of gifts 231 235
Breach of contract of service 235 239
Kinds of slaves 236 238
Non-payment of wages 239 241
Transgression of conventions 241 243
Rescission of purchase 243 244
Non-delivery of sold chattel 244 245
Dispute between master and herdsman 245 247
Boundary disputes 247 251
Abuse 251 253
Assault 253 255
Theft and robbery 255 259
Heinous offences 260 265
Who is an ātatāyin 261 263
Whether an ātatāyī brāhmaṇa could be killed 261 263
Adultery 265-270
Duties of husband and wife 270 271
Gambling and prize-fighting 271 272
Miscellaneous matters 272 275