द ब्यूटीफुल ट्री: १८वीं सदी में भारत की स्वदेशी गुरुकुल शिक्षा (धर्मपाल)

the literacy of a century ago amounted to very little to justify a
song about it (b) that the average M.E. or M.C. schools of prewar
days was a farce. We used to be asked continually to take over
village ‘M.V.’ schools, with a failed Inter Arts or even failed
Matric, as their head, and their students appalled me. Our own
high school boys were bad enough but...I tell you what it is. The
prewar administration of India in many ways was appalling. I
know the difficulties. But tell me—what is it that has been wrong
with Indian administration? I am reading old records by pre-
Mutiny residents. They teem with information that makes you
hope the Congresswalla will never get hold of it. Oxford swarms
with ex-I.C.S. I like and respect them very much indeed. But
what has happened to the often first class record of intellect they
had before entering the I.C.S.? It seems to me the very
hopelessness of...huge Indian job used to oppress and...us. We
did not do anything like as much as Englishmen should have
done.
I scandalously ran on to the back of this—which I never do
hurriedly—to keep it short. You see, I sail December 24, and I
am shockingly overworked until I get off.
· · ·
TO THE EDITOR, ‘INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS’ (Extract from
‘International Affairs’, the journal of the Royal Institute for
International Affairs, for January, 1932. p. 151.)
Sir,
At a very largely attended meeting at Chatham House on
October 20th last, Mr Gandhi said:
‘I say without fear of my figures being challenged
successfully that today India is more illiterate than it was
fifty or a hundred years ago, and so is Burma, because the
British administrators, when they came to India, instead of
taking hold of things as they were, began to root them
out.’¹
It will be seen from the report of the meeting that Mr
Gandhi did not at the time quote the figures to which he
referred. I therefore asked him if he would give his authority for
the statement that literacy had diminished during the last fifty
years and he replied:
371

‘that his authority was the Punjab Administration Reports,
and said that he had published in Young India a study of
the Punjab educational statistics.’²
I wrote at once to Mr Gandhi asking him for precise
references. In response to my request he has been good enough
to furnish me with typed copies of two articles on the ‘Decline of
Mass Education’ by Mr Daulat Ram Gupta, published in ‘Young
India’ for December 8th and December 29th, 1920. These
articles do not, however, contain a single literacy percentage
either for the Punjab or Burma or for India generally, nor do they
contain any direct reference to Punjab Administration Reports.
They do, however, refer to the ‘History of Indigenous Education
in the Punjab’ by Dr G.W. Leitner, an educational official in the
Punjab, which refers to some of these reports. But Dr Leitner’s
Report was published forty-nine years ago, in 1882, and I have
been unable to discover in it any literacy percentages.
I have drawn Mr Gandhi’s attention to, these facts. The
present position is that Mr Gandhi has so far been unable to
substantiate his statement in any way. I have to add that in the
course of a friendly correspondence, and also at an interview
which 1 had with him on December 2nd, he has undertaken to
retract that statement if he cannot support it. I think it best to
postpone any further comment on the question until I receive his
promised communication.
Yours faithfully,
Sd/- P. J. Hartog
5 Inverness Gardens,
Vicarage Gate, W. 8.
December 14, 1931
. . .
372

LETTER OF MR M.K. GANDHI TO SIR PHILIP HARTOG
(COPY)
Dear Friend,
I am sorry I was unable, owing to circumstances beyond
my control, to fulfill the promise I gave you about my statement
on the condition of Primary education in India during the pre-
British time. Immediately on my landing I entrusted the research
to Advocate Munshi, a member of the Bombay University senate,
and two other educationist friends. But they too like me find
themselves civil resistance prisoners. I had asked Advocate
Munshi to put himself in direct touch with you. But his arrest
came so soon after mine that I hardly think he could have
corresponded with you. As I am permitted to carry on non-
political correspondence, I have now asked Prof Shah to test my
statement and give you the result of his test. As I found in you a
fellow seeker after truth, I was most anxious to give you
satisfaction either by confirming my statement or withdrawing it
as publicly as I had made it. I thought that I would tell you what
I had done in pursuance of my promise.
As I have not your private address by me, I am sending this
to you under care India Office.
Yours Sincerely,
Sd/-M. K. Gandhi.
Yeravda Central Prison,
Poona. 15.2.32.
. . .
45, Chowpatty Road, Bombay (7)
20th February, 1932
Dear Sir Philip,
I have been informed by Mahatma Gandhi that during his
stay in London recently, and while speaking at some public
meeting about the state of education in British India before the
advent of the British in this country, he remarked that the
extent of literacy was greater in those days than at the present
time. He adds that you had questioned the accuracy of that
statement, and called upon Mr Gandhi to furnish proof in
support of the same. Mahatmaji has, I understand, referred you
to some writings in the Young India; but you do not consider
373

that sufficient proof; and so has asked me if I could find any
more acceptable substantiation for that observation. I am,
therefore, addressing you this letter to try and offer that
substantiation, as far as the records available could permit of my
doing so. If you care to acknowledge this letter to Mahatmaji,
would you at the same time send me a copy of the same?
To begin with, I need hardly point out to you that, at the
time under reference, no country in the world had anything like
definite, authoritative, statistical information of the type one
would now recognise as proper proof in such discussions. In
India particularly, thanks to the distracted state of the country,
it was impossible to provide any such material on a nation-wide
basis, even supposing it had been customary to compile such
information from time to time. The elaborate ‘directory’, if I may
so describe it, of the territories under his rule, compiled by the
indefatigable Minister of the great Akbar known as the Ayeen-i-
Akbari, was prepared so long before the advent of the British
that I feel a hesitation even in referring to it, apart from the
further fact that authoritative work suffers from other blemishes
in the eyes of a too critical reader. All, therefore, that one can
expect by way of proof in such matters, and at such a time, can
only be in the form of impressions of people in a position to form
ideas a little better and more scientific than those of less
fortunately situated, or less well endowed, observers. Such
official investigations as were ordered in connection with the
periodical parliamentary enquiries before the renewal of the
Company’s Charter in 1793, 1813, 1833, and 1853 also afford
some data, though these have their own defect as is pointed out
below. Other official enquiries, reports, or obiter dicta of qualified
officers, were originally for a purpose different from the one
under reference here; and, therefore, discussion or observation
on educational matters therein must needs be taken as
incidental rather than as the immediate subject of their concern,
and consequently open to such defects as all such incidental ob-
servation suffers from.
For the immediate purpose of this letter, will you permit me
to begin by referring you to the reports of certain provincial
enquiries conducted about the time when the British rule first
began in those provinces? Let me, however, add a remark as ap-
plied to the country, at large, on the authority of Max Mueller,
and another on the authority of the historian Ludlow,—both
mentioned in Keir Hardie’s work on India. ‘Max Mueller, on the
strength of official documents and missionary reports,
374

concerning education in Bengal prior to the British occupation,
asserts that there were then 80,000 schools in Bengal, or one for
every 400 of the population. Ludlow, in his History of British
India, says that “in every village, which has retained its old form,
I am assured that the children generally are able to read, write
and cipher; but where we have swept away the village system,
there the village school has also disappeared.” (Cp. B.D. Basu,
Education in India under the E.1. Co., p18).
In Bombay, which came under British rule after the fall of
the Peshwas in 1818, a Report of the Bombay Education Society
for 1819 observes:— ‘There is probably as great a proportion of
persons in India who can read, write, and keep simple accounts,
as are to be found in European countries.’ The same Report for
the following year notes:— ‘Schools are frequent among the na-
tives, and abound everywhere.’ In April, 1821, Mr Prendergast,
member of the Executive Council of the then Government of
Bombay, notes in a Minute on an application for 2 English
schools in Thana or Panwell Talukas:— ‘I need hardly mention
what every member of the Board knows as well as I do that there
is hardly a village, great or small, throughout our territories, in
which there is not at least one school, and in larger villages
more; many in every town and in large cities in every division
where young natives are taught reading, writing and arithmetic,
upon a system so economical, from a handful or two of grain, to
perhaps a rupee per month to the schoolmaster, according to the
ability of the parents, and at the same time so simple and
effectual, that there is hardly a cultivator or petty dealer who is
not competent to keep his own accounts with a degree of
accuracy, in my opinion, beyond what we meet with among the
lower orders in our own country; whilst the more splendid
dealers and bankers keep their books with a degree of ease,
conciseness, and clearness I rather think fully equal to those of
any British merchants.’ (Cp. Commons Report, 1832, p.468).
I shall come to Madras in a moment, and revert to
statistical proof such as I can find,—thereafter. Let me here refer
you to the classic case of Dr Leitner’s Report on the system of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab, based on an investigation
carried out by the learned Doctor,—principal of a Government
College, because of a surprising difference between his figures of
the people educated in indigenous schools, and those supplied
by the Director of Public Instruction for the province, to the
Indian Education Committee of 1882. Dr Leitner remarks, in his
375

introduction to his Report,—'In short the lowest computation
gives us 330,000 pupils (against little more than 190,000 at
present) in the schools of the various denominations, who were
acquainted with reading, writing and some method of
computation; whilst thousands of them belonged to Arabic and
Sanskrit colleges, in which oriental literature and systems of
Oriental Law, Logic, Philosophy and Medicine, were taught to the
highest standards.' I would particularly commend to your
attention this classic document of 650 odd pages (folio), the
more so as Dr Sir Wm. Hunter, president of the Indian
Education Committee, made a special Minute to the Report of
that Committee (pp.621-2) in which he found that Dr Leitner's
estimate of 120,000 pupils in the Punjab was actually an
underestimate by some 15,000, while the official figure supplied
by the D.P.I. of the province was below the actual figure by some
80,000 pupils. Incidentally, this will suffice to show how
imperfect, inaccurate, undependable, was the official statistical
information for these early days, when the people viewed with
easily intelligible suspicion enquiries of this nature, and so
passively refused to afford the correct information wherever and
whenever they could help it. Without minimising in the least
degree the value of statistical evidence, I cannot but add that
such evidence is worse than useless, when we recall the
conditions under which it was compiled, as also the
temperament and training of the officials who helped in
compiling the same in those primitive times of British rule in
India.
Let me now speak of Madras, that earliest settlement of
British rule in India, and even now said to be the best educated
province in the Empire. Sir T. Munro, in a Minute dated
10.3.1826 (Commons Report, 1832, p.506) observes that, taking
the male part of the population only, and taking children of
between 5-10 years of age only, as school going population,
(assumed to be one-ninth of the total population) there were
713,000 male pupils that would be at school. The actual number
of pupils in recognised schools was found by him to be 184,110
which works out to be a little over a fourth of the total school-
going population. Sir Thomas, however, was of opinion that the
actual proportion was nearer one-third than one-fourth, owing to
a large number of children receiving instruction privately, and so
not included in the above calculation.
In Bengal, (Cp. Adam's Report, 1838) the total number of
children between 5-14 years of age is taken at 87,629. Of these,
6,786 were returned as receiving instruction in the recognised
schools, or 7.7%. This includes both men and women, girls as
376

well as boys, while in Madras only the male population was
considered. On that basis, this figure could be easily raised to at
least 15% of the total. There is reason to prefer this basis for
calculation, since, under the conditions and ideas of the time,
women could not go for education to schools publicly recognised;
and so a proper index for judging of the real state of literacy is
rather the male population than the total. Again, the percentage
of population receiving instruction, compared to the total of
school-going age, would be still higher, if we would bear in mind
the fact that the so called untouchables formed part of the total,
but could not, necessarily, be included in the people receiving
instruction as these were not admitted into public institutions.
In the Bombay Presidency, the total population was
returned in 1829 at 4,681,735. The total number of scholars in
schools was 35,153. If we take, with Sir T. Munro, one-ninth of
the population to be of school-going age, the total figure of
school-going age would be 520,190. This gives a percentage of 7
to the total of school-going age; while if we confine ourselves only
to males, the percentage of scholars to the total population
(male) of school-going age would be 14. This proportion is more
than borne out by the later Report of 1841, relating to only 9
selected districts in the Presidency.
The following comparative position, between the state of
things now and a hundred years ago, would be instructive, if not
conclusive. Percentages of population of school-going age
receiving primary education in 1921 (males only) and a 100
years ago (roughly):
Madras 42.5 33
Bombay 45.1 14 (highest 28 in some parts)
Bengal 37.2 16 (highest 32 in some parts)
I have already pointed out that these statistical data for the
earlier period are undependable, because (1) the figures for
privately educated children are not available; (2) the people were
averse to disclosing what they thought to be unwarrantable bits
of information; (3) the compilers of this information were not of
requisite efficiency or intelligence; (4) certain large sections of the
population were necessarily excluded, and had to be excluded
from these calculations, if they were to be at all reliable; and so
the mere percentages, uncorrected, are of no use. The closer
enquiry of this type conducted by Leitner is far more reliable,
377

and so also the obiter dicta of people in the position to have clear
impressions. These people, also, generally obtained their
impressions of the state of education in the area under their
charge, only incidentally, while collecting information for Land
Revenue Settlement of their districts; and the primary object was
not to discover the real state of education in the country, but
something quite different. Hence even those impressions must
be held to give rather an underestimate than otherwise of the
true state of affairs in this behalf, in view of the considerations
mentioned already.
Yours truly,
Sd/-K.T. Shah
. . .
5 Inverness Gardens,
Vicarage Gate, London, W.8.
9 March, 1932
M.K. Gandhi, Esq.,
Yervada Central Prison,
Poona,
India.
Dear Mr Gandhi,
Many thanks for your kind letter of February 15, which
reached me last night. I fully understand your difficulties in
carrying out your promise. I received by the same post as your
own a long letter from Professor K.T. Shah dated February 20,
which he has no doubt sent to you, but the letter contains
absolutely no data which would enable one to judge whether
literacy had advanced or declined during the last fifty years; it
contains not a single literacy percentage. I have been very much
pressed by other work, but I have in a rough state material for
two or three articles on the progress of literacy in Bengal during
the last hundred years, of which I will send copies both to
yourself and Professor Shah when they are completed. The
position is still that you are unable to supply the figure to which
you referred in your address at the Royal Institute of
International Affairs on October 20. I feel sure that you will be
convinced by the facts as stated in my articles, which are not in
any way converted by the statements in Professor Shah's letter. I
enclose a copy of my reply to Professor Shah and also a copy of a
letter dated
378

December 14th which appeared in the Journal of the Royal
Institute for January.
With every good wish, I am,
Yours sincerely,
Sd/- Philip Hartog
· · ·
5 Inverness Gardens,
London, W.8.
March 10, 1932
Professor K.T. Shah
45 Chowpatty Road,
Bombay (7).
Dear Professor Shah,
I am much obliged for your letter of February 20, and for
the great trouble, you have taken in this matter. I received a
letter dated February 15 from Mahatma Gandhi by the same
post, and am sending to him a copy of this reply to you. I enclose
copies of my reply to him, and of a letter from me which
appeared in ‘International Affairs’, (the Journal of the Royal
Institute of International Affairs) for January, 1932.
When you have read these documents you will realise that
your letter does not touch the main question which I put to Mr
Gandhi, viz., what authority he had for the statement that
literacy had diminished during the last 50 years in India. The
latest authority that you quote is Leitner, whose History of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab was published in 1882—50
years ago—and throughout your letter you do not give any
literacy percentages at all.
On the other hand, you appear to think that the number of
schools is a guide to literacy percentages. I agree that that would
be a natural conclusion, but, on the other hand, as has been
pointed out in the census, a number of Indian schools in the
past did not aim at literacy, and more recently the Education
Committee of the Indian Statutory Commission, of which I was
Chairman, pointed out that in the ten years 1917 to 1927 the
number of primary schools in Bengal was increased by nearly
eleven thousand, and the number of pupils by nearly 370,000
whereas in Class IV, the lowest class in which permanent
literacy is likely to be attained under existing conditions, the
number of pupils had actually diminished by nearly 30,000. I
am afraid
379

that I am altogether unable to accept your conclusions with
regard to the history of literacy in Bengal during the past 100
years, of which there remains a good deal to be said.
This is only a preliminary reply to your letter; I hope to be
able to write shortly again, both to Mr Gandhi and yourself.
Yours sincerely,
Sd/- P.J. Hartog
. . .
20 March 1939
Dear Mr Gandhi,
You will, I think, remember that when you were in England
for the Round Table Conference, now more than seven years ago,
we had a friendly discussion on the subject of literacy in India,
which arose out of a statement made by yourself at the Royal
Institute of International Affairs to the effect that literacy had
diminished in British India in the last fifty or hundred years.
You will perhaps also remember that I had an interview with you
on the subject at your rooms in Knightsbridge in December
1931, and that you willingly undertook publicly to retract your
statement if you were convinced that there was no basis for it in
fact; and that you very kindly wrote to me about it later when
you were in Yervada Gaol. The file of correspondence of which I
enclose a copy will show you exactly how the matter rested after
your last letter of 15 February 1932 and my reply of 9 March
following.
I had to put the subject aside, owing to other and urgent
demands on my time, but I have recently concluded an
investigation of the authorities to which you and Professor Shah
referred me and have published the results in three memoranda
included, in the book entitled Some Aspects of Indian Education,
Past and Present, of which I enclose a copy for your acceptance.
You will see that in the Preface I have referred not only to our
controversy but to your Wardha scheme, in which I take the
deepest interest. If you will read through the Memoranda, I have
little doubt that you will find that a close analysis of the facts
reveals no evidence to support the statement which you made at
the Royal Institute of International Affairs on October 20, 1931,
and that you will therefore feel justified now in withdrawing that
statement. As you implied in your letter of 15 February 1932 we
are both concerned only with ascertaining the truth, and, I
380

would add, in removing obstacles to good understanding
between the British and the Indian peoples.
With all good wishes,
Believe me,
Yours sincerely,
Sd/- P. Hartog
Mahatma M.K. Gandhi,
The Asram,
Wardha,
C.P., India.
P.S. I had intended sending a copy of my book to Professor K.T.
Shah, but I have been unable to find his present address from
any of the books of reference. Perhaps you would kindly let me
know what has become of him?
P.J.H
.
. . .
2 May 1939
Professor K.T. Shah,
45 Chowpatty Road,
Bombay (7)
Dear Professor Shah,
I sent to you a few weeks ago a book of mine recently
published by the Oxford University Press, called ‘Some Aspects
on Indian Education, Past and Present’, which I hope you have
duly received. I intended to write to you at the same time, but
have been working under extreme pressure.
As you will see, the book includes three ‘Payne Lectures’
given at the Institute of Education dealing with general
problems, historical and actual, of Indian education, and also
three memoranda in which I have examined in detail the
arguments in the letter which you wrote to me in February, 1932
at Mahatma Gandhi’s request, in support of his statement at
Chatham House that literacy had diminished in India during the
previous fifty or a hundred years.
You will perhaps remember that in my reply (of 10 March
1932) I pointed out that you had not touched on the question of
the previous fifty years, and that I was unable to accept your
conclusions in regard to the history of literacy in Bengal in the
previous hundred years, of which there remained a good deal to
be said.
381

I promised to write to you again but did not do so because,
owing to the pressure of other work, I was obliged to postpone
the detailed examination of the historical facts, of which the
record was much too long to be comprised in a letter and is now
set out in the book.
Yours sincerely,
Sd/- Philip Hartog
. . .
CONFIDENTIAL
Copy of a letter from Mr Gandhi to Sir Philip Hartog. (Sent in
envelope dated 16 August 1939; the date on the letter itself is
difficult to decipher.)
Segaon, Wardha.
Dear Sir Philip,
I have not left off the pursuit of the subject of education in
the villages during the pre-British period. I am in correspon-
dence with several educationists. Those who have replied do
support my view but do not produce authority that would be
accepted as proof. My prejudice or presentiment still makes me
cling to the statement I made at Chatham House. I don't want to
write haltingly in Harijan. You don't want me merely to say that
the proof I had in mind has been challenged by you. Meanwhile I
send you a copy of an article in Modern Review on the subject. I
should like your reaction to it if you have the time.
Yours sincerely,
Sd/- M.K. Gandhi
(Note: The article of which a copy has been sent to me by Mr
Gandhi is in my opinion of no value P.J.H.)
. . .
382

10 September 1939
Mahatma Gandhi,
Segaon Wardha,
Central Provinces,
India.
Dear Mr Gandhi,
Many thanks for your letter and enclosure relating to my
book.
I will write to you on the subject later when I am less
overwhelmed with work, but I cannot wait to express to you my
profound gratitude, shared, I am sure, by an innumerable
number of my fellow-countrymen, all over the world, for the
attitude you have taken up in regard to the present War at your
interview with the Viceroy, reported in the 'Times'.
I know how much it must have cost you to express an
opinion involving any kind of approval of war; I hate war,
perhaps as much as you do, but violence on the part of a
policeman in trying to rescue a child from the clutches of a
ruffian, is surely justifiable and it is to such action that I
compare the war of Great Britain and France in support of
Poland at this moment.
With every good wish,
Believe me,
Yours sincerely,
Sd/- Philip Hartog
. . .
383

Annexure G
List of Tanjore Temples Receiving Revenue Assignments
14.4.1843
No.6: ACCOUNT PARTICULARS OF THE ANNUAL MOHINS TO
THE PAGODAS OF TANJOUR FOR FUSLEE 1222
No. Name Place Amount
Ch. Fs. C
1 2 3 4
Pagoda

1. Combaswara Swamy at Combaconum 1,349 4 8
2. Naugaswara Swamy -do- -do- 666 6 16
3. Somaswara Swamy -do- -do- 100 " "
4. Cailaheeteswara Swamy -do- -do- 90 " "
5. Vissvanauda Swamy -do- -do- 22 2 24
6. Govotamaswara Swamy -do- -do- 22 5 "
7. Sodasulinga Swamy -do- -do- 18 " "
8. Causevisswanada Swamy -do- -do- 125 " "
9. Aubemuttaswara Swamy -do- -do- 18 " "
10. Saurungapauny Swamy -do- -do- 2,120 2 24
11. Chacrapauny Swamy -do- -do- 766 6 20
12. Rauma Swamy -do- -do- 666 6 20
13. Saranaraina Permall -do- -do- 270 " "
14. Kistna Swamy -do- -do- 36 " "
15. Hanumut Swamy -do- -do- 50 " "
16. Aumortagataswara Swamy -do- Teroculasa Nellor 77 8 28
17. Nundanada Permall -do- Nundavanum 53 5 16
18. Caravalanauda Swamy -do- Keerungoody 36 " "
19. Hanumunta Swamy -do- Saucottah 138 “ "
20. Baunapooraswara Swamy -do- Varnahtoray 33 " "
21. Sevagoronauda Swamy -do- Sevaporum 48 3 6
22. Prauvataswara Swamy -do- Daunakpoorum 240 " "
23. Supta Ketchaswara Swamy -do- Sausevarum- 1,575 " "
    bakporum
24. Muhalinga Swamy -do- Murdearjenum 3,000 " "
25. Baunaporaswara Swamy -do- Govindaporum 240 " "
26. Vencatachellaputty Swamy -do- Govindapoorum 120 " "
27. Managanada Swamy -do- Trenalagoody 240 " "
28. Sudjunaswara Swamy -do- Caravaly 18 " "
29. Campaharaswara Swamy -do- Trebovum 1,000 " "
30. Naugananda Swamy -do- Vooppalapuncovil 291 6 20
    384

1 2 3 4
Pagoda
31. Vencatachallaputtee at Vooppalapuncovil 144 9 "
Swamy
32. Yadoottadynauda Swamy -do- Wootturoinnum- 18 " "
boor
33. Somanada Swamy -do- Poundareeca- 6 " "
poorum-
34. Raujagopaula Swamy -do- -do- 9 " "
35. Rauma Swamy -do- Adumbaur 54 " "
36. Veelenada Swamy -do- Terovalynalala 226 8 14
37. Solapareswara Swamy -do- Trepaum Boorum 38 5 "
38. Soochumanauda Swamy -do- Theelasaragoody 2 " "
39. Aupachagaswara Swamy -do- Tocayachee 36 " "
40. Codundarauma Swamy -do- -do- 18 " "
41. Ganaswara Swamy -do- Codevassels 36 5 16
42. Woottarasweedaswara -do- Coottaulum 466 6 20
Swamy
43. Cholaswara Swamy -do- -do- 240 " "
44. Vouncauluswara Swamy -do- -do- 12 " "
45. Munnaduswara Swamy -do- -do- 6 " "
46. Suptaratchaswara Swamy -do- -do- 1 5 "
47. Causevissvanauduswara -do- -do- 4 5 "
Swamy
48. Audecaswara Permall -do- -do- 25 " "
49. Somanauda Swamy -do- Tevomungach- 18 " "
arny
50. Verdaraja Permall -do- -do- 28 1 16
51. Veroopauchy Swamy -do- Saragoody 18 " "
52. Teroomoolenauda Swamy -do- Poladagooda 15 " "
53. Soondaraswara Swamy -do- Naicoopadenpady 15 " "
54. Vencatachellaputtee Swamy -do- Naicoopadenpady 7 5 "
55. Brumhapooraswara Swamy -do- Abraumapoorum 30 " "
56. Chamundaswara Swamy -do- Cholanelaugum 7 5 "
57. Nauradaverda Permall -do- Cudalungoody 75 " "
58. Soondaraswara Swamy -do- -do- 73 " "
59. Singaura Totul Pilliar -do- Cadalungoody 9 " "
60. Nutanaporuswaraswara Munemady 30 " "
Swamy
61. Nuganauda Swamy -do- Teruchetumbalm 9 9 24
62. Retnanadaswara Swamy -do- Terovaluputtoor 75 " "
385

1 2 3 4
Pagoda
63. Vidonuuda Swamy at Virdouganellore 18 " "
64. Verdarauja Permall -do- Puupagoody 18 " "
65. Visswanauda Swamy -do- Satungoody 1 5 "
66. Neelacuntaswara Swamy -do- Covelady 75 " "
67. Kylausanada Swamy -do- Morogumungalam 12 5 "
68. Jemboonauda Swamy -do- Vyel 5 4 "
69. Vomamahaswara Swamy -do- Trenalum 37 3 12
70. Veeratunduswara Swamy -do- Veeraucum 18 " "
71. Padupataswara Swamy -do- Pundanellor 666 6 20
72. Audeecasava Permall -do- -do- 144 " "
73. Hunnumunta Swamy -do- Pundanelloor 18 " "
74. Pillyar -do- -do- 18 " "
75. Vissvanauda Swamy -do- -do- 7 5 "
76. Brumhapooraswar Swamy -do- Vatatoty 35 6 16
77. Vencatachellapattay -do- Covanoor 3 " "
Swamy
78. Tolasaswara Swamy -do- Cauvennour 2 " "
79. Soondaraswara Swamy -do- Treloky 13 5 "
80. Sheraubdenaurauyana -do- -do- 20 " "
Permall
81. Paulanauda Swamy -do- Terovaupaudy 149 8 16
82. Codundarauma Swamy -do- Corochy 62 1 16
83. Aumoortagataswara -do- Corochy 5 " "
Swamy
84. Yesraumanaswara Swamy -do- Keelacauttoor 5 " "
85. Keelacauttoor Permall -do- Keelacauttoor 5 " "
86. Agusteeswara Swamy -do- Malacautoor 90 " "
87. Vencatachellaputty -do- -do- 150 " "
Permall
88. Durmaporaswara Swamy -do- Darmaporum 60 " "
89. Soobbramanna Swamy -do- Govinthanallocherry 3 " "
90. Vencatachellaputtay -do- Terovembanellore 12 5 "
Swamy
91. Aronaujataswara Swamy -do- Teropanental 533 3 8
92. Suptagerenauda Swamy -do- Senganellore 14 " "
93. Punchavurnaswara Swamy -do- Manecoody 30 " "
94. Pranavadanganauda -do- Pranavedencum 220 " "
Swamy
95. Vadaporuswara Swamy -do- Trecaulatulla 9 " "
96. Aucheyanauda Swamy -do- Tremandery 90 " "
386

1 2 Pagoda 3 4
at
97. Sooregunaurauyana Sooreanercovil 288 6 20
Swamy
98. Yadancondaswara Swamy -do- -do- 9 " "
99. Veadooroonda Permall -do- Veeterondapermal- 3 9 "
covil
100. Carnaudaswara Swamy -do- Cornadaropoor 30 " "
101. Kylausanaudaswara -do- Asoor 50 " "
Swamy
102. Verdarauja Permall -do- -do- 58 " "
103. Augnaswara Swamy -do- Cunjanoor 216 “ "
104. Codundarama Swamy -do- -do- 90 “ "
105. Vissvanauda Swamy -do- -do- 18 “ “
106. Trecataswara Swamy -do- Trecottacauvul 47 5 "
107. Soondaraswara Swamy -do- Naugamangalum 12 5 "
108. Buddracauly -do- Candeyoor 18 " "
109. Vissvanauda Swamy -do- Valoor 7 2 "
110. Baujacholaswara Swamy -do- Coottanoor 4 6 “
111. Kylausanauda Swamy -do- Codeyalum 2 4 “
112. Brumkapooraswara Swamy -do- Nullataday 6 7 16
113. Kylauswanada Swamy -do- -do- 2 1 24
114. Vissvanauda Swamy -do- Annacoody 107 5 "
115. Goporaswara Swamy -do- Terocolumbium 270 " "
116. Kaumaswamy -do- Ramaswarapoorum 480 " "
117. Boodaswara Swamy -do- Darany 19 1 "
118. Tautacaswara Swamy -do- Nainassel 1 " "
119. Soondaraswara Swamy -do- Davastanumca- 266 5 24
ropoor
120. Vencatachellaputtee -do- -do- 18 " "
Swamy
121. Kylausanauda Swamy -do- Solavanum 97 5 "
122. Vencatachellaputtee -do- Solavanum 13 5 "
Swamy
123. Nauganautaswara Swamy -do- Maunumbaudy 9 " "
124. Sondarauja Permall -do- Caduchembaudy 106 6 20
125. Raumaswamy -do- Valangam 48 " "
126. Chendrasucra Swamy -do- Chendrqasacor- 36 " "
-do- apoorum
127. Kristnaswamy 24 " "
-do- Trechara 300 5 "
128. Saranata Swamy -do- Trechara 36 " "
129. Vydenata Swamy -do- Veroopauchi-
poorum
387

1 2 3 4
Pagoda
130. Verdarauja Permall at Veroopauchi- 33 2 16
poorum
131. Kylausanauda Swamy -do- Kylausanada- 8 5 16
Cuttay
132. Voodayanan Permall -do- Noodiavercovil 37 9 28
133. Aupashaya Swamy -do- Aulungoody 33 2 8
134. Doondabaswara Swamy -do- Singalapoorum 4 5 "
135. Kylausanauda Swamy -do- Voga 14 5 4
136. Jemboonauda Swamy do- Coottoor " 9 12
137. Bilvanauda Swamy -do- Terocaulumboor 36 " "
138. Pautalaswara Swamy -do- Karadavaramun- 33 " "
galum
139. Verdarauja Permall -do- -do- 4 9 28
140. Cauracotaswara Swamy -do- Aravoor 18 " "
141. Sauchynandy Swamy -do- Navorulloor 9 6 24
142. Paramaswara Swamy -do- Nauloor 18 " "
143. Gunanaswara Swamy -do- Teromungalum 33 2 4
144. Jemboonauda Swamy -do- Andancovil 56 9 8
145. Mauyavaranauta Swamy -do- Myaveram 1,725 " "
146. Soobbramanneya Swamy -do- -do- 525 " "
147. Patora Visswanada Swamy -do- -do- 18 " "
148. Toracauttovullur -do- Valanagur 100 " "
149. Vurdarauja Permall -do- -do- 40 " "
150. Semmendaranada Swamy -do- Semmandaran- 14 3 16
covil
151. Agneeswara Swamy -do- Keleyannoor 40 " 16
152. Sittumbalanada Swamy -do- Sittumbalana- 4 " "
deyar
153. Veerataswara -do- Valoor 150 " "
154. Maurgasaheya Isswarar -do- Moovulloor 36 " "
155. Aupana Isswarar -do- Auluntore 4 " "
156. Soobbramunna Swamy -do Pavamoor 75 " "
157. Vaudeeswarar -do- Davastanumparen- 30 " "
chary
158. Ramaswamy -do- Terovalungoody 75 " "
159. Cholasworar -do- -do- 18 " "
160. Gopaula Kistna Swamy -do- Trevalungoody 18 " "
161. Voduvundanada -do- Kooleyempata 2 7 "
Pooraswarar
162. Verdaraja Permall -do- -do- 7 4 "
163. Renganauda Swamy -do- Trevalundoor 833 3 20
164. Raumaswamy -do- -do- 240 " "
388

1 2 3 4
Pagoda
165. Taundoneeswarar at Trevalundoor 29 2 16
166. Soondareeswarar -do Palaroyeepitta 11 5 4
167. Somanataswarar -do- Needoor 32 5 "
168. Soondaraswarar -do- Manacody 10 8 "
169. Suttapooreeswarar -do- Coromocamau- 22 5 "
dumpata
170. Vadaneeswarar -do- Vullalaurcovil 240 " "
171. Kylausanaudaswarar -do- Solasacavanelloor 2 7 16
172. Naugunaudaswarar -do- Pogacoddy 17 2 16
173. Kylausanaudaswarar -do Cunnahnuttum 120 " "
174. Boolocanaudaswarar -do- Tremungalum- 21 4 22
covilput
175. Sova Sevalocanauda- -do- Manacody 5 9 24
swarar
176. Taundonaswarar -do- Solampata 12 5 "
177. Alegenaudaswarar -do- -do- 18 5 "
178. Streenevassa Permall -do- -do- 4 " "
179. Noodvaneswara Swamy -do- Teromunjasra- 34 5 14
covilput
180. Muddanaswara Swamy -do- Teromunjara 12 5 "
181. Manavalaswarar -do- Teroovalacody 90 " "
182. Kylausanaudaswarar -do- Moolungoody 2 9 8
183. Verdarauja Permall -do- -do- 2 9 "
184. Veerateeswarar -do- Corocacovilput 90 " "
185. Mactetaswarar -do- Varagade 15 " "
186. Aubachahaya Isswarar -do- Anneyoor 60 " "
187. Coottumpoorotta Isswarar -do- Talanauyer 52 3 16
188. Kylausanaudaswarar -do- Vadavaunjayar 7 2 28
189. Vencatachellaputty Swamy -do- -do- 7 2 28
190. Valumborenauda Swamy -do- Terovalumboor 180 " "
191. Naugananda Swamy -do- Naugonaudum- 9 " "
covilput
192. Yellummah Davy -do- Modecondanelloor 23 7 24
193. Sovaraparaswarar -do- Sembavarcovilput 33 7 24
194. Comarasaumy -do- Maharajaporum 3 " "
195. Yerataswarar -do- Paraselloor 47 5 30
196. Agnaswarar -do- Nullada 38 " 16
197. Muddanaswarar -do- Elapayore 2 5 "
198. Custory Kenga Permall -do- Permalcovilput 26 2 8
199. Somanauda Swamy -do- Vulunpodacody 3 " "
200. Amortagutaswarar -do- Trecauttayoor 1,157 8 15
201. Amoortanaurayana Permall -do- -do- 38 " 24
202. Soyembonauda Swamy -do- Praulacuttly 450 " "
203. Verdarauja Permall -do- Koottungoody 1 9 28
389

1 2 3 4

Pag.at
204. Vissawanaudaswarar -do- Alugepilliumpata 1 9 28
205. Paurvataswarar -do- Iyengoody 60 9 22
206. Casava Permall -do- -do- 4 1 "
207. Tremacanaudaswarar -do- Treverachoor 296 5 "
208. Agustaswaraswamy -do- -do- 27 " 30
209. Mauguleeswarar -do- Maungoodycutty 9 9 30
210. Seveporanaudaswarar -do- Keevannoor 240 9 "
211. Crepausambodva Permall -do- Sarapoleyoor 188 " "
212. Paulavaraudaswarar -do- -do- 1 7 28
213. Kylausanaudaswarar -do- Kylausanadacada- 15 9 "
lungoody
214. Nithamanavaulaswarar -do- Nudangolum 7 " "
215. Prauvataswarar -do- Trecottaurum 15 5 "
216. Soobbramunnaswarar -do- Covilcundangoody 24 " 30
217. Naugunaudaswarar -do- Munnahgoody 15 9 28
218. Amoortagaswarar -do- Yarvedy 1 4 30
219. Sevalocanaudaswarar -do- Koottapaudy 19 8 4
220. Audilingaswarar -do- Paranelloor 7 " "
221. Brumhaporaswarar -do- Polagoodycovil 2 8 4
222. Veetoronda Permall -do- Keelacadaneengoody 15 5 "
223. Brumhaporaswarar -do- Ambul 150 " "
224. Veetoronda Permall -do- -do- 18 " "
225. Maugaunlaswarar -do- Covileromaulm 240 " "
226. Sourerauja Permall -do- Trecennapoorum 1,125 " "
227. Agneeswara Swamy -do- Trepagolore 1,020 " "
228. Voottarauputy Isswarar -do- Trechencaut- 533 " 8
tengoody
229. Raumanauta Swamy -do- Ramanaudasgoody 20 3 "
230. Teroovulumboor Isswarar -do- Yanangoody 4 " "
231. Somanaudaswarar -do- Bundauravaudah 3 5 "
232. Retnageraswarar -do- Teromarogul 133 6 14
233. Sovurnageraswarar -do- Teyatamunga 30 3 "
234. Anundaswarar -do- Anuntanelloor 2 " "
235. Vulmenaudaswarar -do- Tundumbauluyore 20 5 "
236. Cullanasoondra Permall -do- -do- 3 " "
237. Panasayer Isswarar -do- Condaga 8 " "
238. Raumaswamy -do- -do- 4 2 "
239. Aupachaya Isswarar -do- Corttaulum 9 8 "
240. Gomacutaswarar -do- Terovaudotory 416 " 28
241. Visswanataswamy -do- Curayacundom 25 6 4
242. Vatarennaswarar -do- Terovaulungod 82 " "
243. Soyembonaudaswarar -do- Narasingumpata 9 5 "
244. Pusoopataswarar -do- Nullavoor 20 " "
245. Vadaporaswarar -do- Taralundoor 90 " "
Isswarauncovilput

390