द ब्यूटीफुल ट्री: १८वीं सदी में भारत की स्वदेशी गुरुकुल शिक्षा (धर्मपाल)

200

201

NAMES OF THE BOOKS IN USE AT THE SCHOOLS AND
COLLEGES AT RAJAMUNDRY
Schools

1. Baula Ramauyanum Vadahs, etc.
2. Rookmeny Culleyanum 1. Roogvadum
3. Paurejantahpatraranum 2. Yajoorvadum
4. Molly Ramauyanum 3. Samavadum
5. Raumayanum 4. Sroudum
6. Dansarady Satacum 5. Dravedavedum or
7. Kreestna Satacum . Nunlauyanum
8. Soomaty Satacum
9. Janakey Satacum Sastrums
10. Prasunnaragara Satacum 1. Sanscrit Grammar
11. Ramataraka Satacum Siddhanda Cowmoody
12. Bahscara Satacum 2.
    Turkum
13. Beesanavecausa Satacum 3. Jeyoteshem
14. Beemalingaswara Satacum 4. Durmasastrum
15. Sooreyanaraina Satacum
16. Narraina Satacum Cauveyems
17. Plaholanda Charetra 1. Ragoovamsam
18. Vasoo Charetra 2. Coomarasumbhavem
19. Manoo Charetra 3. Moghasundasem
20. Sumunga Charetra 4. Bhauravy
21. Nala Charetra 5. Maukhum
22. Vamana Charetra 6. Naveshadum
23. Ganintum 7. Andasastrum
24. Pauvooloory Ganintum
25. Bhauratam English Books in its Schools
26. Bhaugavatum
27. Vejia Velausum Persian Schools
28. Kroostnaleelan Velausum 1. Caremah
29. Rathamathava Velausum Aumadunnanmah
30. Suptama Skundum 2. Harckarum in Persian
31. Astma Skundum 3. Insah Culipha and
32. Rathamathava Sumvadum Goolstan
33. Bhaunoomaly Paranayem 4. Bahurdanish and Bostan
34. Veerabhadra Vejayem 5. Abdul Phazaul Inshah
35. Leelansoondary Paronayem 6. Calipha
36. Amarum 7. Khoran
37. Sooranthanaswarum
38. Voodeyagapurvem
39. Audepurvem
40. Gajandra Motchum
41. Andhranamasungraham
42. Coochalopurksyanum
43. Resekajana Manobharanum
    Zillah Rajahmundry, F.W. Robertson,
    Mongultoor, 19th September, 1823. Collector.
    202

XXI
PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR, MALABAR TO BOARD OF
REVENUE:
5.8.1823
(TNSA: BRP: Vol.957, Pro.14.8.1823, pp.6949-55 Nos.52 & 53)
(A) 1. I have the honor to submit a statement showing the
number of schools and colleges in this Collectorate, to which I
have annexed an Account of the individuals who study Theology,
Astronomy, etc., under private tutors.
(B) 2. With respect to the only college entered in the
statement now sent, I beg to transmit Translation of a
Memorandum received from the Zamorin Rajah, which contains
the best information I could collect respecting it.
3. The school masters receive monthly from each scholar
from one quarter to four rupees, according to their respective
means, independent of some remuneration when a scholar
leaves the school. The private teacher who gives lessons in
Theology, Law, etc., does not receive any monthly or annual
allowance but a present or compensation when the pupils leave
him according to the circumstances and means of each.
Principal Collector's Office, J. Vaughan,
Calicut, 5th August, 1823. Principal Collector.
(Statement and translation on following pages)
203

204

Translation of memorandum received from the Zamorin Rajah:
B. In the beginning the Bramins of Malabar used to be
instructed in Religion at the Chetroms (or Temples) nearest to
their houses by the teachers of that time, but it was
apprehended that learning after that manner would not be
attended with advantage. A consultation was therefore held by
the Bramins, when it was determined that a College should be
instituted for the purposes of instructing all persons in the
principles of Religion. A spot of ground (adjacent to the river) to
the southward of Teroonavya Chetrom in Terooina: nisherynad
Hobby, Cootnad Talook, was fixed upon for the proposed
building and all of them waited on and reported the
circumstance to our ancestor the then reigning Rajah who
caused a College to be built at his expense on the spot pointed
out by them, and ordered that all persons residing in it should
be furnished with their daily meal and oil, and further, ordered a
store house to be built and the appointment of a person to be
incharge of the same—the Bramins accordingly, (agreeable to the
respective means of each) allotted for this purpose a certain
portion of rice lands, and Achipora Erkara Namboory was by
general consent, chosen Instructor in the college for whose
subsistence some further rice lands were given by the Bramins
and from that time the members of that family continue holding
the above employment. This is what I have heard my ancestors
and the Bramins say. There is no document containing an
account of the foregoing transaction. The number of persons to
be admitted in the college is not limited; everybody desirous of
availing himself of it will be admitted and provided for. Formerly,
the number of persons who resorted to the college for instruction
amounted from 100 to 120 daily. In the year 949 when a
foreigner invaded the country, he caused several temples and
dwellings to be destroyed and the above college was demolished
on that occasion and the rice lands allotted for the support of it,
assessed by his order in consequence of which the Bramins
found it impossible to live in this country and therefore all of
them repaired to Rama Rajah’s country (Travancore) and
consequently the learning of the Vethom was altogether
discontinued in Malabar. It being a very great sin for the
Bramins to be ignorant of their religious tenets, they and the
Namboory who was appointed their Instructor went and
represented to Rama Rajah this circumstance when that Rajah
ordered a college to be established in his country adjoining to
the Teroona Kare Chetrom, and allotted the necessary allowance
for the subsistence of the learners, who there continued being
instructed without any interruption till the year 966. When the
205

invader was expulsed from Malabar by the Honorable Company
who extended their protection throughout the country the
emigrant Bramins thereupon returned to this country and
resumed their former habitations but the destruction of their
college and the decayed state of the landed property allotted for
its support precluded them from deriving the benefit of that
institution in the manner they formerly did, which was a source
of much grievance to them. Accordingly, they represented the
circumstance to the Rajah, my uncle. Although according to the
then existing state of affairs no great assistance could be given
yet he resolved to do to the utmost in his power considering that
it was an institution established by his ancestors and that the
existence of it would tend to render the Rajah and his subjects
prosperous. Accordingly he ordered their college to be rebuilt
and furnished it as well with every (thing) necessary as the
means of maintaining the Instructor and his pupils, which has
been continued by me. The produce of the lands appertaining to
the college, after deducting the revenue payable to the Sirkar is
hardly sufficient for one month’s expense. Consequently,
whatever is wanted is supplied by me; about 2,000 rupees for
the support of the pupils and 200 rupees for that of the
Instructor are paid by me every year. This is what obtains at
present. With the exception of Religion no other science is taught
in the college. There was in ancient times at Choanoor in
Talpallynad a college with lands assigned for its support in
which several Bramins were instructed in the Shastram, and
when they left the college after acquiring a competent proficiency
they were admitted in the Tallel Chetrom at Calicut on an
annual allowance of 101 fanams each. The number of
individuals thus admitted consisted from 70 to 80. On the
introduction of revenue the lands which afforded the above
allowance ceased to yield it and the means of the estate became
much reduced, in consequence of which the above allowance as
well as the instruction was discontinued. On which the Bramins
came and represented their grievance whereupon a teacher was
entertained here who has always had some pupils under him.
The Tallil allowance also is continued but on a reduced scale.
Dated 10th Karkaddayom 998 M.S.
No signature in the original
True Translation
J. Vaughan.
206

XXII
COLLECTOR, SALEM TO BOARD OF REVENUE:
8.7.1823
(TNSA: BRP: Vol.No.954, Pro.14th Jul. 1823, No.50, pp.5908-10)

1. I have the honor to submit the accompanying statement
   as called for by your Board in their instructions of the 25th July
3. From the statement it appears that only 4,650, persons
   receive education out of a population of above ten lacs—which is
   only a fraction more than four and a quarter per Mille—and
   proves the bad and contracted state of public instructions.
4. The period which scholars usually continue at school is
   from three to five years according to the ability of their friends to
   maintain them there and their own aptitude to learn—the yearly
   charge to the scholars is never less than three rupees a year—in
   the Hindoo schools—and in the Mussulman schools the charge
   amounts to fifteen and twenty rupees. None of the Hindoo
   schools are endowed by the public—and only one Mussulman
   school has land yielding rupees 20 per annum allowed for it’s
   support—a former master of this school possessed a Yeomiah
   paid monthly by the Collector amounting to fifty-six rupees a
   year—on his death this allowance was discontinued by my
   Predecessor as it was held only on a life tenure.
5. In the talooks of Abtoor, Namkul, Salem and Parmutty
   there are twenty teachers of Theology, Law and Astronomy—to
   the support of whom are attached Enam lands calculated to
   yield rupees 1,109 per annum. These lands are almost entirely
   under cultivation—and the possessors perform the duties for
   which they were originally granted.
6. Besides the above Enam lands there are other lands
   yielding rupees 384, per annum, in the talooks of Raizepoor and
   Sankerry-Droog—which were sequestered by Tippoo the year
   previous to the secession of the country and which have since
   been included in the Revenue of Government.
7. Considering education as the best means of preventing
   crimes in the people whether servants of government or
   207

otherwise (and which opinion, is strongly expressed in the 7th
Para of your Board’s Report to government under date the 11th
December 1815), and viewing the defective state of education in
this district as the fruitful source of much crime, I shall with the
sanction of your Board, be prepared to offer such suggestions
and to propose the establishment of such funds—as will tend to
promote education in some degree more adequate to the demand
for it.
Cutcherry of the Collector of Salem, [blank_space] M.D. Cockburn,
8th July, 1823. [blank_space] Collector.
(Statement on next page)
208

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XXIII
COLLECTOR, GUNTUR TO BOARD OF REVENUE:
9.7.1823
(TNSA: BRP: Vol.954, Pro.14.7.1823, No.49, pp.5904-7)

1. In reply to your Deputy Secretary Mr Viveash's letter of
   the 25th July last, I have the honor to transmit a statement
   showing the number of schools in which reading and writing are
   taught together with the number of scholars in them, and which
   has been prepared according to the form accompanying the
   above letter.
2. With regard to the information called for by the
   government in their letter of the 2nd July, 1822, I have to
   observe that the scholars generally assemble in the morning at 6
   o'clock and stay until nine and then go to their houses to take
   their morning meal and return again to school within 11 o'clock
   and continue until 2 or 3 o'clock in the evening, and again to
   their respective houses to eat their rice and return by 4 o'clock
   and continue until 7 o'clock in the evening. The morning and
   evening generally are the times for reading and afternoon for
   writing.
3. The charge to the scholars chiefly depends on the
   circumstances of the fathers or persons who put them to school
   and is found to vary from 2 annas to 2 rupees per mensem for
   each boy and this is the only charge that can be shown, as the
   boys are only sent to the schools in their own villages and live at
   home.
4. It appears that there are no schools in the zillah which
   are endowed by the public and no colleges for teaching Theology,
   Law, Astronomy, etc., in this district; these sciences are privately
   taught to some scholars or disciples generally by the Bramins
   learned in them, without payment of any fee or reward, and that
   the Bramins who teach are generally maintained by means of
   Mauneom land which have been granted to their ancestors by
   the ancient Zemindars of this zillah, and by the former
   governments on different accounts, but there appears no
   instance in which the Native Governments have granted
   allowances in money and land merely for the maintenance of the
   teachers for giving instruction in the above sciences. By the
   information
   210

which has been got together on this subject, it appears that
there are 171 places where Theology, Law and Astronomy, etc.,
are taught privately, and the number of disciples in them is 939.
The readers of these sciences cannot generally get teachers in
their respective villages and are therefore obliged to go to others.
In which cases if the reader belongs to a family that can afford to
support him he gets what is required for his expenses from his
home and which is estimated at 3 rupees per month, but which
is only sufficient to supply him with his victuals; and if on the
other hand his family is in too indigent circumstances to make
such allowance, the student procures his daily subsistence from
the houses in the village, where taught, which willingly furnish
such by turns.
5. Should people be desirous of studying deeper in
Theology, etc., than is taught in these parts, they travel to
Benares, Navadweepum, etc., where they remain for years to
take instructions under the learned Pundits of those places.
Guntoor Zillah, J.C. Whish,
Bauputtah, 9th July, 1823. Collector.
(Statement on following page)
211

212

XXIV
COLLECTOR OF GANJUM TO BOARD OF REVENUE:
27.10.1823
(TNSA: BRP: Vol.967 Pro.6.11.1823 pp.9332-34 Nos.5-6)

1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Mr
   Deputy Secretary Viveash’s letter and enclosure of the 25th July
   1822 and to forward for your Board’s information a statement
   partially showing the number of schools, etc., in this district
   made out agreeable to the form sent by your Board.
2. There are no schools or colleges in this district endowed
   by the Circar or by any public authority but the teachers are
   monthly paid by the scholars from 4 annas to 1 rupee for each
   man.
3. The schools are usually opened from 6 o’clock in the
   morning until 5 o’clock in the evening.
4. The Bramins of Agraharums, etc., are in general
   educated in Sastrums, etc., by their Fathers or Brothers or by
   any other relations but no schools in this district are publicly
   opened for such occasion.
5. In making out the enclosed statement I have not been
   able to procure any satisfactory accounts from most of the Hill
   Zemindaries. Nothing but vodiahs is taught in these places, a
   language, merely confined to the mountains and borders.
   Chicacole, P.R. Cazalet,
   27th October 1823. Collector
   (Statement on following pages)
   213

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