सिद्धान्तशिरोमणि: गणिताध्याय (भास्कराचार्य - ग्रहगणित, मध्यमाधिकार व स्पष्टाधिकार सटीक)

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formulated by Hindu Astronomy agrees with its formula-
tion in Modern Astronomy which enunciates elliptic
motion; but it will be seen that the eccentric-circle theory
also gives very approximately the same formula for the
Equation of centre. There is just one point of difference,
which does not matter. Whereas in Modern Astronomy the
mean anomaly is reckoned from the perigee or perihelion
as the case may be, it is reckoned in Hindu Astronomy
from the apogee or aphelion. The difference is made up by
prefixing the appropriate sign to the equation. The word
Mandōccha stands for the apogee in the case of the Sun
and the Moon and for the aphelion in the case of the other
planets and the word Manda kendra stands for the mean
anomaly in both the cases. In Hindu Astronomy the word
‘graha’ stands for not only the five planets Mercury to
Saturn but also for the Sun and the Moon. Why that
word is applied to the Sun and the Moon as well is, that
both the Sun and the Moon also while moving among the
stars along with the five other planets Mercury to Saturn,
wield an influence on the residents of the Earth. The
etymology of the word ‘graha’ is गृह्णातीति वा गृह्यते अनेनेति
वा ग्रहः ie. ‘that which seizes upon the fates of the resi-
dents of the Earth’, with this etymological significance
only, even the lunar orbital nodes known as Rāhu and
Kētu are also taken to be grahas in Hindu Astronomy.
Hence translating the word graha as a planet and criticis-
ing Hindu Astronomy for taking the Sun, Moon and the
lunar orbital nodes also as such is not right. In other words
the translation should be pronounced wrong. Uranus, Nep-
tune and pluto were not mentioned in Hindu Astronomy.
We shall now elucidate the eccentric and epicyclic
theories of Hindu Astronomy, which will be seen to give
identical position to the planets. How they came to be
postulated will be also elucidated. Incidentally we deal
with the ‘Bhagaṇōpapatti’ or the proof of the numbers of
sideral revolutions of the various grahas enunciated in the