सङ्गीतरत्नाकर: प्रथम भाग (शार्ङ्गदेव - स्वरगताध्याय सविस्तार व्याख्या व अनुवाद सहित)

144 Treatment of Svara
Madhyama, like ṣaḍja is (modified) in two ways viz., by
taking resort to the process of 'antara' and that of sādhāraṇa'.
(42cd).
Pañcama is of three śruti-measure in the madhyama-grāma,
while in the madhyama-sādhrāaṇa¹⁰ (the overlappng of
madhyama), gaining one śruti from madhyama it extends to
four śruti-s; and is thus modified in two ways. (42-44b)
Dhaivata of madhyama-grāma is modified to be of four
śruti- interval. Niṣāda is modified in two ways viz., in its kaiśika
and kākalī forms having three and four śruti-s respectively.
And so they make twelve modified forms, which along with
the seven standard¹¹ notes become nineteen in all. (44c-46b).
two ways viz. (i) by yielding one śruti to gāndhāra and one to pañcama,
an example of cyuta (lowered)-madhyama, and (ii) by affording its two
initial śruti-s to gāndhāra, an example of acyuta (unmoved)-madhyama.
The former mode is called madhyama-sādhāraṇa (the overlapping of
madhyama) and the latter is known as antara-sādhāraṇa.
Thus, when gāndhāra is modified by the overlapping of madhyama,
it gains its initial śruti and is thereby constituted of three śruti-s viz.,
the 8th, 9th and 10th; and when it is modified by the medial position of
gāndhāra (antaratva) it appropriates two initial śruti-s of madhyama to
itself and the number of its śruti-s swells to four, viz, 8th to 11th. This
latter gāndhāra of four śruti-s is called antara gāndhāra. Thus gāndhāra
has two modified forms, viz., sādhāraṇa (i.e., the one consequent upon
madhyama-sādhāraṇa) and antara (i e., antara-gāndhāra) constituted respec-
tively by śruti-s numbering 8th to 10th and 8th to 11th from the first of
ṣaḍja. (41-42b)
In the modification of gāndhāra, the two processes of the overlap-
ping of madhyama and the medial position of gāndhāra have been explain-
ed with reference to gāndhāra. Now, we have to consider them from
the point of view of madhyama.
Madhyama is constituted by the śruti-s numbering 10 to 13 in the
unmodified series. By the process of overlapping ma lends 10th śruti to
10. Kaiśika is another name for sādhāraṇa.
11. The word śuddha has to be interpreted with reference to the
word vikṛta. Vikṛta, simply means modified and therefore śuddha would
mean unmodified. But since that is a negative expression and the
general tenure of the term śuddha is rather positive, it seems it would
be better to render it as 'standard'.
SECTION ...
ga and 13th śruti to pa and retains 11th and 12th śruti-s itself. In the
process of the medial movement (antaratva) of gāndhāra ma yields 10th
and 11th śruti-s to ga, and retains only 12th and 13th śruti-s. So, these
are the two modified forms of madhyama, constituted respectively of
11th, and 12th, and 12th and 13th śruti-s. (42cd)
There is an obvious similarity between the modifications of ṣaḍja
and madhyama as previously pointed out. With respect to the grāma-s,
we are going to be informed adequately in the next Section of this chap-
ter. For the present, it may be understood roughly that a grāma signi-
fies a series of notes related in a certain order. Two such scales were
in practice. viz., ṣaḍja-grāma, having ṣaḍja as its prominent note and
madhyama-grāma, having madhyama as its prominent note. Pañcama is
established on the 17th śruti in ṣaḍja-grāma and on the 16th śruti in
madhyama-grāma. This is one way how the two grāma-s are distinguished
from each other; of course this also affects the relative position of other
notes which we shall see in due course.
Now, with this background we can follow the text. In the
madhyama grāma, pañcama comprises the 14th, 15th and the 16th śruti-s,
whereas in the ṣaḍja grāma, it also has the 17th śruti which is consider-
ed to be the note-śruti; and therefore, the '16-śruti' pañcama is one of the
modifications of the standard pañcama. Another modification occurs by
the process of the overlapping of madhyama (i e madhyama-sādhāraṇa),
when it gives up 13th śruti which is absorbed by the pañcama of
madhyama grāma. The standard form of the pañcama of madhyama-grāma
comprises of three śruti-s only, and when it gains one śruti from
madhyama its extent widens to four śruti-s, i. e., 13th to 16th, and this
constitutes another modification of pañcama. (42c-44b)
While pañcama is established on the 16th śruti in madhyama-grāma,
the 17th śruti which is the note-śruti of pañcama in ṣaḍja-grāma is released
and absorbed by dhaivata, which consequently comprises the śruti-s
numbering 17 to 20 i.e., four in contrast with the standard three viz.
18 to 20 of the ṣaḍja-grāma. Thus, this is the only modification of
dhaivata.
Kaiśika is another name for sādhāraṇa Kaiśika-niṣāda which is a
product of the overlapping of ṣaḍja when it yields its initial śruti to
niṣāda, swelling it to three śruti-s in extent viz., 21st and 22nd and 1st.
Similarly, niṣāda is transformed into kākalī-niṣāda when it gains two
initial śruti-s of ṣaḍja and comprises 21st, 22nd and 1st and 2nd śruti-s.
Thus niṣāda has two modified forms respectively known as kaiśika-niṣāda
and kākalī-niṣāda.
The twelve modified notes as related to the standard (śuddha) notes
can be studied at a glance from the following chart :
10