मृगपक्षी-शास्त्र (हंसदेव - १३वीं शती का अमर भारतीय वन्यजीव, पक्षी एवं प्राणि-विज्ञान)

The cows too have the same nature, qualities, colours and their utmost
age is like that of bulls. Owing to their nature breed and work, they
are called Rajasa Uttama or Superior in 2nd class.
14th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GOATS.
There are 5 varieties of goats. They are short. Some are white, some
black, some red, some grey and some with mixed colours. They are very
useful to sacrifies and good to human beings. Though they are dull-
nature, they are very faithful and submissive to their masters. They
don't require punishment. They have much passion for cohabitation.
'Their skin and flesh are very soft. They are coward and quiet-going
by nature. They are quick in paces. They eat very bitter leaves.
Generally, they have hanging ears, testicles, very short tails, and
horns. Their milk and flesh give strength to human beings. Their
urine and dung are strong manures to productive lands. Their passion
is increased in Spring and Autumn seasons. Their youth begins in
their 2nd year. They will cohabit with she-goats and give pregnance
to them. They will give birth to 2 or 3 kids at a time. Every year
they become pregnant and give birth to kids. Their delivery time is in
4th or 5th month, especially at nights. The kids often suck their
mother's milk. Their varieties are mentioned below:—
[1st variety of GOATS]
(AJA)
These varieties of goats are generally white in colour and a
little bit tall in size. They are avaricious to eat always. They have
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hanging testicles and thin and long horns. There are two finger-like
things hanging under their necks. Some have long mustaches. Their
swiftness is like that of an arrow. They can ascend mountains and
elevations. They can elimb up trees to some extent with firm footing.
They produce BABAING cries. They are always quiet going ones. They
are beautiful and they need not punished.
[2nd variety of GOATS]
(CCHAGA)
These varieties of goats are generally, red in colour having
smooth-bodies. Their skin and flesh are also very soft. They are
always good in nature and having good smell on their bodies. They
have no anger and are very peaceful. They take a little food. They
have very short horns. They run fast if they are induced. They grasp
and know the time and intention of their masters. They have stout
stomachs in their youths. They always desire to sleep under the shade
of trees. They are much afraid of beat of trumpets and noise. They
are not much passionate, and have small cry. They are fond of sweet
words.
[3rd variety of GOATS]
(MESHA)
These kinds of goats are black in colour, less in speed having
smooth and soft bodies. Their skin is very soft. They often show their
anger and yet they are very beautiful. Their cries are long, loud and
cheerful. They have always lean bodies. They run fast on hard grounds
in valleys and forests as well. They would be dejected if they are
seperated either by force or nature. They are very lazy and sleepy.
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They fear for mire. They can easily walk in thorny places having
red eyes.
[4th variety of GOATS]
(VRISHNI) SHEEP.
These kinds of goats are brown in colour. Their bodies are
covered with long hair. They have two short horns. They also have
other colour in their faces, necks, and stomachs. They have stout
stomachs, very slow paces and a little anger in their youth. They
must be well-trained in their early ages alone. They appear fearfully.
They loose temper when they are hungry. They quarrel with one
another and cause awful fear in them.
[5th variety of GOATS]
(EDAKA)
These varieties of goats have one sort of colour on their faces,
stomachs and hinder portions and another sort of colour on the
remaining portions of their bodies. They are generally tall. They have
long legs and stout stomachs. They often cry (be be) out of passion
for cohabitation. They can jamp from high places to down. They can
run very fast in plains. They can withstand fatigue, rain, and hot Sun.
There are many other goats in the world possessing the same qualities,
nature, and work. Some have smaller dots and bigger spots of various
colours on their bodies. The She-Goats resemble the He Goats in all
respects. Some may not have horns. They have big odhas to give food
and plenty of milk. They produce good smell. They have strong
memory and easily trainable and very greatful to their masters.
'They cannot withstand Sun's heat, rain and fatigue. They take less
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food than ke-goats. Their issues are many in their life time. The
youth, for all the goats begins in their 2nd year and lasts till 7th,
year. Their utmost age is 9 years Owing to breed and work,
they are called Rajasa Madhyama or Middle in 2nd class.
15th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF DEER.
There are 14 varieties of deer. Some have red, gold-like and
black colours and some are with different coloured spots. They are
always quiet-going ones. They are very beautiful to look at. They
have branches of horns, and clean bodies. They are very passionate.
They have short lean legs, broad eyes and long faces and necks. They
are coward to hear big noises. Taey are very swift. They are fond of
living both in forests and countries. They are fond of playing with
their crowds. They are ,very smooth and harmless. They have no
bad qualities such as ill-temper, dull-ness etc., They are the main
playing ornaments of the houses of Nobles and Kings. A lock at them
create much passion in young men and ladies. They are considered to
be very sacrod and their flesh is very sweet. Generally they eat leaves
and grass. They are very grateful to their masters. They create plea-
sure and happiness to people by jumping and playing in various ways.
Their youth begins in their 3rd year. They cohabit with female ones
in Spring and summer Seasons especially at nights. Then female ones
become pregnant anl sleepy. After 4th or 5th month, they deliver
young ones, generally during nights. They grow by their mothers' milk.
Their varieties are mentioned below :—
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[1st variety of DEER]
(MRIGA)
These kinds of deer are brown and tall with spots of various
colours. They are very lean and swift. They have long straight horns,
full of passion and good smell. They are fond of remaining in shades.
They often fear people and other things after they are controlled.
They cry feebly.
[2nd variety of DEER]
(KURANGA)
These kinds of deer are very short and red in colour, with
branch horns and very broad eyes. They resemble goats, especially, in
faces. They often graze grass and are shrewd having turning eyes.
'They are quiet-going ones and harmless. They listen to sweet words.
They are fond of music, grateful and patient. Their bodies glitter much.
[3rd variety of DEER]
(VATAYU)
These varieties of deer always desire to live in forests only.
They are spotted with different colours. They have stout horns and
very long faces. They are fond of hunting. They often run jumping.
They are afraid of human crowd. They can freely escape from the
weapons and other hunting instruments. They do not live long after
they are controlled by people owing to fear.
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[4th variety of DEER]
(HARINA)
These varieties of deer have broad and beautiful eyes. They are
fond of living with human beings in their houses. They like to see
flowers and creepers. They fear thunder. They often drink water.
Some have straight horns and some have horns with branches. There
are some other colour on their faces, stomachs, and hinder portions.
They like the females' sweet words and to play often either with men
or with their kinds. They take a little food and sleep. They feel much
dejected when they are fastened to.
[5th variety of DEER]
(VATAMRIGA) (STAG)
These kinds of deer run fast winds do. They can escape from
weapons. They dwell in thick forests. They never like the separation
from their crowds. They are lean having long legs. They have the
knack of disappearing suddenly. They dislike human scent. They
have horns with full of branches. They have a little irritative temper.
If they are separated from their crowds, they become foolish, mad,
and die out of fear. They are not easily capturable even by hunters
living in forests. They freely roam about in forests.
[6th variety of DEER]
(KRISHNASARA)
These kinds of deer are spotted throughout. They have different
colour in front legs and stomachs and black colour in other parts of

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the body. They have good smell. They have long straight horns with
beautiful bodies. They are fond of dwelling both in houses and forests.
They are very swift and stout when young.
[7th variety of DEER]
(RURU)
These kinds of deer are tall with different coloured spots and
with very big branch horns. They have broad hoofs and long necks.
They do not fair to look at. They are fond of eating much. They
have a less speed and strength. They can withstand Sun's heat, cold,
rain etc,. They have smooth hair on their bodies. They are afraid of
big noise. They have much sleepiness, laziness, and some bad qualities.
[8th variety of DEER]
(NYANKU)
These kinds of deer are blackish red in colour and short with
very long horns. They have slow paces and very smooth bodies.
They are fond of playing in the early Sun-rise. They sleep during
mid-day and play happily in the evenings. They are fond of dwelling
in houses of human beings. They are generally very happy. They
have much passion.
[9th variety of DEER]
(SAMBARA)
These kinds of deer are spotted ones with short horns, and siz.
They are afraid of trumpets. They often desire to eat grass by
chewing. They are very quiet-going, very sleepy and a little
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dull in nature. They have very lean bodies. They play and jump in
various ways. They are fond of living with people. They are very
passionate and very strong. They are very grateful. They increase
passion in human beings.
[10th variety of DEER]
(RANKU)
These varieties of deer have very small innumerable spots on
their bodies. Some are born with different colours and others with
black colours. They have broad and long horns, broad eyes, and beau-
tiful bodies. They are moderate in size. They take a little food and
have good smell in their bodies. They are very glad if they are crow-
ded and sorry if they are separated. They are always be very quick.
Their bodies are covered with long hair. They have much passion
and clean bodies.
[11th variety of DEER]
(ROHITAKSHA)
These kinds of deer have red eyes. They are fond of hunting.
They are fit for the touch of Kings, Queens and other Noblemen. They
are fond of playing with such people alone. They are moderate in
size. Ther are various colours on their bodies. They are neither too
stout nor too lean. Those, who see them, would become rich and
prosperous. Some are of pure red in colour. They are fond of adorn-
ments and hearing sweet words.
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[12th variety of DEER]
(GOKARNA)
These kinds of deer are whitish-red and some brown in colour.
They have very short ears. They like to live in cold places when they
are in countries. They are very quiet-going ones. They have stout
heads and broad hoofs. They are fond of playing with their creed.
They have slow paces. They are very coward and have stout stomachs
when young.
[13th variety of DEER]
(ENA)
These kinds of deer are very tall and have pure gold coloured
body. There are a few spots on their bodies. They have good smell
like jasmine and lotus flowers. They are fond of listening to sweet
words, and of eating grass, rice, dhalla etc, and also of music and
of living with people. There are many kinds of deer in the forests
possessing the same nature, qualities, and work. The female ones too
resemble the male ones in all respects save big horns. They are more
passionate, quiet going and beautiful than their male deer. Their duty
is more or less to play in different ways. They much afraid but are
speedy. They generally take a little food and sleep. They have more
good qualities indescribable. The youth for them extends from their
2nd to 6th year. They become old from the 7th year. Their utmost age
is 9 years. Owing to work and nature, they are said to be Rajasa Mad-
yama or middle in 2nd class.
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[14th variety of DEER]
(MUSK DEER) GANDHARVA.
These kinds of deer are of 5 kinds. They all resemble to deer
in colour, size, qualities, nature etc, but they have not horns and
have hanging and stout navals.
[1st variety of Musk DEER]
(GANDHARVA)
They are brown in colour and very tall. They give more quantity
of musk. They are very swift in running. They lie under shades in
summer.
[2nd variety of Musk DEER]
(SARA BA)
They are reddish-black in colour and spotted; but are short in
size. They are sleepy and lazy. They have always rocky bed sleep. At
some times they dwell in cold places. Very good smell like jasmine
flower comes out of their bodies.
[3rd variety of Musk DEER]
(RĀMA)
They are whitish-red in colour and slow in paces. They have
projected and hanging jaws with full long hair. They are stout. The y
always desire to live in forests. They will have big and stout navals.
They often drink water. They are afraid of hot Sun, rain, cold etc.
They are very calm and quiet-going.
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[4th variety of Musk DEER]
(SRIMARA)
They have different colours on their bodies. They are very
stout and produce much musk. They run very fast when they are
angry. They must be kept without threat and punishment.
[5th variety of Musk DEER]
(GAVAYA)
They are of different colours and slow in paces. They have long
ears and much anger. They do not like the scent of human beings and
run away. They could not be caught very easily. They are much afrai
and are stout to a very little extent.
16th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SABARIES.
There are 4 kinds of Sabaries. They resemble deer but without
horns. Some are red, white, and some black. They are spotted ones.
They have very bushy tails and good smell. They always live in sha-
dy bushes. They have much passion, in the season in which deer have.
They are very calm and quiet-going ones.
[1st variety of SABARIES]
(CHAMARA)
These kinds of sabaries are tall, and white in colour with sharp
ears and very smooth hair. They have very bushy tails with full of
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soft hair. They run very fast. Their hair are very useful for Chamara
(a kind of Fan) and superior in class.
[2nd variety of SABARIES]
(KANDALI)
These varieties of Sabaries are black in colour. They often run
fast jumping. They cannot be easily captured even by hunters living in
forests. They have stout bodies and soft hair. This hair are also used
for Chamara and Savari. Their hair are grouped in the middle class.
[3rd variety of SABARIES]
(CHEENA)
They are blackish-red in colour and very short in size. By
their temper they are irritated to a little extent and good speed. They
fear human beings and run away. They have some bad qualiities.
Their hair are inferior in quality.
[4th variety of SABARIES]
(PRIYAKA)
They are red in colour. They have red eyes, stout bodies, long
bushy tails and long hair covering their bodies entirely. They are
afraid naturally and slow in running. They don't like the scent of
human beings. The hair of these animals are of the inferior quality.
The female ones resemble male ones in all respeets.
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17th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MONKEYS.
There are 8 varieties of Monkeys. They generally live in
forests. Some are red, black, brown, white, gray and some with
different colours. They always like to play with one another by
climbing trees. They have red faces, long tails and small eyes. Their
chins are very clearly apparent. They are fond of wicked deeds. They
are always ill-tempered. They do cruel deeds. They could not be
easily checked and controlled by people. They are fond of quarelling
with one another. They are very fearful to look at. They are given
training but it is in vain. As they are very wicked and mischievous
they have much passion for cohabitation especially in Autumn and
Winter seasons. The female monkeys become pregnant after single
enjoyment. They give birth to young ones in the 3rd or 4th month.
They cohabit at short intervals as they are very mean-minded. For 2
or 3 months, the mother monkeys will be going out and doing things
with their young ones underneath their stomachs. Their young ones
begin to run fast in their 4th month. Their varieties are mentioned
below:—
[1st variety of MONKEYS]
(KAPI)
These varieties of monkeys are red in colour with blood red
faces. and a little tall in size. They are always angry. They always dwell
in forests. They are not easily captuarable by wild tribes. Their bodies
are stout to a little extent and tails long. They suddenly jump from
one high place to the other. They threaten all the minor animals, and
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human children. Naturally they have deceiving tendency. They hide
and do things. They play only on branches of trees. They are coward
by nature. They yield when they are punished. They have long jaws
and nails.
[2nd variety of MONKEYS]
(PLAVANGA)
These kinds of monkeys are reddish-black in colour. They are
naturally, fearful. They are much irritated by anger. They are neither
tall nor short. They are lazy and sleepy. Their rear portion is black.
They have short tails. Their jaws and nails are short. They are fickle-
minded and very cruel. They are fond of doing harm to small birds.
They run very swiftly on trees and on grounds. They are wicked ones.
[3rd variety of MONKEYS]
(SAKHAMRIGA)
These kinds of monkeys are brown in colour. They have blood-
red eyes. They are very tall, having long jaws and nails. They are
strong and mighty. They turn their eye-lids. They never hear sweet
words. Their quarrels with one another and play are curious and
amusive to people. Their anger subsides after a long time. They do
always wicked deeds. They are deceitful.
[4th variety of MONKEYS]
(VALIMUKHA)
These kinds of monkeys are black in colour and tall. They
have very rough and long hair throughout their bodies. They are stout
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having short tails. They are very dull by nature. They have much
haughtiness. Some have glittering eyes. Their figures are ugly. They
often cry with loud Keech-Keech noise. They are always cheerful, and
have bad smell. They are not easily capturable They are ungrateful.
much passtionate and much fickle-minded.
[5th variety of MONKEYS]
(MARKATA)
These kinds of monkeys have combined colours black, red, and
white.They are short in size,ugly, cruel minded and threaten souls by
gazing and turning their eye-lids up and down. They have lean legs,
bad smell and very long tails. They climb up trees and jump. They
will fight with one another even at night-times. They are mean-
minded, wicked natured and very cheatful. Their cries are intolerable.
[6th variety of MONKEYS]
(VANARA)
These kinds of monkeys resemble human beings in appearance
nature, and work. They are of different colours black, red, and white.
Their bodies are densely covered with thick hair. They have stout,
stomachs, huge heads, and tallness in size. They are afraid of cold,
hot Sun, rain, heavy winds etc., They produce fearful noises. They
have unceasing enemity and ungratefulness. They are not easily cap-
turable. They are fickle-minded and deceitful. As they are wicked and
mean-minded, they desire to stoop to mean things.
— 60 —

[7th variety of MONKEYS]
(KEESA)
These kinds of monkeys would ever be producing keech keech
noise and have bad-temper. Their passion for cohabitation increases
when their temper is reduced. They, at times, quarrel with one another.
They are fond of eating much. They have long feet and very long tails.
They often hang on the branches of the trees. They are never single
and secluded. Hence, they play with one another joyfully. They eat
grass too. They are reddish white in colour. They wander in thick
ferests, mountains and caves.
[8th variety of MONKEYS]
(VANAUKAS) (BABOONS)
These kinds of monkeys are black in colour, stout and have
tall bodies. They always live in forests. They die shortly after they
come out of the forests of their own accord or when turned by force.
They have stout stomachs. Their bodies are covered with rough, long
and thick hair. They do not miss their gripe anywhere in their time.
Some of the monkeys of this variety have black faces. They are very
harmful and dull natured. Some resemble bears in appearance. They
are devoid of hearing the sweet words. They are very strong and
powerful and have their eyes become blood red when they quarrel.
Some are very powerfull in their native places; some in other
places show their mighty powers and some leave their places for sheer
fear. Some ever suffer from sickness. There are many varieties of
monkeys possessing the same qualities, nature and work. The female
monkeys resemble the male ones in character, nature, qualities etc.,

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but are more beautiful and have smooth hair on their bodies. They
have a little anger, haughtiness, and more passion for cohabitation.
They are very affectionate towards their children. Their youth extends
from 2 to 7 years. Their utmost age is 10 years. Owing to their dull
nature, and fickle mindedness, they are said to be Tamasa Adhama,
or inferior in 3rd class.
18th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF JACKALS.
There are 6 kinds of Jackals. They are fond of living in forests
alone. They are yellowish, red, grey, or whitish-black in colour. They
are very cunning and tactful. They always run swiftly with bushy
tails. They hide in such a way that even wild tribes in forests could
not catch them. Owing to their cries, people living by the side of their
places under go many hard-ships and they are inauspicious for them.
They are carnivorous. Their youth begins in the 2nd year. Their
passion increases in rainy season and they cohabit with their female
ones of equal age. They suffer pain when they are pregnant. They
give birth to young ones (cubs) in their 4th or 5th month. The young
ones will often suck their mother's milk. Their varieties are mentioned
below:—
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[1st variety of JACKALS]
(SRIGALA)
These varieties of jackals are not so tall in size and they have
golden colour. They naturally walk swiftly and walk more swiftly
when they loose their temper and are afraid. They cry very unpleasa-
ntly. They injure weak animals. Their smell is bad. They are afraid of
cold, winds, rain, and hot Sun. Though they are insignificant ones, they
are very shrewd and keen in understanding others.
[2nd variety of JACKALS]
(MRIGADHURTA)
Jackals of this kind clearly know the place and residence of each
and every animal and at times they deceive them tactfully the other
animals some how or other escape when attacked by them. Their bodies
are a little rough, stout, and brown in colour with rough hair on them.
They have much mustaches on their faces. They are much afraid of
huge sounds. They know the dwellings of human beings and cause fear
in people if they are alone. Their cries are long and fearful. They are
much irritated by anger.
[3rd variety of JACKALS]
(VANCHAKA)
Jackals of this kind are in golden colour having long jaws, claws
(nails) and hair with ugly bodies. They are fond of living with crowds
or flocks. They are very powerful at nights. They are very dreadful
—63—

and cruel and could not be easily controlled. They often cry and their
eyes are much blood-reded when they are angry. They kill and eat the
Quiet-going animals.
[4th variety of JACKALS]
(KROSHTRA)
These varieties of Jackals are blackish-red in colour. There is
whitish colour on their faces, stomachs, and legs. They are very tall
and ugly with bad smell. They invariably cry in mornings and evenings.
They always wander for prey as they are very hungry. They have
much bad temper and cunningness They are not easily capturable even
by the forest tribes.
[5th variety of JACKALS]
(JAMBUKA)
These kinds of jackals are red in colour, but, their faces and tails
are black colour. They are naturally dreadful and very cunning. They
are so quick in speed as they could not be 'shot dead by weapens They
have long-ears, short legs and bushy tails. They do not like the scent
of human beings. Some of these have long stripes on their bodies. At
times they deceive animals.
[6th variety of JACKALS]
(PHERU)
Jackals of these kinds are 'spotted with different colours.
Their bodies are of golden colour. They have always much anger. They
always live in forests, and hide in bushes in day times. They, at
—64—

times attack people and harm the other animals. They are very ava-
ricious. They stoop to do very mean work when they are hungry.
If they happen to come to towns or villages, such villages or towns
would be spoiled as their coming is said to be inauspicious. They are
not easily obtainable. The female jackals resemble the male ones in all
respects; but are very slow in walk. They are calm to a little extent
and always lye under the shade of trees. They take a little food. They
(both male and female) are fond of eating corpses. Hence they should
not be allowed to enter in to villages or towns. Their youth is from
2 to 7 years. Their utmost age is 10 years. Owing to mean-mindedness
and bad qualities, they are called Tamasa Adhama or inferior in 3rd
class.
19th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CATS.
There are 5 varieties of cats. They generally live in houses.
Some live in forests. They are always selfish. They do always mean
things. Some are white, grey, black and some yellowish-brown in
colour. They are generally striped like tigers and some spotted. They
have long tails and they are quiet going, calm, and coward. They
give bad results always against the auspicious deeds. They are fat
by eating rats, food, ghee, curd etc. They resemble jackals in character.
Their passion for cohabitation increases in Spring. After $1\frac{1}{2}$ years
they get prime youth. Generally they begin to cohabit with female
ones especially at nights. They lick each other and play happily at
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