मृगपक्षी-शास्त्र (हंसदेव - १३वीं शती का अमर भारतीय वन्यजीव, पक्षी एवं प्राणि-विज्ञान)

[3rd variety of BUFFALOES]
(VAHADWIT)
These kinds of buffaloes are very tall, swift and black, in
colour. They are fond of sweet words. They could not be controlled
when they become wild of anger. They have long tails and hard,breath-
ing. They can work completely and satisfactorily. They have broad
eyes, big humps, and long necks. They are devoid of diseases in early
ages. They have much passion for cohabitation. They often cry aloud.
Their hair and skin are very thick. They often roll about in mud and
sand. Their limbs and nerves become very strong when they are angry.
They stand first among their crowd.
[4th variety of BUFFALOES]
(KASARA)
These varieties of buffaloes are blackish red with white hair.
They are moderate in size and very strong and powerful. They have
white horns, stout stomachs and very quick moevments. They always
produce long loud cry. They take a little food when they are in prime
youth. They are fond of rolling about in mire and going very happily
in rain. They are never separated fron their cattle. They have long
and hanging testicles and less passion. They can control their minds
and work hardly.
[5th variety of BUFFALOES]
(SAIRIBHA)
They always live in forests appearing terribly. They have
very much irritation of temper. They destroy all places wherever
they go. Though they are very strong, they could not easily, be
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controllable. They are devoid of taming and they are cruel-minded.
They are unfit for any kind of work. They have very rough and thick
skin. They are very ungrateful and fickle-minded. Some are of diffe-
rent colours. These kinds of buffaloes are very inferior in class. She-
buffaloes resemble He-Buffaloes. They give plenty of milk while young.
They are kind and patient (calm ones: They are pleasant and sub-
missive to human beings. They have stout stomachs. They give birth
to 4 or 5 calves in their life time. They should not be used for culti-
vating purposes. The cows and she-buffaloes are worshipped with saffron
and flowers. They are young from the 4th to 12th year. Their utmost
age is 20 years. Owing to breed and work they are called Rajasa
Adhama or inferior in 2nd class.
12th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BULLOCKS.
There are 7 varieties of bulls. Some are white, some red, some
black, some grey, and some in different colours. They are generally
strong and powerful with two horns, long tails and big humps. They
have beautiful and glittering bodies. They are the main support to
cultivators. They are calm and faithful to their masters, and pleasing
to all. Some have stout stomachs. They eat generally gingelly,
and ground-nut cakes, grass, straw, leaves etc., They are easily
trainable. They have good curls and good nature. Their prime youth
begins in their 4th or 5th year. They have generally much passion
for cohabitation in winter. They follow cows, crying aloud
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and cohabit with them. After that, the cows become pregnant. Then
they (cows) take a little food and they have slow walk and dizziness.
Foam often comes out of their mouths. These calves which are borne
at nights will last longer and are more beautiful than those borne in
day times. After a short moment, calve begins to suck their
mother's milk till 6th month and jump and play with their mothers.
After their 6th month, they eat grass and straw in addition to their
mothers' milk. They are useful for cultivating purposes after 4th
year. Their kinds are mentioned below:—
[1st variety of BULLS]
(UKSHA)
These varieties of bulls are pure white in colour throughout,
with stout horns. They are stout, patient, and very beautiful. They
are shrewd and intelligent in work. They turn out all kinds of work.
They can carry and drag heavy burdens. Their walk is very grand and
they are not gluttons. They never give room for punishment. There
are good curls in their faces and stomachs.
[2nd variety of BULLS]
(BALIVARDA)
These kinds of bulis are very tall and very stout. They are
either pure white or red and very strong and powerful. They have
curved horns, very beautiful appearance and very long tails. They are
very pleasant and faithful to their masters. They have slight irrita-
tion of anger. They run swiftly like an arrow. They have long and
hard breathing. They are easily trainable. They' often cry aloud.
They are devoid of fear, and possess broad broken hoofs. They are
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fond of eating green grass always. They are foremost every respect
in their crowds.
[3rd variety of BULLS]
(RISHABHA)
These kinds of bulls are generally black and moderate in size,
having long tails, and horns. Their humps are very big and stomachs
very stout. They are often irritated when they are angry and yet they
would complete the work entrusted to them. At times they work
regularly with care after punished. They are naturally timid and
never go to forest. They have less passion. They are eager to hear
sweet words.
[4th variety of BULLS]
(VRISHA)
These bulls are never mixed in colours. They are either pure
red, white, or black. They are always happy and very willing to work
hard. If they are slightly punished their irritation on account of
anger cannot be checked for some time and then they will begin to
work. Though they are very short, they can run very swiftly. Their
eyes are always red. They possess good nature and smell. They are
very powerful in their youth. They can withstand hunger, thirst,
heavy weight etc., while they work.
[5th varity of BULLS]
(ANADWAN)
They have different colours on their bodies and have grand
appearance. They are strong, very powerful and speedy from
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their youth. They are easily trainable and very fond of eating much
and very passionate. They destroy all work when they are very angry.
They are very stout when they are young. They are devoid of diseases.
They are very faithful to their masters and work satisfactorily. They
have very smooth bodies and good smell would be coming out from
them.
[6th variety of BULLS]
(MAHOKSHA)
These kinds of bulls are very tall, strong, powerful and stout.
They have one fair uniform colour throughout. They have hanging
navals, huge humps, and long tails. They never require any punish-
ment. They are always very keen, intelligent and very patient. They
can finish work of any kind by labouring hard. They increase their
masters produce if they are utilised for agriculture. They never have
cruel mind. They have stout heads, much passion for cohabitation and
many other good qualities. They are fond of amusements.
[7th variety of BULLS]
(SAURABHEYA)
They are very superior in breed. Hence they are called Saurab-
heya (i.e) sons of Kamadhenu (Devine cows). They are very tall, 4 ka-
rams in height(6 feet)and some are still taller and stouter. Their bodily
colour of any kind has uniformity. They are very patient, quiet-going
and speedy while they walk. Their bodies would be shining. They are
easily trainable. They could be used for very hard works. They
always cry very loudly. They have long hanging navals. They have
strong and well developed muscles in their bodies. They are very
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faithful and submissive to their masters. They cannot be prevented,
from their fully irritated anger. These are called "KING OF
BULLS."
There are many varieties of bulls possessing the same nature
qualities, colour ete. Some could not be controlled or trained owing
to their terrible bad-nature. They are unfit for any work and do
intolerable work though they are strong and powerful. They push
and quarrel with one another. Some are too short to work. Such
bulls should not be purchased. Generally the prime youth for bulls
begins in their 5th year and lasts till 12th year. They become old
after the 12th year. Their utmost age is 20 years. Owing to their
breed, nature and work, they are called Rajasa Uttama or superior in
2nd class.
13th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COWS.
The cows are generally worshipped. They are very keen. Some
are very pure red, some white, some jet black, some blue, and some
of various colours. They give full of sweet and good milk. They have
long tails and short horns. They are very stout and beautiful but are
a little bit slow in walk. They eat 'gingelly cakes, green grass, straw
etc. They are generally very kind faithful, submissive and pleasing to
all. They are very affectionate to their calves. They always increase
welfare of human beings. They have generally short humps, good
curls and good nature. Generally people go around the [cows. and
—44—

worship them as they are considered to be very sacred and fit. Their
prime youth begins in their 4th year. They too, have much passion
for cohabitation in winter season. They would easily yeild to bulls for
cohabitation. Generally, after a single intercourse, they become pre-
gnant, drowse, beautiful and walk slowly. Their delivery time is in
their 10th month. They generally give birth to 4 or 5 calves in their
life time. Their varieties are mentioned below:—
[1st variety of COWS]
(GAU)
These varieties of cows have uniform colour of any kind and stout
horns. They are always happy and moderate in size and have beautiful
eyes, fair faces, and long tails. They walk slowly. Their bodies are
beautiful with good shining. Their cries are pleasant and they are fond
of amusements. They take little food. They are very smooth. They
become stout and strong while they are young.
[2nd variety of COWS]
(DHENU)
These cows are of different colours. Invariably they have white
red or black spets on their faces, stomachs or on rear portions of the
body. They are a little taller having long horns and slow paces. Their
cries are loud and amusing. They have long tails and smooth bodies.
They are devoid of diseases. Though they feel wearisome, they are
not irritated by anger. They generally, don't require punishment and
they are always very faithful and grateful to their masters. They
are a little coward, possessing a good memory and smell. These are
said to be the "Goddess of Virtue." They must, carefully be fed.
—45—

The cows too have the same nature, qualities, colours and their utmost
age is like that of bulls. Owing to their nature breed and work, they
are called Rajasa Uttama or Superior in 2nd class.
14th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GOATS.
There are 5 varieties of goats. They are short. Some are white, some
black, some red, some grey and some with mixed colours. They are very
useful to sacrifies and good to human beings. Though they are dull-
nature, they are very faithful and submissive to their masters. They
don't require punishment. They have much passion for cohabitation.
'Their skin and flesh are very soft. They are coward and quiet-going
by nature. They are quick in paces. They eat very bitter leaves.
Generally, they have hanging ears, testicles, very short tails, and
horns. Their milk and flesh give strength to human beings. Their
urine and dung are strong manures to productive lands. Their passion
is increased in Spring and Autumn seasons. Their youth begins in
their 2nd year. They will cohabit with she-goats and give pregnance
to them. They will give birth to 2 or 3 kids at a time. Every year
they become pregnant and give birth to kids. Their delivery time is in
4th or 5th month, especially at nights. The kids often suck their
mother's milk. Their varieties are mentioned below:—
[1st variety of GOATS]
(AJA)
These varieties of goats are generally white in colour and a
little bit tall in size. They are avaricious to eat always. They have
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hanging testicles and thin and long horns. There are two finger-like
things hanging under their necks. Some have long mustaches. Their
swiftness is like that of an arrow. They can ascend mountains and
elevations. They can elimb up trees to some extent with firm footing.
They produce BABAING cries. They are always quiet going ones. They
are beautiful and they need not punished.
[2nd variety of GOATS]
(CCHAGA)
These varieties of goats are generally, red in colour having
smooth-bodies. Their skin and flesh are also very soft. They are
always good in nature and having good smell on their bodies. They
have no anger and are very peaceful. They take a little food. They
have very short horns. They run fast if they are induced. They grasp
and know the time and intention of their masters. They have stout
stomachs in their youths. They always desire to sleep under the shade
of trees. They are much afraid of beat of trumpets and noise. They
are not much passionate, and have small cry. They are fond of sweet
words.
[3rd variety of GOATS]
(MESHA)
These kinds of goats are black in colour, less in speed having
smooth and soft bodies. Their skin is very soft. They often show their
anger and yet they are very beautiful. Their cries are long, loud and
cheerful. They have always lean bodies. They run fast on hard grounds
in valleys and forests as well. They would be dejected if they are
seperated either by force or nature. They are very lazy and sleepy.
— 47 —

They fear for mire. They can easily walk in thorny places having
red eyes.
[4th variety of GOATS]
(VRISHNI) SHEEP.
These kinds of goats are brown in colour. Their bodies are
covered with long hair. They have two short horns. They also have
other colour in their faces, necks, and stomachs. They have stout
stomachs, very slow paces and a little anger in their youth. They
must be well-trained in their early ages alone. They appear fearfully.
They loose temper when they are hungry. They quarrel with one
another and cause awful fear in them.
[5th variety of GOATS]
(EDAKA)
These varieties of goats have one sort of colour on their faces,
stomachs and hinder portions and another sort of colour on the
remaining portions of their bodies. They are generally tall. They have
long legs and stout stomachs. They often cry (be be) out of passion
for cohabitation. They can jamp from high places to down. They can
run very fast in plains. They can withstand fatigue, rain, and hot Sun.
There are many other goats in the world possessing the same qualities,
nature, and work. Some have smaller dots and bigger spots of various
colours on their bodies. The She-Goats resemble the He Goats in all
respects. Some may not have horns. They have big odhas to give food
and plenty of milk. They produce good smell. They have strong
memory and easily trainable and very greatful to their masters.
'They cannot withstand Sun's heat, rain and fatigue. They take less
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food than ke-goats. Their issues are many in their life time. The
youth, for all the goats begins in their 2nd year and lasts till 7th,
year. Their utmost age is 9 years Owing to breed and work,
they are called Rajasa Madhyama or Middle in 2nd class.
15th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF DEER.
There are 14 varieties of deer. Some have red, gold-like and
black colours and some are with different coloured spots. They are
always quiet-going ones. They are very beautiful to look at. They
have branches of horns, and clean bodies. They are very passionate.
They have short lean legs, broad eyes and long faces and necks. They
are coward to hear big noises. Taey are very swift. They are fond of
living both in forests and countries. They are fond of playing with
their crowds. They are ,very smooth and harmless. They have no
bad qualities such as ill-temper, dull-ness etc., They are the main
playing ornaments of the houses of Nobles and Kings. A lock at them
create much passion in young men and ladies. They are considered to
be very sacrod and their flesh is very sweet. Generally they eat leaves
and grass. They are very grateful to their masters. They create plea-
sure and happiness to people by jumping and playing in various ways.
Their youth begins in their 3rd year. They cohabit with female ones
in Spring and summer Seasons especially at nights. Then female ones
become pregnant anl sleepy. After 4th or 5th month, they deliver
young ones, generally during nights. They grow by their mothers' milk.
Their varieties are mentioned below :—
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[1st variety of DEER]
(MRIGA)
These kinds of deer are brown and tall with spots of various
colours. They are very lean and swift. They have long straight horns,
full of passion and good smell. They are fond of remaining in shades.
They often fear people and other things after they are controlled.
They cry feebly.
[2nd variety of DEER]
(KURANGA)
These kinds of deer are very short and red in colour, with
branch horns and very broad eyes. They resemble goats, especially, in
faces. They often graze grass and are shrewd having turning eyes.
'They are quiet-going ones and harmless. They listen to sweet words.
They are fond of music, grateful and patient. Their bodies glitter much.
[3rd variety of DEER]
(VATAYU)
These varieties of deer always desire to live in forests only.
They are spotted with different colours. They have stout horns and
very long faces. They are fond of hunting. They often run jumping.
They are afraid of human crowd. They can freely escape from the
weapons and other hunting instruments. They do not live long after
they are controlled by people owing to fear.
— 50 —

[4th variety of DEER]
(HARINA)
These varieties of deer have broad and beautiful eyes. They are
fond of living with human beings in their houses. They like to see
flowers and creepers. They fear thunder. They often drink water.
Some have straight horns and some have horns with branches. There
are some other colour on their faces, stomachs, and hinder portions.
They like the females' sweet words and to play often either with men
or with their kinds. They take a little food and sleep. They feel much
dejected when they are fastened to.
[5th variety of DEER]
(VATAMRIGA) (STAG)
These kinds of deer run fast winds do. They can escape from
weapons. They dwell in thick forests. They never like the separation
from their crowds. They are lean having long legs. They have the
knack of disappearing suddenly. They dislike human scent. They
have horns with full of branches. They have a little irritative temper.
If they are separated from their crowds, they become foolish, mad,
and die out of fear. They are not easily capturable even by hunters
living in forests. They freely roam about in forests.
[6th variety of DEER]
(KRISHNASARA)
These kinds of deer are spotted throughout. They have different
colour in front legs and stomachs and black colour in other parts of

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the body. They have good smell. They have long straight horns with
beautiful bodies. They are fond of dwelling both in houses and forests.
They are very swift and stout when young.
[7th variety of DEER]
(RURU)
These kinds of deer are tall with different coloured spots and
with very big branch horns. They have broad hoofs and long necks.
They do not fair to look at. They are fond of eating much. They
have a less speed and strength. They can withstand Sun's heat, cold,
rain etc,. They have smooth hair on their bodies. They are afraid of
big noise. They have much sleepiness, laziness, and some bad qualities.
[8th variety of DEER]
(NYANKU)
These kinds of deer are blackish red in colour and short with
very long horns. They have slow paces and very smooth bodies.
They are fond of playing in the early Sun-rise. They sleep during
mid-day and play happily in the evenings. They are fond of dwelling
in houses of human beings. They are generally very happy. They
have much passion.
[9th variety of DEER]
(SAMBARA)
These kinds of deer are spotted ones with short horns, and siz.
They are afraid of trumpets. They often desire to eat grass by
chewing. They are very quiet-going, very sleepy and a little
— 52 —

dull in nature. They have very lean bodies. They play and jump in
various ways. They are fond of living with people. They are very
passionate and very strong. They are very grateful. They increase
passion in human beings.
[10th variety of DEER]
(RANKU)
These varieties of deer have very small innumerable spots on
their bodies. Some are born with different colours and others with
black colours. They have broad and long horns, broad eyes, and beau-
tiful bodies. They are moderate in size. They take a little food and
have good smell in their bodies. They are very glad if they are crow-
ded and sorry if they are separated. They are always be very quick.
Their bodies are covered with long hair. They have much passion
and clean bodies.
[11th variety of DEER]
(ROHITAKSHA)
These kinds of deer have red eyes. They are fond of hunting.
They are fit for the touch of Kings, Queens and other Noblemen. They
are fond of playing with such people alone. They are moderate in
size. Ther are various colours on their bodies. They are neither too
stout nor too lean. Those, who see them, would become rich and
prosperous. Some are of pure red in colour. They are fond of adorn-
ments and hearing sweet words.
— 53 —

[12th variety of DEER]
(GOKARNA)
These kinds of deer are whitish-red and some brown in colour.
They have very short ears. They like to live in cold places when they
are in countries. They are very quiet-going ones. They have stout
heads and broad hoofs. They are fond of playing with their creed.
They have slow paces. They are very coward and have stout stomachs
when young.
[13th variety of DEER]
(ENA)
These kinds of deer are very tall and have pure gold coloured
body. There are a few spots on their bodies. They have good smell
like jasmine and lotus flowers. They are fond of listening to sweet
words, and of eating grass, rice, dhalla etc, and also of music and
of living with people. There are many kinds of deer in the forests
possessing the same nature, qualities, and work. The female ones too
resemble the male ones in all respects save big horns. They are more
passionate, quiet going and beautiful than their male deer. Their duty
is more or less to play in different ways. They much afraid but are
speedy. They generally take a little food and sleep. They have more
good qualities indescribable. The youth for them extends from their
2nd to 6th year. They become old from the 7th year. Their utmost age
is 9 years. Owing to work and nature, they are said to be Rajasa Mad-
yama or middle in 2nd class.
— 54 —

[14th variety of DEER]
(MUSK DEER) GANDHARVA.
These kinds of deer are of 5 kinds. They all resemble to deer
in colour, size, qualities, nature etc, but they have not horns and
have hanging and stout navals.
[1st variety of Musk DEER]
(GANDHARVA)
They are brown in colour and very tall. They give more quantity
of musk. They are very swift in running. They lie under shades in
summer.
[2nd variety of Musk DEER]
(SARA BA)
They are reddish-black in colour and spotted; but are short in
size. They are sleepy and lazy. They have always rocky bed sleep. At
some times they dwell in cold places. Very good smell like jasmine
flower comes out of their bodies.
[3rd variety of Musk DEER]
(RĀMA)
They are whitish-red in colour and slow in paces. They have
projected and hanging jaws with full long hair. They are stout. The y
always desire to live in forests. They will have big and stout navals.
They often drink water. They are afraid of hot Sun, rain, cold etc.
They are very calm and quiet-going.
— 55 —

[4th variety of Musk DEER]
(SRIMARA)
They have different colours on their bodies. They are very
stout and produce much musk. They run very fast when they are
angry. They must be kept without threat and punishment.
[5th variety of Musk DEER]
(GAVAYA)
They are of different colours and slow in paces. They have long
ears and much anger. They do not like the scent of human beings and
run away. They could not be caught very easily. They are much afrai
and are stout to a very little extent.
16th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SABARIES.
There are 4 kinds of Sabaries. They resemble deer but without
horns. Some are red, white, and some black. They are spotted ones.
They have very bushy tails and good smell. They always live in sha-
dy bushes. They have much passion, in the season in which deer have.
They are very calm and quiet-going ones.
[1st variety of SABARIES]
(CHAMARA)
These kinds of sabaries are tall, and white in colour with sharp
ears and very smooth hair. They have very bushy tails with full of
— 56 —

soft hair. They run very fast. Their hair are very useful for Chamara
(a kind of Fan) and superior in class.
[2nd variety of SABARIES]
(KANDALI)
These varieties of Sabaries are black in colour. They often run
fast jumping. They cannot be easily captured even by hunters living in
forests. They have stout bodies and soft hair. This hair are also used
for Chamara and Savari. Their hair are grouped in the middle class.
[3rd variety of SABARIES]
(CHEENA)
They are blackish-red in colour and very short in size. By
their temper they are irritated to a little extent and good speed. They
fear human beings and run away. They have some bad qualiities.
Their hair are inferior in quality.
[4th variety of SABARIES]
(PRIYAKA)
They are red in colour. They have red eyes, stout bodies, long
bushy tails and long hair covering their bodies entirely. They are
afraid naturally and slow in running. They don't like the scent of
human beings. The hair of these animals are of the inferior quality.
The female ones resemble male ones in all respeets.
— 57 —

17th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MONKEYS.
There are 8 varieties of Monkeys. They generally live in
forests. Some are red, black, brown, white, gray and some with
different colours. They always like to play with one another by
climbing trees. They have red faces, long tails and small eyes. Their
chins are very clearly apparent. They are fond of wicked deeds. They
are always ill-tempered. They do cruel deeds. They could not be
easily checked and controlled by people. They are fond of quarelling
with one another. They are very fearful to look at. They are given
training but it is in vain. As they are very wicked and mischievous
they have much passion for cohabitation especially in Autumn and
Winter seasons. The female monkeys become pregnant after single
enjoyment. They give birth to young ones in the 3rd or 4th month.
They cohabit at short intervals as they are very mean-minded. For 2
or 3 months, the mother monkeys will be going out and doing things
with their young ones underneath their stomachs. Their young ones
begin to run fast in their 4th month. Their varieties are mentioned
below:—
[1st variety of MONKEYS]
(KAPI)
These varieties of monkeys are red in colour with blood red
faces. and a little tall in size. They are always angry. They always dwell
in forests. They are not easily captuarable by wild tribes. Their bodies
are stout to a little extent and tails long. They suddenly jump from
one high place to the other. They threaten all the minor animals, and
— 58 —