मृगपक्षी-शास्त्र (हंसदेव - १३वीं शती का अमर भारतीय वन्यजीव, पक्षी एवं प्राणि-विज्ञान)
Mriga-Pakshi-Shastra of Hamsadeva (Zoology & Ethology)
जैन आचार्य हंसदेव (अनुवादक: सी. सुन्दरराजू) द्वारा
[1st variety of RHINOCEROSES]
(GANDAKA)
These species of animals are black, having very short-tails and
short and stout bodies. They have long and sharp nails. They have
uniformly ugly stout and nasty bodies. They have a horn at the end
of their noses. Their skin is very thick. There are many white spots
throughout their bodies. Some are tall by 4 or 5 hasthas. They
have small faces, small eyes and hanging testicles. They are very
angry. They stoop to do very mean acts. They are very cruel and
terrible.
[2nd variety of RHINOCEROSES]
(KHADGA)
These kinds of Rhinoceroses are blue in colour, having red and
white dots on their bodies. They are very tall. Their cry is very ter-
rible. They are much dull in nature. There are fleshy muscles
around their ears. Some may have hump on their backs. They are
terrible cruel, ugly and nasty. They have long ears. They are not
easily capturable. They have not glittering and beauty on their bodies.
They are always fond of killing wild animals. They possess big and long
hanging testicles. Their hips are very stout and fleshy. Some have
whitish black colour and they are not so terrible and strong as others.
The rhinoceroses, generally live in graze jillica grass. Generally,
the female ones are of the same type as male ones. Some of
the females are fearful and some quiet. Some deliver twice and
some thrice in their life times. After 20th year they become
old and their utmost age is 32 years. Owing to dull-nature and
mean mindedness, they are termed as TAMASA ADHAMA or inferior
in 3rd class.
— 15 —
6th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ELEPHANTS.
There are 13 varieties of elephants. They are black in colour.
They are pleasing to look at. They are fond of hunting. They walk
very beautifully. They are very strong and robust. They possess
small eyes, big ears, stout stomachs, long trunks and long tusks
between the trunks. They increase wealth to their masters and
destroy foes. They get fame both to the country and army. Their
passion increases in spring and rainy season. After their 9th or 10th
year youth begins to them. Ruttish water begins to ouse out from
their temples. They even forget their food and try to go with the
female ones. They enjoy in solitary and dark places, on the river
beds, under the shade of trees and bushes, for a day or two com-
pletely. Generally they (female) become pregnant. Generally they be-
come quiet after their enjoyments. The pregnant elephants try to
prevent other [male ones for further enjoyments. The female ones
generally will yield to those which have been moving with them for a
long time. The male ones do get food and give it to the female ones
when pregnant and remain with them alone pleasantly. Generally all
the birds and animals would play and dance very beautifully with
female ones before their enjoyments, like bulls, horses, elephants, deer,
dogs, parrots, cuckoos, chakravaka birds, peacocks, karandava
birds, swan and pigeons. The female elephants are always, sleepy
when pregnant and take very little food till their delivery period
(21 to 24 months.) They do not take food for 2 or 3 days after
delivery. Then they never leave their young ones aloof and give milk
often and ever remain with them. Till the end of 1st year young ones
suck their mother's milk and go with their mothers, playing. The
young ones play with mud and other things till 1 year. During their
2nd year they try to go to other forests with their crowds without
— 16 —
fear. Sometimes they play in water and cry aloud. They eat and
digest grass, plantains, suger-cane etc., Their youth begins in the 7th
year. Then they play with female ones. They wauder independently.
Their varieties are mentioned below.
[1st variety of ELEPHANTS]
(DANTI)
These varieties of elephants are blue in colour and have strong
big tusks, aud long trunks. They are generally over 9 feet tall and
very strong. They are capible of turning out any kind of work and
they never fail in their attempts. They are very strong and capable
of doing work from their child-hood. They are fond of hunting. They
possess beautiful eyes and cry pleasingly. They have stout penis and
tall legs and their walk is very fine. They are stout and have long
tails and fond of listening to their master's sweet words. They are
very grateful to their masters and mahouts. They have no temper
and have long memory. They can lift heavy loads and they have a
little passion.
[2nd variety of ELEPHANTS]
(DANTAVALA)
These varieties of elephants are very tall and black in colour.
Their heads are very big. They have very swift walk. They are very
stout and move always when fastened in the stable. They are very
shrewd and intelligent. They are very fond of great war and play in
water, mud and dust. They have much passion. They have much gra-
titude and strong memory. They will be good and kind after trained.
They are clean and having good scents. Their walk and cry are very
grand. They are fond of eating much. They have no bad qualities and
—17—
they are never idle at their work. They are pioneers in their crouds.
They are intelligent and angry when their masters punish them.
[3rd variety of ELEPHANTS.]
(HASTI)
These varieties of elephants are slow in walk and less powerful.
They possess beautiful bodies. They are very grateful to their masters
and fond of doing work every day and they will complete it happily.
They project their penis at passion times. Their eyes will be always
glittering. They are fond of playing in water, mud, dust etc., and fond
of music. They work only when punished.
[4th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(DWIRADA)
These varieties of elephants have pure white tusks but black
bodies. Though they are stout and strong they are short. Their heads
and trunks are very stout. They are always slow in walk, and eating
much. Their cries are very grand and amusing. They feel exhausted
even if their work is small. Though they are beautiful, they are
cowards. They lose temper like serpants if they are troubled. They
are fond of dressing. They will work according to the will of their
mahouts. Their breath is very hard.
[5th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(GAJA)
These varieties of elephants are huge blue coloured bodied ones.
They are very strong and powerful but they have neither proud nor
—18—
temperament. They would complete any kind of hard work.
They could not be controlled in their prime youth, At that time ruttish
water ouses out. They have stout stomachs. They would always
wave their trunks. They walk at the will of their mahouts. Their
tusks a little blackish white. There are numerous red dots on
their faces, when they are young. They walk very swiftly and
possess smooth bodies, beautiful eyes and pleasant cries. They are
quite impartial and long living.
[6th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(BHADRA GAJA)
These kinds of elephants are very tall and stout. These are
considered to be the best sort of elephants. They possess long trunks
having red colour at their nostrils and beautiful eyes. They are very
smooth. Some of them have red dots on their faces and some white
dots. Much ruttish water begins to ouse out while they enjoy youth.
They are always submissive to their mahouts and masters. They
can be very easily trained as they are very intelligent. They have
very good curls (marks). Their cries are very amusing. They are
very clever and patient at work. They would increase the prosperity
of their masters. They possess very strong memory and good smell.
They are very eager in hunting. They are capable of winning victory
in the great wars as they are very strong. Naturally they are good
and gain victory by destroying enemies. Their walk is very grand and
rapid when they lose temper. The Maharajahs always desire to go
upon this kind of elephants during their coronation time as they are
prosperous and wealthy.
—19—
[7th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(MANDA GAJA)
These kinds of elephants are not so tall as Bhadra elephants.
They are blue in colour, very stout and robust. Their stomachs are
still stouter than their bodies. Their trunks 'are also very stout and
the end of their trunks are red. They possess lion's eyes. They are
slow in walking. They amuse spectators. They are always very clever.
At times, they have a little anger. They remember their old training
and instructions when punished. They feel uneasy to some extent
when they are directed to do work. They are very fond of eating
sugar-cane, plaintains, grass etc. Their rut could not be checked when
they are young. They erect their penis owing to the increase of
passion in their prime youth. They destroy enemies in great battle by
pushing them. They carry very heavy loads when they are calm and
quiet. They carry very furiously when they are angry. They are
fond of hunting. They spend the whole of their youth with female
elephants while in the forests.
[8th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(MRIGA GAJA)
These kinds of elephants are very lean. They have long and lean
trunks and legs. They are a little bit feable. They have big eyes, and
stout tails, and they are not so beautiful as Bhadra and Manda ele-
phants. They are fickle-minded and bad tempered ones. They have
grey colour, with uniform bodies. At times they become out of senses.
They shirk work and they require punishment often. They are bad
scented ones. They have more passion. They possess lean tusks.
Some times they fail in their attempts.
—20—
[9th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(SANKEERNA GAJA)
Generally, those which have the same qualities and nature of
Bhadra, Manda and Mriga elephants (mentioned above) are called
Sankeerna elephants (mixed breed). These kinds of elephants grow
in abundance. These create prosperity to their masters. They are
very easily capturable. They will work very satisfactorily. Their
strength and enthusiasm are increased while they are at work. They
are very pleasant to look at. Though some are bad in their varieties
they are good after trained. They turn out all kinds of work, provided
they are fed well.
[10th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(MATANGAJA)
These kinds of elephants have huge and tall bodies. They are
very swift. Some are blue and some black in colour. Those which
are blue have white dots on their bodies and these which are black
have red dots. They always move their trunks. They do not know
how to walk slowly. They break down the trees and creepers
They are intelligent and very patient (calm) at work. They are very
powerful. They desire to move always with female elephants in
forests. They are fond of listening to sweet words. They are very
greatful to their masters. While they are young they are very proud
and they run like an arrow. They never fear for cold, rain and heavy
winds. They are always fond of playing in water. If any body sits on
it while walking, his body does not shake.
-21-
[11th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(PADMI)
These varieties of elephants desire always to play in lotus tanks.
They are fond of good sceneries, music, amusements, dressing silk
carpets and bells over them. They always desire to stand under the
shade of trees. They possess very beautiful bodies and peaceful minds.
Lotus like smell would be coming out of them. They increase their
master's prosperity. They work very satisfactorily and beautifully
when slightly punished and instructed. They are very shrewd and
cleaver in working according to the desire of their masters. They can
withstand hunger and thirst. They are fit for the kings, princes, and
ministers to ascend on them. At times, they are useful for hunting
purposes also.
[12th variety of ELEPHANTS
(IBHA)
These kinds of elephants are black in colour and moderate in
size. They are always a little bad in temper and have course bodies
and their cries are like thunder. They are not easily trainable. They
run fast with pride. They withstand rain, heavy winds, hot sun, and
fatigue and work well. They are very strong and ruttish in their
prime youth. They are pioneers of the war in destroying enemies and
thus get fame to their masters. They will always run terribly fast at
the slightest inspiration. They are good watch guards at the palace
gates, tents, and other places if they are kept. Their eyes are blood-
red when hunting.
— 22—
द्वितीय मृग-अधिकार (हरिण, शूकर, शशक एवं विभिन्न वन्य पशु स्वभाव)
[13th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(STAMBERAMA)
These kinds of elephants are very stout and blue in colour, pos-
sessing very smooth bodies. Though they take a little food, they are
very powerful and strong. They are very shrewd and intelligent.
They never fail in any work and they are easily trainable. They can
withstand any kind of hard work and difficulties. Their nature would
be changed according to their age. They are always fond of listening
to sweet words, and they are very grateful to their masters. They
are not at all bad tempered. (They never lose temper). They are
fat when they are young. They have lions' eyes. Their appearance is
clean and smell good. They never injure other souls. They love others
and pleasing to all. There are many varieties of elephants borne in
forests as mentioned above. Generally, female elephants are of the
same qualities, nature and work. They have no tusks and they are
always calm and peaceful. They always feel shy and they are more
powerful and intelligent but, a little less in size. They are more beau-
tfull and smooth. They do not take much food. Their work is very
delightf ul.. They do give birth to 3 or 4 issues in their life time and
they have much affection towards their young ones like cows. They
love and please to all souls. Both sexes of elephants have their youth
till 40 years. After that time, they are not be so strong and fair as they
were in youth and are unfit for hard work. They caught by Keddah
in their 3rd year. They are well fed and given good training. They
are said to be invaluable gems. Their utmost age is 100 years. Owing
to their breed and work they are termed to be RAJASA UTTAMA or
superior in 2nd class.
—23—
7th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF HORSES.
There are seven varieties of horses. They are very keen. They
are in white, black, red or mixed colours. They have long faces and
long tails, and short and sharp ears. They have strong feet and single
hoofs. They are much powerful and very beautiful. They are fit for
riding and drawing vehicles. Those which have good curls (marks)
on their bodies would increase prosperity, wealth and health of their
masters. They are the main decorations of houses and places. They
are never idle and are fond of bunting. They have full passion in the
spring season, and their youth begins in their 4th or 5th year. They
are very strong, beautiful and powerful in their 6th year and they
try to join mares. They enjoy with mares in solitary places under
trees, bushes and in plains. After the first intercourse, mares become
pregnant. Then, they have foam in their mouths. The mares are
reduced and take a little food owing to wearisome. Their delivery
time is from 10 to 12 month. The young ones suck their mother's
milk till the end of 1st year running and playing with their mothers.
They try to eat grass and other tender herbs in their 2nd year and to
run fast. They are fit for riding and cart driving from their 4th year.
They must be trained in their early ages. Their varieties are
mentioned below:—
[1st variety of HORSES]
(TURANGA)
These varieties of horses are always white in colour. They
have long necks and faces. Their testicles and penis are short.
Generally they have good curls from birth. They are very
strong and powerful and are, always, smooth and peaceful. They
—24—
take a little food and are easily trainable. Their eyes are a little big.
They are moderate in size. Though they have much passion, they
are very submissive to their masters. They walk fast with uplifted
faces. They complete any kind of work satisfactorily. They produce
good smell and they appear very beautifully. Their walk, trot, canter,
jump, and gallop are excellent. Hence they are said to be the best
horses.
[2nd variety of HORSES]
(ASVA)
Horses of these kinds are red in colour. They have eyes of ho-
ney colour. They are 4 hasthas tall and they have much passion.
They are always calm but at times lose temper to a very little extent.
They run like an arrow. They are very strong and they never fail
in work. They are stout when young. Men can easily ride over
them. Their cries are somewhat like thunder. They can withstand
hunger and thirst. They are good in nature, healthy, and have good
scent. They possess small ears and long tails. They work with a
little haughtiness. They are very terrible while hunting and in war.
They have strong memory. They are not fickle minded. They feel
much when punished. They are fond of swimming in water. They
are good to all persons. They are fit for riding for ministers, com-
mander-in-chiefs, and Princes.
[3rd variety of HORSES]
(GHOTAKA)
They are of black colour and they are very powerful and
swift. They are always successful in work. They often cry. They
are very clean and short and have a little sleep. Their teeth are
—25—
smooth. They can withstand difficulties of work. They have stout
and strong necks. They bite their teeth often showing their anger
when punished. They are fond of war and hunting.
[4th variety of HORSES]
(ARVAN)
They are very short in size and are different colours. Though
they can not run swift, they can work well. They are always, happy.
Their cries are like thunder. They are very pleasing to their masters
and they are fond of sweet words. They take a little food and they
have little anger. They walk very beautifully. They have broad eyes.
They erect their penis long when they are very passionate. They are
always peaceful and healthy. They fear hunting. They are shrewd
having smooth-bodies. They like beautiful sceneries. They are very
faithful servants. They can carry heavy burdens.
[5th variety of HORSES]
(VAHA)
These are red in colour throughout their bodies but their faces
and legs are white. They have much power, strength and anger. They
are always short, but lengthy and have hanging testicles. Their cries
are pleasant. They have long and stout necks. They work hard and
well when punished. They possess strong memory, red tongues and
long tails. They are always kind and submissive to their masters.
Generally they have visible good curls (marks) on their bodies.
— 26—
[6th variety of HORSES]
(GANDHARVA)
These have different coloured spots on their bodies. They
are very tall. They are very superior ones, and are peaceful and
noble-minded. They are very submissive to their masters. Those
horses which are red throughout, have white colour in faces, breasts,
hinder portions and legs, or seperately in parts are the best ones, and
those which are white throughout have red colour in faces, breasts,
hinder portions and legs and in parts are said to be the best ones. They
are always very clean and shrewd in memory. They always consume
a little food. They are fit for all kinds of work, as war, hunting,
riding, drawing vehicles etc.,
[7th variety of HORSES]
(HAYA)
These kinds of horses are either white, red or black throughout
their bodies without mixture of colours. They have full of long
mane on their necks. They are very capable of walking in 5 kinds.
They have good qualities and much gratefulness. They have good
curls on their bodies. They are fond of hunting and war. They would
be victorious in war. They are not at all afraid of anything. They have
much passion and they appear very beautifully. They can withstand
heavy winds, rain and hot sun. They have broad faces. Tehy are good
for riding.
There are many kinds of horses in forest having these quali-
ties and nature. Those horses, which are cruel, having ash-colour,
irregular faces, ungratefulness, much passion, idleness, uninclination
for work and bad-scent are all bad ones. They decrease their
— 27 —
masters' prosperity. Therefore, the kings, princes and other noble per-
sons should choose good horses with good curls to increaase their
wealth and prosperity. They must be well fed and maintained in
stables. The mares are also of the same qualities and nature of the
horses, but are more beautiful and swift in walk. Their anger is less.
It would be very pleasant for persons to ride on them. They are easily
trainable and are successful in every kind of attempt. They possess
inborne intelligence. The youth, for the both horses and mares is
from the 5th to 16th year, when they become old. They become dull
and unfit for work. Their utmost age is 25 years. Owing to their good
qualities, kinds and work they are considered to be RAJASA UTTAMA
or superior in 2nd class.
8th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CAMELS.
There are 4 varieties of camels. Some are white, some reddish
brown, and some gray in colour. Their bodies are awkward and their
tails are very short. They are very patient (calm) and quiet-going
animals. They are not at all injurious to any soul on the face of the
earth. They eat always margosa leaves. They are very strong,
powerful and swift. They are dull-in-nature and their walk is very
ugly. Their lips and chins would always be moving. They are very tall
and have big humps. They have much passion during winter seasons.
Their youth begins in their 4th or 5th year. When they begiu to en-
joy with female ones in dark places, bushes, deserts and solitary
and depressed places. After pregnancy they deliver their young
— 28 —
ones in their 9th, 10th, 11th or 12th month. The young ones will
suck their mother's milk for some time and play with their mothers.
They will grow in abundance in Oasises only. They can bare heavy
burdens and run very swiftly even in their early ages. They are very
useful to human beings though they are low in breed.
[1st variety of CAMELS]
(USHTRA)
These varieties of camels are 7 or 8 karams tall. (9 or 10 feet)
Their lips would ever move. They have very tall legs and brown
coloured bodies. They run very fast with very heavy burdens. They
can withstand cold, sun's heat, hunger, and thirst. They like deserts
and run fast in deserts oaly. They possess huge humps and curved
long necks. They never feel exhaustion even though they walk a long
distance. At times they like to go into forests also.
[2nd variety of CAMELS]
(KRAMELAKA)
Camels of these kinds are grey in colour and can run very
swiftly. They have very big humps, and there is always much foam in
their mouths. They become very fat when young and they are always
healthy and strong. The hair on their bodies is generally long. They
can tolerate any kind of hardship at work. They are a little impatient
when hungry and terrible at times. When they are exhausted, their
eyes become red. They are very anxious to eat.
—29—
[3rd variety of CAMELS]
(DASERAKA)
These are whitish brown in colour and 10 hasthams in height.
They always desire to roam in the forest. They have much impa-
tience and terrible appearance and are not easily capturable. Supposing
they are captured and fastened with ropes, they try to cut them by
biting and go away. Though they complete the work entrusted to
them they are very ungreateful. Their breath is very long and they
are not inclined to listen sweet words. They possess some bad qualities.
Bad smell would be coming out of their bodies. It is impossible to
obstruct them while they are running fast.
[4th variety of CAMELS]
(MAHANGA)
They are tall more than 10 hasthas in height. They are most
powerful and brown in colour. They possess very long necks, legs and
hair on their bodies. They are very avaricious of eating of all kinds
of leaves in abundance including poisonous leaves. They are very
patient animals. They are very greateful to their masters. They ever
successful in their work. They are very easily trainable. They grow
very fatty in their youth times and are always healthy and strong.
They are fond of carrying stones and other weighty things. Though
they have ugly bodies, they are very strong and powerful. The female
ones resemble the male camels in all respects but with a less speed.
They are very kind and patient by nature. They are easily trainable.
They never fail to work and,they are very greateful to their masters.
They (both male and female) enjoy youth from the 4th to 16th year.
— 30 —
Their utmost age is 30 years. Owing to creed and work they are con-
sidered to be TAMASA UTTAMA or superior in 3rd class.
9th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ASSES.
There are 3 kinds of asses. They are gray, white or black in
colour, and dull by nature. Their bodies are ugly and ears long. They
resemble horses in some respects. They have long faces and graze al-
ways grass. They are fond of mean and shabby work. They are neither
beautiful nor strong. Their cries are very awkward: and unpleasant
to hear. They have much passion and black penis. They produce bad
smell. Though they walk slowly they can carry burdens. Their front
legs do scratch each other while walking. Their youth begins in
their third year. When they have much passion in rainy season and
stand always by the side of female asses. They generally, enjoy with
female ones more in night times. Then they become pregnant. They
feel wearisome to a little extent and give birth to young ones in their
9th or 10th month. The young ones often suck their mothers' milk
and sleep. They are quite unfit for training even in their early ages.
Their varieties are clearly described below :—
[1st variety of ASSES]
(GARDABHA)
These kinds of asses are gray:in colour throughout their bodies
save their faces, bellies, and hinder portions which are white. They are
— 31 —
neither tall nor short. They are very patient ones. They can with-
stand rain, cold, sun's heat, hunger, and thrist. They have moderate
passion and smooth bodies but are a little impatient. They take a little
food and pass a little urine. Though they are lean, they can carry
burdens well. They never feel dejected while at work. They are grate-
full to their masters. They are useful to human beings.
[2nd variety of ASSES]
(KHARA)
These varieties of asses are generally black, in colour, having
long bodies and big eyes. Some are gray in colour. They have many
knotted hair on their bodies. They are a little bit stout. They are never
impatient nor unhealthy. They have stroug memory. They will work
sudmissively and satisfactorily to their masters. They are very strong
and passionate. They appear to be very ungrateful when they are im-
patient. They are slow in walk. They do'nt produce bad smell much.
They even venture to do very mean work when they are angry.
They endure any kind of hard labour. They are fond of hearing sweet
words. Some of the asses of this variety have various colours and
some have various coloured spots on their bodies.
[3rd variety of ASSES]
(RASABHA)
These' kinds of asses are a inixed breed of horses and asses.
They are otherwise called mules. Some are red, white, black, or grey
ahd some of various colours. They are, generally tall and have long
stripes. Though they are a little less in speed than horses, they could
easily be trained. Some like to live in forests alone and create fear
to other smaller animals. They have a little passiou aud are moderate
— 32 —
in size. They can withstand sun's heat, cold, rain, hunger and thirst,
but they are not easily controllable. They possess strong memory.
They fast when angry. They are never idle and dull. Their cries are
not pleasant. They must be punished for extracting work from them
when they are impatient. Female mules too resemble their males in
their nature and quality. They are a little fairer and less angry than
their males. They give birth to 3 to 4 issues in their life-time. They are
fat and strong while young. Their utmost age is 12 years. Owing to
their nature and work they are called Tamasa Adhama or inferior in
3rd 'class.
10th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BOARS.
There are 3 varieties of boars living in forests and 7 living in
countries and villages. They are always mean-minded. Some are
black or white and some grey in colour. They eat roots, and other
nasty things like night-soil. They are fond of rolling about in (mire)
muddy and swampy places. Some spoil crops altogether. Some
create fear to human beings. They have very small bodies and are
unfit to work as they are dull by nature. They possess stout stomachs
and sharp knoch shaped ears. They are very fatty-muscled ones.
They have long projected faces, and have long tusk like jaws. They
have much passion in winter season. Their youth begins in their 2nd
year. They then try to cohabit with female ones. They (female) gene-
rally give birth to 5, 6, or 7 young ones in their 3rd or 4th month
for every pregnancy. The young ones will suck their mothers' milk
very often and are always with their mothers. Their varieties are
described below.
— 33 —
[1st variety of BOARS]
(VARAHA)
These kinds of boars are black in colour. They belong to swine
kind. They possess very stout tails and they are very swift in running.
They cannot withstand the sun's heat. Their bodies are full of hair,
They are fond of eating much, and they are otherwise called gluttons.
They never go single. They produce girgling noice which is unpleasant
to hear. They are fat and void of diseases. They produce awfully
bad smell.
[2nd variety of BOARS]
: (SUKARA)
These boars are whitish in colour having pointed and rough
hair on their bodies. They always fond of mire and water. They are
slow in speed owing to short paces. They have stout stomachs. They
detest company. They are cruel and afraid of hunger. Their breathing
is long. Their legs are long. They will destroy all kinds of crops and
gardens. They are cal led Sukaras.
[3rd variety of BOARS]
(KOLA)
They are of grey colour and possessing stout bodies, small jaws
crooked and ever curved tails and extremely long ears. They have
slippery and irregular paces and less strength. They have bushy and
dence hair. They produce fearful girling noice. They always produce
very bad smell. Naturally they are coward. They are very fond of
wandering. They have a little sleep in nights.
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