मृगपक्षी-शास्त्र (हंसदेव - १३वीं शती का अमर भारतीय वन्यजीव, पक्षी एवं प्राणि-विज्ञान)

[1st kind of LIONS ]
(SIMAH.)
Simha or Lions are short and loug bodied ones having dense
mane and long tails. They are very strong and have strong nerves.
They are gold coloured throughout; but a little whitish in rear. They
have soft hair throughout. They lift their heads when they walk.
They run very swiftly like an arrow. Their nails are neither
very long nor short. They are very ferocious when they are
hungry and they run very swiftly with jumps. They have more
passion in their prime youth and they follow the lioness always.
They generally dwell in caves and they are sleepy. They wave their
tails when they are glad. At some times they get into water. They
are not easily capturable.
[2nd kind of LIONS]
(MRIGENDRA)
These are tall and long maned lions. They have a little anger
when they are hungry. They desire to catch deer and other
animals, and they are anxious to search for elephant. They roar
loudly. They are fond of wandering in sandy and bushy places.
They have more rut and strength and long jaws. They have more
passion in rainy season. They are always healthy and have a little
sleep. They like to play in shady places when they are not hungry.
Though they are calm they are not easily capturable. They appear
to be terrible for other animals. Though they walk slowly, they are
not easily capturable by noose and other instruments. Some of these
species have their mane covering their front bodies and have bright
gold coloured eyes and long mustaches. They have dots of various
colours on their bodies.
— 4 —

[3rd variety of LIONS]
(PANCHASYA)
They are whitish in colour having short tails. The hair on
their bodies are very dense and their mane are short. They are 2 to
3 cubits in height. They have long bodies. They appear to be very
terrible owing to their long jaws. They always walk jumping, bending
their heads. They have their tongues and testicles hanging down.
They are always sleepy. They roar loudly and heavily when they
are awake. They turn their eye-lids when they see. They have
small faces and long mustaches.
[4th variety of LIONS.]
(HARYAKSHA.)
These are very cruel, terrible and ferocious and very strong.
They have long claws and jaws. They run very swiftly in their
youth. They have small stripes on their bodies. They are very hun-
gry and healthy. They have long bodies and long mane covering
their faces. They are whitish-brown having tails in grey colour. They
walk roaring loudly and terribly. They have a little sleep. They are
always perspiring. Saliva would be ousing out in childhood. They are
very passionate in their youth. They ever lift their tails. They are
very fond of lying in shadow.
[5th variety of LIONS.]
(KESARI.)
These lions dwell always in caves. Their tongues are red
and more in their youth. They roar very terribly and loudly in
their youth. They do not relish much food. They have strong legs
— 5 —

and strong bodies. They are fond of killing elephants. They become
more indignant and terrible when they hear the cries of elephants.
They are very fond of hunting. They appear to be very ferocious
owing to their jaws. They have red bodies and are speely . They have
small stripes on their faces. There is foam always in their tongues.
They are neither very stout nor lean; but, are very strong.
[6th variety of LIONS.]
(HARI)
They are very short. They are whitish-red. They have a little
mane and anger. They are afraid of wandering about in day
times. They are very fond of moon-light. They have more strength
and more passion in their youth. They would never be aloof and are
always with lioness in their youth. They de not feel much appetite,
and like to drink water often. They will always sleep under the
shadow of trees. They roar grandly and loudly They always
look to directions and rainbow. Though they are very strong they
are patient and calm.
There are many lions of various types, differing in colours,
qualities and work in the world.
Generally lionesses are of the lions type being short in size.
They have no mustaches on their faces. Some of them have a very
little mane and some have not at all. They are fairer than the
lions. They are not so terrible as lions. They are a little less in
speed. Their rear portions would be round and fair. They have short
claws and pass little urine. Their roar is a little pleasing. They
give birth to cubs once or twice in their life time.
— 6 —

After the 10th year the lions of both sex do not harm to ani-
mals much. They kill only those which come nearer to them. They
become old. They have redused passion, hunger, and swiftness. Then
they would be lying under shadows of trees and caves. Their age is
limited to 20 years.
They are easily capturable by noose. They cannot be captured
by bows and arrows generally. The cubs," in their early age (ie-.
1.to. 3 years) are easily capturable. They are tamed by Rajahs keeping
them in palace gardens. They will be given flesh and thus maintained.
They can easily be captured by keeping artificial elephants and deer
in their front. Owing to their breed and work they are called RAJASA
UTTAMA or Superior in 2nd class.

2nd GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TIGERS.

They are 3 kinds of tigers differing in nature, colour and
work. Some live in mountains and others in forests. They are not so
keen as lions. They have more passion in rainy and autumn seasons.
When the ferociousness is less their passion increases. Like lions
they also enjoy in night times. Though the tigers approach the
tigresses and lick their bodies, they do not easily yeild to tigers for
intercourse. After a long time, they yeild for enjoyment. They are
not fully developed to give pregnance before their 6th year. They
enjoy with tigresses under the shady bushes and dark places.
Foam comes out of their mouths during their enjoyment times. Then
the tigress become pregnant. They deliver cubs in their 9th or 10th
mouth like lioness. As soon as the cubs are born, they like to eat

— 7 —

flesh and be very ferocious. They are 3 to 4 hasthas in height. Some
of them have full of spots on their bodies, and some have stripes
throughout their bodies. Some are yellowish and some of different
colours. Their varieties are described clearly below:—
[1st variety of TIGERS.]
(SARDULA)
These varieties of tigers are of lions' type but they are a little
tall.; Black stripes on their bodies are clearly visible. They have long
tails and long bodies. They have bright golden coloured eyes. They
are always very cruel and ferocious. They are fond of killing animals
and drinking blood. They appear to be very terrible owing to the
big jaws. Their claws are long and big. They are very strong and
robust. They lift their tails when they are angry and when they are
happy they wave and bend their tails. They jump upon the animals.
They are with full mustaches on their faces. At times, there is much
foam in their mouths. They cannot be easily prevented owing to
their mighty strength. They are fond of human flesh. They never
leave any living being without doing harm to them. They are always
hungry and thirsty. They fail in their attempt in jumping upon ani-
mals. They are very ferocious and angry when they are hungry.
They have little passion.
[2nd variety of TIGERS]
(DWEEPY)
These varieties of tigers are short. Some are striped and
some spoted. They are yellowish white in colour. They are very
cruel. They have small bellies. They are always fond of killing human
beings and deer. They have long faces and long testicles. Owing to
severe anger, they are foolish. They are dull by nature. In their

• 8 -

youth they are stronger and more passionate. Their paws, tongues
and eyes are red. They have always bad smell on their bodies.
In their early age, they are always sleepy and lazy. They sleep under
the shadow of trees thinking of killing animals.
[3rd variety of TIGERS]
(VYAGHRA)
These kinds of tigers are yellowish in colour. They are fully
long stripes on their bodies. They are neither too short nor too tall.
They have red tongues. Always they are very angry and terrible
Whatever is caught by them, it is not left unkilled. They will
fall upon animals from ambush. They cannot be easily captured
and prevented. They are always dirty. Though they are reduced
much in their youth, they are very strong. There are many tigers
possessing these natural qualities in the world.
Just as lions, tigers and tigress have their prime youth in
their 6th year. Tigresses are generally. of the tigers' type, but a
little patient. They are very thirsty in day-times. They are fond of
shady bushes and trees. They become hot tempered for a while
when they are troubldd. Some have a very few mustaches and some
do not possess at all. There are red spots under their bellies, and
their paws are red. They (tigresses) will become pregnant during
their 4th or 5th year. They enjoy with tigers unlike lionesses (ie)
when a lioness once enjoys with a lion, it will never go and enjoy
with; another lion. But tigresses are foolish in this respect. They
(tiger and tigress) have their youth till their 10th year. Then they
— 9 —

become old. They fear for heavy winds, hot Sun and heavy rains.
in their old age. Their roar, temper, and strength are reduced.
Their age is limited to 16 years. They are capturable by means of
noose and not by means of weapons. In their early age they are easily
capturable especially in winter season as their temperment will be
less. They must be trained when they are young and tender. They
never yield to good and smooth words.
3rd GROUP.
DESCRIPTION OF HYENAS.
[1st variety of HYENAS]
(TARAKSHU)
There are 2 kinds of Hyenas. They resemble tigers in strength
and terribleness. They are low breeded ones. Their youth begins in
their 6th year as lions and tigers. Their nature is dull and temper
bad. They are blackish red in colour, and a little shorter than the
tigers. Some have black spots on their bodies. They run so swiftly
like an arrow. Their bodies are covered with long and rough hair.
They have short feet and claws. Their necks are white in colour.
Their heads would be bent down when they stand. Their tails are
stout. They run very speedily when they become angry. They are
fond of human flesh. They kill deer and other animals very easily.
After they are fully satisfied with eating flesh, they sleep in nights.
After their hunger is passified, foam comes out of their mouth.
— 10 —

[2nd variety of HYENAS]
(MRIGADA OR LEOPORD)
These kinds of Hyenas are otheresiw called Leopords. They are
mere or less equal to the 1st variety of hyenas in height. Some are
yellowish red and some blackish red in colour. They are very cruel at
heart. Tley have long tails and long claws There are many spots on
their bedies. Some have long black stripes and some red stripes. They
appear to be grand and run swift like an arrow. They are very strong.
They are man-eaters. Their eyes are blood-red. They don't like the
scent of human beings. They generally live upon cows, bulls, buffalees
and other animals. (Some have more mustaches and some have
long and stout nostrils. They attack animals from ambush.
They will be more hungry and thirsty during mid-day. Their sleep is
less and breath is heavy. They are always foolish. Their utinost age
is 14 years. They are not easily controlable like tigers. They must be
caught only by uoose by threatening and beating them. (Owing to their
cruelty and dull nature they are called RAJASA ADHAMA[ or inferior,
in 2nd class.
4th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BEARS.
The bears are divided into 3 kinds owing to their nature, qua-
lity and work. They are generally dull by nature. They are neither cruel
nor fearing nor patient (calm). During spring season, their passion
increases, in their 3rd or 4th year. They enjoy either in mornings or
evenings under the shade of trees, bushes or on the banks of rivers.
— 11 —

They jump while play and thus enjoy. Then foam comes out of their
mouths. The female bears easily yield to male ones. After their inter
course, female ones get pregnancy and are always sleepy. After preg-
nancy, they enjoy until delivery. Generally, animals are satisfied
with single intercourse. Those which try to have intercourse after
pregnancy, are considered to be of low breed. Those which do not
easily yield to male ones, are troubled by the latter and thus
enjoyed. They are termed as having bad nature like tigers, bears,
hyenas, monkeys, horses, dogs, human beings, rakshasas and
demons Rest of the animals move with the female ones so amicably
as the latter would yield to enjoyments.
After pregnancy, female bears do not relish much food.
After their 9th or 10th month, they give birth to 2 cubs especially in
winter. The young ones suck their mother's milk till 1 year. Youth
begins in their 2nd or 3rd year. They are ferocious when they are
hungry. They are very cunning. They always dwell in bushes.
[1st variety of BEARS]
(RIKSHA)
These kinds of bears are stout. They have long jaws, claws
and bodies. They are black, dull in nature and hot in tempere. Their
bodies are densly covered with thick rough and long black hair. Their
faces are small and terrible. They are very swift when angry. Their
legs are very strong and very stout. Passion increases in their full
youth. Their lips and tongues are always waving. Foam would be
always ousing out. Though they are not so strong as tigers, they are
very cruel and nasty. They have a little appetite. They shrink for rain
and cold. Their cry is very awfully bad. They would always be
injuring the minor animals. Their skin is very soft.
— 12 —

[2nd variety of BEARS]
(ACCHABHALLA)
This variety of bear is 3 to 4 hasthas in height. Some have red
spots throughout their bodies and some various colours in their necks.
Their feet and bellies are always white. Their bodies are covered
with thick long black hair in full. They are stronger than the 1st
variety of bears. They always roam about in mid-nights. They can
run fast jumping and falling. They have long claws and jaws with
terrible faces. They dislike the scent of human beings. Awful foam
would ever be ousing out. They never listen to sweet words. They
possess thick skin, stout bodies and very short tails. Their cry is
awfully terrible. At times they kill human beings and are fond of
human flesh. Owing to their cruel heart they are termed as 'Sikandi'.
They are not easily capturable by noose.
[3rd variety of BRARS]
(BHALLUKA)
They are short having long jaws, short ears, long nose and neck.
They wander fast during day times. They are not easily capturable.
Owing to bad temper, they become foolish and fall in to dangerous
places. They are always quarrelsome with one another. They are
afraid of mud. Foam is always ousing out from their mouths. They
are angry when hungry. They dance when hungry is appeared. They
are both wicked and nasty. They fear hunting. Some possess white
long hair throughout their bodies with less strength. They (having
white hair) possess same qualities of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd varieties of
bears. Female bears are a little fairer than male ones and possess the
same qualitiy. The hair on their bodies are long and smooth as if
they are combed. Their walk and cry are slow and pleasing.
— 13 —

They dance fairly and they possess a little passion. They will
deliver young ones twice or thrice in their life time. They are quiet
after trained and they work and walk as men.
They must be carefully captured only by noose and carefully
trained. Before attain their prime youth they must be caught else, they
will not yield to anything owing to much passion and bad temper. They
become old after their 9th year. Their hair would begin to wither in
their old age and appear to be ugly. Their utmost age is 14 years.
Owing to their mean mindedness and dull nature they are called
THAMASA or infeiror class.
5th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RHINOCEROSES.
There are 2 kinds of Rhinoceroses in the forest. They resem-
ble elephants in all respects save trunk. They are black having short
tails. They are very cruel and physically very strong. Their limbs
are awkward and uniform. They are carnivorous and dull in nature
and slow in speed. They are terrible and harmful. Passion increases
in summer season. They have intercourse either in the day-times or
in the night-times. They first lick the female ones with their tongues,
turning around them and then begin to enjoy with them. They would
enjoy either in bushes or in low places. Just after their enjoyments,
they (female) become pregnant. Owing to pregnancy they are re-
duced. They eat less food. Their delivery time is fixed to 10 to
12 months. The young ones suck their mother's milk till one year,
when they begin to run and injure smaller animals. Their youth
begins in their 5th year.
— 14 — .

[1st variety of RHINOCEROSES]
(GANDAKA)
These species of animals are black, having very short-tails and
short and stout bodies. They have long and sharp nails. They have
uniformly ugly stout and nasty bodies. They have a horn at the end
of their noses. Their skin is very thick. There are many white spots
throughout their bodies. Some are tall by 4 or 5 hasthas. They
have small faces, small eyes and hanging testicles. They are very
angry. They stoop to do very mean acts. They are very cruel and
terrible.
[2nd variety of RHINOCEROSES]
(KHADGA)
These kinds of Rhinoceroses are blue in colour, having red and
white dots on their bodies. They are very tall. Their cry is very ter-
rible. They are much dull in nature. There are fleshy muscles
around their ears. Some may have hump on their backs. They are
terrible cruel, ugly and nasty. They have long ears. They are not
easily capturable. They have not glittering and beauty on their bodies.
They are always fond of killing wild animals. They possess big and long
hanging testicles. Their hips are very stout and fleshy. Some have
whitish black colour and they are not so terrible and strong as others.
The rhinoceroses, generally live in graze jillica grass. Generally,
the female ones are of the same type as male ones. Some of
the females are fearful and some quiet. Some deliver twice and
some thrice in their life times. After 20th year they become
old and their utmost age is 32 years. Owing to dull-nature and
mean mindedness, they are termed as TAMASA ADHAMA or inferior
in 3rd class.
— 15 —

6th GROUP.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ELEPHANTS.
There are 13 varieties of elephants. They are black in colour.
They are pleasing to look at. They are fond of hunting. They walk
very beautifully. They are very strong and robust. They possess
small eyes, big ears, stout stomachs, long trunks and long tusks
between the trunks. They increase wealth to their masters and
destroy foes. They get fame both to the country and army. Their
passion increases in spring and rainy season. After their 9th or 10th
year youth begins to them. Ruttish water begins to ouse out from
their temples. They even forget their food and try to go with the
female ones. They enjoy in solitary and dark places, on the river
beds, under the shade of trees and bushes, for a day or two com-
pletely. Generally they (female) become pregnant. Generally they be-
come quiet after their enjoyments. The pregnant elephants try to
prevent other [male ones for further enjoyments. The female ones
generally will yield to those which have been moving with them for a
long time. The male ones do get food and give it to the female ones
when pregnant and remain with them alone pleasantly. Generally all
the birds and animals would play and dance very beautifully with
female ones before their enjoyments, like bulls, horses, elephants, deer,
dogs, parrots, cuckoos, chakravaka birds, peacocks, karandava
birds, swan and pigeons. The female elephants are always, sleepy
when pregnant and take very little food till their delivery period
(21 to 24 months.) They do not take food for 2 or 3 days after
delivery. Then they never leave their young ones aloof and give milk
often and ever remain with them. Till the end of 1st year young ones
suck their mother's milk and go with their mothers, playing. The
young ones play with mud and other things till 1 year. During their
2nd year they try to go to other forests with their crowds without
— 16 —

fear. Sometimes they play in water and cry aloud. They eat and
digest grass, plantains, suger-cane etc., Their youth begins in the 7th
year. Then they play with female ones. They wauder independently.
Their varieties are mentioned below.
[1st variety of ELEPHANTS]
(DANTI)
These varieties of elephants are blue in colour and have strong
big tusks, aud long trunks. They are generally over 9 feet tall and
very strong. They are capible of turning out any kind of work and
they never fail in their attempts. They are very strong and capable
of doing work from their child-hood. They are fond of hunting. They
possess beautiful eyes and cry pleasingly. They have stout penis and
tall legs and their walk is very fine. They are stout and have long
tails and fond of listening to their master's sweet words. They are
very grateful to their masters and mahouts. They have no temper
and have long memory. They can lift heavy loads and they have a
little passion.
[2nd variety of ELEPHANTS]
(DANTAVALA)
These varieties of elephants are very tall and black in colour.
Their heads are very big. They have very swift walk. They are very
stout and move always when fastened in the stable. They are very
shrewd and intelligent. They are very fond of great war and play in
water, mud and dust. They have much passion. They have much gra-
titude and strong memory. They will be good and kind after trained.
They are clean and having good scents. Their walk and cry are very
grand. They are fond of eating much. They have no bad qualities and
—17—

they are never idle at their work. They are pioneers in their crouds.
They are intelligent and angry when their masters punish them.
[3rd variety of ELEPHANTS.]
(HASTI)
These varieties of elephants are slow in walk and less powerful.
They possess beautiful bodies. They are very grateful to their masters
and fond of doing work every day and they will complete it happily.
They project their penis at passion times. Their eyes will be always
glittering. They are fond of playing in water, mud, dust etc., and fond
of music. They work only when punished.
[4th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(DWIRADA)
These varieties of elephants have pure white tusks but black
bodies. Though they are stout and strong they are short. Their heads
and trunks are very stout. They are always slow in walk, and eating
much. Their cries are very grand and amusing. They feel exhausted
even if their work is small. Though they are beautiful, they are
cowards. They lose temper like serpants if they are troubled. They
are fond of dressing. They will work according to the will of their
mahouts. Their breath is very hard.
[5th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(GAJA)
These varieties of elephants are huge blue coloured bodied ones.
They are very strong and powerful but they have neither proud nor
—18—

temperament. They would complete any kind of hard work.
They could not be controlled in their prime youth, At that time ruttish
water ouses out. They have stout stomachs. They would always
wave their trunks. They walk at the will of their mahouts. Their
tusks a little blackish white. There are numerous red dots on
their faces, when they are young. They walk very swiftly and
possess smooth bodies, beautiful eyes and pleasant cries. They are
quite impartial and long living.
[6th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(BHADRA GAJA)
These kinds of elephants are very tall and stout. These are
considered to be the best sort of elephants. They possess long trunks
having red colour at their nostrils and beautiful eyes. They are very
smooth. Some of them have red dots on their faces and some white
dots. Much ruttish water begins to ouse out while they enjoy youth.
They are always submissive to their mahouts and masters. They
can be very easily trained as they are very intelligent. They have
very good curls (marks). Their cries are very amusing. They are
very clever and patient at work. They would increase the prosperity
of their masters. They possess very strong memory and good smell.
They are very eager in hunting. They are capable of winning victory
in the great wars as they are very strong. Naturally they are good
and gain victory by destroying enemies. Their walk is very grand and
rapid when they lose temper. The Maharajahs always desire to go
upon this kind of elephants during their coronation time as they are
prosperous and wealthy.
—19—

[7th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(MANDA GAJA)
These kinds of elephants are not so tall as Bhadra elephants.
They are blue in colour, very stout and robust. Their stomachs are
still stouter than their bodies. Their trunks 'are also very stout and
the end of their trunks are red. They possess lion's eyes. They are
slow in walking. They amuse spectators. They are always very clever.
At times, they have a little anger. They remember their old training
and instructions when punished. They feel uneasy to some extent
when they are directed to do work. They are very fond of eating
sugar-cane, plaintains, grass etc. Their rut could not be checked when
they are young. They erect their penis owing to the increase of
passion in their prime youth. They destroy enemies in great battle by
pushing them. They carry very heavy loads when they are calm and
quiet. They carry very furiously when they are angry. They are
fond of hunting. They spend the whole of their youth with female
elephants while in the forests.
[8th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(MRIGA GAJA)
These kinds of elephants are very lean. They have long and lean
trunks and legs. They are a little bit feable. They have big eyes, and
stout tails, and they are not so beautiful as Bhadra and Manda ele-
phants. They are fickle-minded and bad tempered ones. They have
grey colour, with uniform bodies. At times they become out of senses.
They shirk work and they require punishment often. They are bad
scented ones. They have more passion. They possess lean tusks.
Some times they fail in their attempts.
—20—

[9th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(SANKEERNA GAJA)
Generally, those which have the same qualities and nature of
Bhadra, Manda and Mriga elephants (mentioned above) are called
Sankeerna elephants (mixed breed). These kinds of elephants grow
in abundance. These create prosperity to their masters. They are
very easily capturable. They will work very satisfactorily. Their
strength and enthusiasm are increased while they are at work. They
are very pleasant to look at. Though some are bad in their varieties
they are good after trained. They turn out all kinds of work, provided
they are fed well.
[10th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(MATANGAJA)
These kinds of elephants have huge and tall bodies. They are
very swift. Some are blue and some black in colour. Those which
are blue have white dots on their bodies and these which are black
have red dots. They always move their trunks. They do not know
how to walk slowly. They break down the trees and creepers
They are intelligent and very patient (calm) at work. They are very
powerful. They desire to move always with female elephants in
forests. They are fond of listening to sweet words. They are very
greatful to their masters. While they are young they are very proud
and they run like an arrow. They never fear for cold, rain and heavy
winds. They are always fond of playing in water. If any body sits on
it while walking, his body does not shake.
-21-

[11th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(PADMI)
These varieties of elephants desire always to play in lotus tanks.
They are fond of good sceneries, music, amusements, dressing silk
carpets and bells over them. They always desire to stand under the
shade of trees. They possess very beautiful bodies and peaceful minds.
Lotus like smell would be coming out of them. They increase their
master's prosperity. They work very satisfactorily and beautifully
when slightly punished and instructed. They are very shrewd and
cleaver in working according to the desire of their masters. They can
withstand hunger and thirst. They are fit for the kings, princes, and
ministers to ascend on them. At times, they are useful for hunting
purposes also.
[12th variety of ELEPHANTS
(IBHA)
These kinds of elephants are black in colour and moderate in
size. They are always a little bad in temper and have course bodies
and their cries are like thunder. They are not easily trainable. They
run fast with pride. They withstand rain, heavy winds, hot sun, and
fatigue and work well. They are very strong and ruttish in their
prime youth. They are pioneers of the war in destroying enemies and
thus get fame to their masters. They will always run terribly fast at
the slightest inspiration. They are good watch guards at the palace
gates, tents, and other places if they are kept. Their eyes are blood-
red when hunting.
— 22—

[13th variety of ELEPHANTS]
(STAMBERAMA)
These kinds of elephants are very stout and blue in colour, pos-
sessing very smooth bodies. Though they take a little food, they are
very powerful and strong. They are very shrewd and intelligent.
They never fail in any work and they are easily trainable. They can
withstand any kind of hard work and difficulties. Their nature would
be changed according to their age. They are always fond of listening
to sweet words, and they are very grateful to their masters. They
are not at all bad tempered. (They never lose temper). They are
fat when they are young. They have lions' eyes. Their appearance is
clean and smell good. They never injure other souls. They love others
and pleasing to all. There are many varieties of elephants borne in
forests as mentioned above. Generally, female elephants are of the
same qualities, nature and work. They have no tusks and they are
always calm and peaceful. They always feel shy and they are more
powerful and intelligent but, a little less in size. They are more beau-
tfull and smooth. They do not take much food. Their work is very
delightf ul.. They do give birth to 3 or 4 issues in their life time and
they have much affection towards their young ones like cows. They
love and please to all souls. Both sexes of elephants have their youth
till 40 years. After that time, they are not be so strong and fair as they
were in youth and are unfit for hard work. They caught by Keddah
in their 3rd year. They are well fed and given good training. They
are said to be invaluable gems. Their utmost age is 100 years. Owing
to their breed and work they are termed to be RAJASA UTTAMA or
superior in 2nd class.
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