काव्यमीमांसा (महाकवि राजशेखर - कवि-रहस्य एवं देश-विभाग सटीक)

APPENDIX I. 295
may be identified with the present river
the Deeg, which is a tributary of the Ravi.
90. Dramila ... ...Same as Draviḍa.
91. Draviḍa ... ...The words Dramila and Draviḍa are
mentioned by Rājaśekhara to denote the
inhabitants of the southern India, and not
the name of the country. The use of these
words is the same as in the case of the
word Gauḍa.
92. Droṇācala ...The Doonagiri mountain in Kumaun.
93. Narmadā ...Rājaśekhara includes this amongst the
rivers of South India. It rises from the
Amrakaṇṭaka hills in the Vindhya range,
and flows into the gulf of Cambay.
94. Nāgadvīpa ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa.
It may be placed in the western part of
India if we are to take into account the
sequence of the nine parts mentioned in
the Purāṇas.
95. Nāsikya ... ...Nasik. Same as Pañcavaṭī.
96. Niṣadha... ...This is mentioned as a mountain in the
Jambūdvīpa or Asia, and as situated im-
mediately to the south of the Mahāmeru.
It is said to be the principal mountain of
the Harivarṣa in the same way as the
Himālayas may be called the principal
mountain of the Bhāratavarṣa. It is iden-
tified with Hindukush by Mr. N. L. Dey.
97. Nīlagiri ... ...One of the Varṣa mountains of Jambūdvīpa
or Asia. Ramyakavarṣa is attached to
this, and the position of the mountain is
immediately to the north of the Mahāmeru.
98. Nepāla ... ...Nepal. Rājaśekhara includes this in the list
of the mountains and also of the countries
in the eastern India.

296 APPENDIX I.
99. Payoṣṇī ... ...A river in the southern India and may
be identified with the Pūrṇā, a tributary
to the river Tāpī.
100. Pallava ... ...This name often denotes a dynasty which
ruled over the southern India from the
5th to the 9th century A. D. with the
capital at Kāñchī. The country surro-
unding Kāñchī very probably was known
as the Pallava country after its rulers,
because Kāñchi is mentioned by Rāja-
śekhara as a separate country in the sou-
thern India.
101. Pas'cāddes'a ... Western India. This comprises Sindh,
Western Rajputana, Cutch, Gujarat and a
portion of the adjoining coast on the lower
course of the Narmadā. Devasabhā is
mentioned as its eastern boundary.
102. Pāñcāla ... ...The Pāñcāla country is located in the
Central India or Madhyadeśa which is ex-
tended from the foot of Himālayas to the
Yamunā and between Vinaśana and Pra-
yāga. It is divided into north and south
Pāñcālas with Ahiccatra and Kāmpilya as
their respective capitals. The two portions
of the Pāñcāla country are separated by
the river Ganges. According to Rāja-
śekhara, however, the Pāñcālas of Antar-
vedī (see No. 2) were highly civilized and
their capital was at Kanauj, On page 8
of this work he used the word Pāñcāla to
denote the country comprising the whole
of the northern and central India.
103. Pāṭaliputra ...Patna, the capital of Magadha.
104. Pāṇḍya ... ...The modern districts of Tinnevelly and
Madura in the Madras Presidency. Kāli-
dāsa mentions Uragapura as the capital of
the Pāṇḍya king (Raghuvaṁśa. VI. 59-60).

APPENDIX I. 297
This may, therefore, bo identified with
modern Nāgarkoil instead of Urayūr in
the Trichinopoly district.
105. Pāriyātra ...One of the Kulaparvatas in the Kumārī-
dvīpa. This may be identified with the
north-western part of the Vindhya range
extending right upto the gulf of Cambay.
106. Pāla ... ...The words Pāla and Mañjara occur in two
places in this work, and in both the places
they appear joined together, and are said
to be the Janapadas as well as mountains
situated in the Dakṣiṇāpatha. These two,
therefore, may be taken as one word and
identified with Pāl near Mahāḍ. The author
of the Periplus mentions Palaipatmai as a
sea-port in the Deccan and this is identified
by Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar with Pāl near
Mahāḍ (see Bhandarkar's History of the
Deccan. VIII.). It is quite possible that
Rājaśekhara's Pālamañjara represents the
same place. But this word certainly does
not denote the Pāla dynasty of Bengal
since Rājaśekhara locates this Pāla in the
southern India.
An alternative identification of this
obscure word may also be offered. The
Janapada Pālamañjara may represent the
Palaesimundus (of the Greeks) mentioned
in the Periplus. It is commonly iden-
tified with Pārasamudra and is supposed to
have been the capital of Ceylon. (see
Mr. N. L. Dey's Geo. Dictionary).
107. Puṇḍra ... ...Puṇḍravardhana. The district of Malda
in East Bengal.
108. Puṣkaradvīpa One of the seven Dvīpas of the world.
Jambūdvīpa is situated in the middle, while
the Puṣkara is the third from Jambū.
109. Pūrvadeśa ...Eastern India. This portion lies to the
38

298 APPENDIX I.
cast of Benares and includes within it
Assam and Burma.
110. Pṛthūdaka ...Pehoa in the Karnal district of the Punjab
on the river Sarasvatī. Rājaśekhara men-
tions that the Uttarāpatha or the northern
India is to be considered as the country
lying beyond Pṛthūdaka. Modern Pehoa
is on the northern side of the Sarasvatī and
is fourteen miles to the west of Thanesvar.
111. Prayāga ... ...Allahabad. This is the eastern boundary
of the Madhyadeśa or Central India which
is bounded by the Himālayas, the Vin-
dhyas and the Vinaśana.
112. Prāgjyotiṣa ...Kāmarūpa or Kāmākhyā in Assam. Ac-
cording to Kālidāsa (Raghuvaṁśa. IV.
83–84) Prāgjyotiṣa and Kāmarūpa are the
same. Rājaśekhara mentions Kāmarūpa
as one of the mountains in the eastern
India. (see Kāmarūpa).
113. Plakṣadvīpa ...One of the seven Dvīpas constituting the
world. This is the first Dvīpa from the
Jambū which is in the middle of the earth.
114. Barbara ... ...It is mentioned as one of the countries in the
northern India. The Purāṇas also locate
this country in the north or in the north-
western provinces. Ptolemy and the author
of the Periplus mention the Barbari and
Barbarike as an emporium in India, and
Cunningham identifies this with Bhambūra
(see Cunningham's A. G. p. 339.) on the
bank of Sindhu. The country of Barbara
is said to be a famous place for sandal-wood
which was known as Barbarikacandana.
(Ibid. Notes, p. 695). Thus, the country
of the Barbaras may be identified with the
Barbari, Barbarike, or Barbaricum which
is situated in the north-west province on
the bank of the river Indus on its western

APPENDIX I. 299
course. In this connection, it is worthy of
note that since Rājaśekhara places this
country in the exact north, the northern
part of Baluchistan may also be taken as
the Barbara country.
115. Bālhaveya ...Rājaśekhara locates this country in the
northern India. This may be the same
as Bhāṭia near Multan. Native historians
and the early Arab geographers mention
Bhātia as a strong fortress near Multan
on the Indus. Cunningham also mentions
it as Bhātia or Bāhiya or Bāhatiya and
locates it between Multan and Alor or
Aror. (see Cunningham's A. G. p. 294
and Map. ix. ).
116. Bālhīka ... ...See Vāhīka.
117. Bindusaras ...A sacred spot in the Himālayas two miles
south of Gaṅgotrī. ( see Cakravartikṣetra ).
118. Bṛhadgṛha ...Rājaśekhara calls it a mountain in the
eastern India. This may represent the
mount Everest in the eastern range of the
Himālayas.
119. Brahma ... ...A country in the eastern India. This is
presumably the modern Burma including
the upper and lower portions.
120. Brahmaśilā ...Brahmaśilā formed the eastern boundary
of the city of Kanauj ( see Notes p. 244 ).
121. Brahmottara ...A country in the eastern India. The
northern portion of the Brahma country
or the Upper Burma. It may be noted
that the Brahma country included both
the upper and lower Burma.
122. Brāhmaṇavāha Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the co-
untries in the western India. Cunningham
identifies this as the city of Brāhmaṇa
captured by Alexander, and called by the

300 APPENDIX I.
Greek historians as Harmatalia, a corrupt
or foreign pronunciation of the Sanskrit
word Brāhmaṇasthala. Brāhmaṇavāha
seems to be the Hindu name of the city
which the Muhamadans afterwards called
Brāhmanābād. It was situated on the
eastern reaches of the river Indus. Its
present position seems to be in the neigh-
bourhood of Hala in Sindh at two-thirds
of the distance from Multan to the mouth
of the Indus and it lies parallel to Hala.
Here, the ruins of a large city have been
excavated recently, where various pre-
historic remains have been discovered.
This ruined city lies at a distance of 47
miles to the north-east of Hyderabad, and
28 miles north-east of Hala. The place is
now known as Bambhraka-thul or the
‘Ruined Tower’ and this name is derived
from a broken brick tower which is the
only building now standing. It was un-
doubtedly one of the oldest cities in India;
the historian Bilādhura writing a thousand
years ago calls it ‘Brāhmaṇābād-al atiqah’
or Brāhmaṇābād the ancient. (see Cun-
ningham’s A. G. pp. 306-318; Map. ix.,
and Ibid. Notes p. 691).
123. Bhādānaka ...Rājaśekhara does not give its exact location
but mentions that the people of Bhādānaka
talked a language which had an admixture
of Apabhraṁśa like the people of Maru
and the Ṭakkas. Bhādānaka, therefore,
appears to be the same as the Bhādiya or
Bhādiyanagara of the Pāli books. Mr. N.
L. Dey identifies this Bhādiya with Bha-
daria eight miles to the south of Bha-
galpur in Bihar. Mahāvīra, the last Jain
Tīrthaṅkara is said to have visited this

APPENDIX I. 301
place. But this identification is open to
objection since Rājaśekhara mentions Bhā-
dānaka along with Ṭakka and Maru coun-
tries, which are situated in North India.
Bhādānaka, therefore, may be the same as
Bhāṭadhāna, a country mentioned in the
Mahābhārata (Sabhā. ch. 32.) as situated
in the northern India. It may be located
somewhere between the river Śatadru and
Vinaśana. (see Pargitar's map. J. R.
A. S. 1908).
124. Bhāratavarṣa This is one of the Varṣas in the Jambū-
dvīpa or Asia with the Himālayas as the
Varṣaparvata. The Himālayas is the
third mountain on the southern side of
the Mahāmeru which is situated exactly
in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. The
Bhāratavarṣa again is divided into nine
parts. India is one of them, and is called
the Kumārīdvīpa.
125. Bhṛgukacca ...Broach and its surrounding parts.
126. Bhaimarathī ...The river Bhīmā in the Dakṣiṇāpatha
which joins with the Kṛṣṇā.
127. Magadha ...The province of Bihar or South Bihar.
128. Mañjara... ...See Pāla.
129. Madhyades'a ...The country bounded by the river Sara-
svatī in Kurukṣetra, Allahabad, the Himā-
layas and the Vindhyas.
130. Maru ... ...Rājaputana or Marwar.
131. Malada ... ...A portion of the district of Shahabad in
Bihar. Rājaśekhara mentions this as one
of the eastern countries.
132. Malaya ... ...The southern ranges of the western Ghats
lying south of the river Kāverī.

302 APPENDIX I.
133. Mallavartaka...Rājaśekhara mentions this among the ea-
stern countries. This, therefore, cannot
be identified with either Malladeśa or Mul-
tan, or Malava or the country inhabited
by the Mallois of the Greek historians,
since we have to seek for its identification
a country situated in the eastern part of
India. It is, therefore, probable that the
Mallavartaka represents the country in
which Mallaparvata or Pārśvanātha hills
are situated, namely the portion now for-
ming the districts of Hazaribagh and Man-
bhum in the province of Bihar and Orissa.
134. Mahārāṣṭra ...The Marāṭhā country or the country
watered by the upper Godāvarī, or the land
lying between this river and the Kṛṣṇā.
This was also called Daṇḍakāraṇya in
ancient days. (see Rāmāyaṇa, Āraṇya, ch.
I. and Bhandarkar's Hist. of Deccan. II.).
135. Mahī ... ...The river Mahī which springs in Malava
and falls into the gulf of Cambay.
136. Mahendra ...Rājaśekhara mentions Mahendra among the
mountains of South India. According to
Kālidāsa(Raghuvaṁśa. iv. 39-40)Mahendra
is situated in the Kaliṅga country. But
Rājaśekhara includes Kaliṅga both in the
group of eastern as well as southern coun-
tries. It, thus, appears probable that Ma-
hendragiri near Ganjam was the northern
boundary of the Kaliṅga country.
137. Mahodaya ...Kanauj or Kānyakubja.
138. Mālava ... ...Malwa or Avanti. Its capital was Ujjayinī.
139. Mālyaśikhara Rājaśekhara mentions this as a mountain
in the western India. It cannot, there-
fore, be identified with mount Mālyavān
supposed to be situated near Kiṣkindhā in

APPENDIX I. 303
South India. According to the Rāmāyaṇa,
Rāma stayed on this mountain at the
request of Sugrīva during the rainy season.
Mālyaśikhara of Rājaśekhara, therefore,
seems to be different from the mount
Mālyavān of the Rāmāyaṇa, and its identi-
fication may be sought for in the Vindhya
range, as a peak near about the Mālava
country on the west.
140. Māhiṣaka ...This is a country on the lower Narmadā
with Māhiṣmatī as its capital.
141. Māhiṣmatī ...Maheśvara or Mahesh on the right bank
of the Narmadā forty miles to the south of
Indore. From this city onwards to the
south, begins the Dakṣiṇāpatha of Rāja-
śekhara.
142. Mudgara ...The country of Mudgara is identified with
Monghyr in Bihar. Rājaśekhara locates
this in the eastern India.
143. Murala ... ...Rājaśekhara locates this country in South
India and characterises the complexion of
the ladies of this country as black. It
cannot be identified with Kerala, as Kerala
is mentioned separately by him. Muralā
is the name of a river in South India and
it is different from the Narmadā. Kāli-
dāsa mentions (Raghuvamśa. iv. 53-55) the
river Muralā as flowing near the Sahya
mountain and the Aparāntadeśa. The
land lying between Kerala and Aparāntaka
near Sahya on the Muralā may, therefore,
be taken to be the present equivalent of
the Murala country. The country of
Murala may, therefore, be identified with
the country of Miraj through which the
river Mūlamuthā or Muralā flows and joins
as a tributary with the river Bhīmā.

304 APPENDIX I.
144. Mekala ... ...It is a part of the Vindhya range called
Amarakaṇṭaka wherefrom the river Nar-
madā rises. This fact accounts for its
name Mekalakanyakā.
145. Meru ... ...Mahāmeru, or the mountain situated in the
middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It is encircled
by the Ilāvṛtavarṣa.
146. Yamunā ... ...The river Jumna.
147. Yavana ... ...Rājaśekhara locates the Yavana country
in the western India. It is well known
that the Yavanas were foreigners and they
were originally living in countries beyond
the Indus. Kālidāsa mentions in his Mā-
lavikāgnimitra that the Yavanas were
ruling in the western bank of the river
Sindhu. Very probably, the south-eastern
part of Baluchistan may represent the
Yavana country as mentioned by Rāja-
śekhara and not Girnar, Saurāṣṭra, etc.
since they are mentioned by him separately.
148. Ratnavatī ...A city on the southern ranges of the
Malaya mountain.
149. Ramaṭha ...This country is situated according to Rāja-
śekhara in the northern India. (see Bāla-
bhārata I. 7.). This may represent the
country parts near the Raumaka mountain.
(see Cunningham's A. G. map vi.) The
Viṣṇu-Purāṇa mentions Rāmas along with
the Hūṇas, Sālvas, S'ākalas and others in
the northern India. These Rāmas may
belong to a foreign tribe and may be iden-
tified with the people living at Aornos or
the ruined fortress of Ranigat according
to Cunningham's A. G. pp. 67-84. In
that case, it is also probable that Ramaṭha
of Rājaśekhara may represent the Rāma
tribe of the Viṣṇu Purāṇa.

APPENDIX I. 305
150. Ramyakavarṣa This is the first Varṣa to the north of the
Mahāmeru which is situated in the middle
of the Jambūdvīpa. Mount Nīla forms
the principal mountain of this Varṣa.
151. Rāvaṇagaṅgā According to Rājaśekhara, this is a river in
South India. It is difficult to identify this
river, but it is likely that it was situated
in Ceylon or the Laṅkā of Rāvaṇa. The
Rāvaṇahrada situated in the Himālayas
with an image of Rāvaṇa on its bank
seems, however, to be different from this
Rāvaṇagaṅgā.
152. Laṅkā ... ...This Laṅkā seems to be situated in the
southern-most parts of the Indian penin-
sula, as an island somewhere in the Indian
ocean. The description of this island in
the Rāmāyaṇa as well as in the Kāvya-
mīmāṁsā and the Bālarāmāyaṇa, does not
favour its identification with Ceylon or
Siṁhala. In the Rāmāyaṇa, it is stated
that the river Tāmraparṇī has to be crossed
in order to reach Laṅkā, but this river
does not lead to Ceylon. In the Kāvya-
mīmāṁsā, it is said that the monsoon current
starts from Laṅkā and reaches the Kerala
country immediately after. This will not
be possible should Ceylon be identified
with Laṅkā. In the Bālarāmāyaṇa also,
while describing the returning journey of
Rāma on the Puṣpaka chariot towards
Ayodhyā, Rājaśekhara mentions Laṅkā
and its surrounding places first, then in
succession the ocean, the bridge or the
Setu and the Siṁhala island. He also
states that Rāma and others espied Siṁ-
hala when the Vimāna deviated from the
original path in a different direction. cf.
तिर्यग्विमानगतिनाटिकेन विभीषणः—पश्यस्यग्रे जलधिपरिखं
मण्डलं सिंहलानाम् etc. It is clear from this sta-
39

306 APPENDIX I.
tement that according to Rājaśekhara the
island of Laṅkā is situated on the western
side of the peninsula beyond Travancore,
while Siṁhala or Ceylon is on the eastern
side of it. The identification thus seems
to be improbable.
153. Lāṭa ... ...Southern Gujarat including Khandesh or
the tract of territory situated between the
river Mahī and the lower Narmadā. Ac-
cording to the Kāvyamīmāṁsā, the Lāṭas
talked in Prākṛta language and hated
Sanskrit. According to the Bālarāmāyaṇa,
also, Lāṭa is situated in the western India
to the north of the lower Narmadā.
154. Limpāka... ...Rājaśekhara places this country in North
India. Cunningham identifies (A.G. p. 49)
this with the Lapo of Hiuen Thsang and
Lambatoe of Ptolemy or the present Lam-
ghan which is a small tract of country
lying along the northern bank of the
Kabul river and bounded on the west and
east by Alingar and Kunar rivers and on
the north by the snowy mountains.
155. Lohitagiri ...One of the mountains of the eastern India.
This perhaps represents the eastern range
of the Himālayas through which the river
Lauhitya or Brahmaputra flows.
156. Lauhitya ...The river Brahmaputra.
157. Vaṅga ... ...The name Vaṅga is only applied to the
eastern portion of the delta of the Ganges
on the coast of the bay of Bengal.
158. Vañjurā ... ...Known also as Bañjulā or Mañjulā, a
tributary of the Godāvarī. The Sahyapāda
mountain or western Ghats is said to be
the source of the two rivers.
159. Vatsagulma ...According to Rājaśekhara's conception
Vatsagulma is a city in the country of
Vidarbha (see also Karpūramañjarī I.).

APPENDIX I. 307
This may be identified with the Vaṁśa-
gulma of the Mahābhārata and from this
place the river Narmadā rises. In that
case, this would be situated in the Vidarbha
country. Vātsyāyana in his Kāmasūtra
mentions one Vatsagulmaka as different
from the Vidarbha (see Notes. p. 148).
160. Varuṇa ... ...One of the nine divisions of the Bhārata-
varṣa. From the order in which the names
are mentioned both in the Purāṇas as well
as in the Kāvyamīmāṁsā, some are inclined
to surmise that Varuṇa was situated in
the north-eastern direction of India, and
that it may represent an Indian colony in
Central Asia (see Cunningham's A. G.
Notes p. 754).
161. Varṇā ... ...According to Rājaśekhara, this is a river in
South India, its source being the Sahya
mountain. It may be identified either with
the river Kṛṣṇā or Beṇā which is a branch
of the Kṛṣṇā and rises from the western
Ghats.
162. Vallāra ... ...The country ruled by the Vallāla dynasty
in South India seems to be called Vallāra.
It represents the country near Veṅkaṭagiri
including Chittoor and Vellore in the
Madras Presidency.
163. Valhava ... ...One of the countries in the northern
India. It may be identified with the Valla-
pura (Ballawar) one of the hill states
mentioned in the Rājataraṅgiṇī. It is in
the south-eastern direction of Kashmir.
164. Vāṇāyuja ...A country in the north, generally identified
with Arabia (see N. L. Dey). Kauṭilya
considers the horses of this country as best.
(Kauṭilya-Aśvādhyakṣa).
165. Vānavāsaka ...North Kanara was known by this name.
Ptolemy refers to a town called Banaouasei
(Benavas) on the left bank of the Varadā

308 APPENDIX I.
river which is a tributary of the river
Tuṅgabhadrā in North Kanara. Vanavāsī
was the capital of the Kadamba dynasty
and was founded by the king Mayūrvarman.
166. Vāmanaswāmi This is a temple of Vāmana situated in the
western part of the city of Kanauj (see
Notes p. 243).
167. Vārāṇasī ...Benares.
168. Vārtaghnī ...A river in the western India according to
Rājaśekhara. It may be identified with the
river Vātrak a tributary of the Sābarmatī.
The two rivers meet near Kaira.
169. Vālhīka ... ...The country between Bias and Sutlej
north of Kekaya (see Rāmāyaṇa II. 78.).
According to the Trikāṇḍaśeṣa, it is Tri-
garta. Bāhīkas, Vāhīkas and Jartikas are
identical with the people of this country.
According to the Mahābhārata (Karṇa, ch.
44) Bālhīkas living in Balkh are foreigners
who invaded into India. They had S'ākala
or Sialkot as their capital which was to
the west of the Ravi. (see Cunningham's
Notes p. 686). Kātyāyana derived this
word from बहिस्. Bāhīkas were contem-
ptuous in the public eye, and were com-
pared to cows. Cf. बाहीको गौः ।
170. Vāhīka ... ...Same as Vālhīka.
171. Vitastā ... ...The river Jhelum.
172. Vidarbha ...In ancient days, the country of Vidarbha
comprised the whole of Berar, Khandesh
and portions of the Nizam's territory and
Central Provinces. (see Krathakaiśika).
173. Videha ... ...Tirhut or Tirabhukti.
174. Vinaśana ...The spot where the Sarasvatī disappears
in the desert after taking a westerly course
from the Thāneśvar. It may be located
in Sirhind (Patiala state).

APPENDIX I. 309
175. Vindhya... ...The Vindhya range or Vindhyadakṣiṇapāda
or the Satpura hills between the Tāpī
and Narmadā.
176. Vipās'ā ... ...The Bias or Beas, a tributary of the Sutlej.
177. Vis'ālā ... ...The city of Ujjain, the capital of Avantī.
178. Veṇā ... ...A tributary of the river Kṛṣṇā (see
Varṇā).
179. Vaidis'a ... ...Vidiśā. Bhilsa in Mālwa in the kingdom
of Bhopal on the river Betwa or Vetravatī
26 miles to the north-east of Bhopal. It
was the capital of ancient Daśārṇa, and
Agnimitra ruled in this city as a Viceroy
of his father Puṣyamitra (see Mālavi-
kāgnimitra).
180. Vokkāṇa ... ...Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the
countries in North India. This country
may be identified with Hiuen Thsang's
O-po-kien which he places between Felana
and Ghazni in Afghanistan. Cunningham
is, however, inclined to identify O-po-kien
of Hiuen Thsang with the name "Afghan"
as the Chinese syllable 'kien' represents
'ghan'. The Indian pronunciation for 'ghan'
is kkana and O-po or Ava may stand for
Vo. Thus Vokkāṇa may be the same as the
O-po-kien or Afghan. The country of
Vokkāṇa may also represent the Wakhan
Pamirs which lies beyond the Hindukush
and the Badaksan.
181. S'aka ... ...Sakasthan where the S'akas first settled
after coming to India. S'ākala or Sialkot
in the Lahore division, Punjab, may be
identified with this S'aka of Rājaśekhara.
S'ākala was first made the capital by Greek
king Demetrius; Mihirakula, the Huṇa,
also made S'ākala as his capital in 510
A. D. S'ākala was in ruins when Hiuen

310 APPENDIX I.
Thsang was on his travels in India (c. 630
A. D.). It is probable that before his
time several Hindu kings had attacked
the S'akas and destroyed their capital at
S'ākala.
182. S'atadru... ...The river Sutlej.
183. S'ālmalidvīpa...One of the seven Dvīpas constituting the
world. This is said to be surrounded by
the ocean of Surā. According to Mr.
N. L. Dey this represents Chaldea in
Mesopotamia.
184. S'iprā ... ...A river on which Ujjayinī is situated.
185. S'uktimān ...The portion of the Vindhya range which
connects the Pāriyātra and the Ṛkṣa-
parvata. This is regarded as one of the
Kulaparvatas of the Kumārīdvīpa or India.
186. S'ūrasena ...Mathura or Muttra was the capital of the
kingdom of S'ūrasenas. Rājaśekhara in-
cludes S'ūrasena among the countries in
North India and mentions that king
Kuvinda once ruled over S'ūrasena.
187. S'ṛṅgavān ...This is said to be the third mountain to
the north of the Mahāmeru which is situa-
ted in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It
is regarded as the principal mountain of
the continent Uttarakuruvarṣa.
188. S'oṇa ... ...Rājaśekhara mentions S'oṇa as a Nada in
the eastern India. This is the same Sone
which meets the Ganges near Patna.
189. S'rīparvata ...Rājaśekhara locates this mountain in South
India. S'rīśaila which is situated near
Kurnool and at a distance of 50 miles from
the Kṛṣṇā station of the G. I. P. Railway
appears to be the same as S'rīparvata. It
is a sacred spot and two temples, one
dedicated to Mallikārjuna Mahādeva and
the other to Bhramarāmbā Devī, are
situated here.

APPENDIX I. 311
190. S'vabhravatī ...A river in the western India. This may
be identified with the river Sābarmatī in
North Gujarat which flows into the gulf
of Cambay.
191. S'vetagiri ...This is said to be the second mountain to
the north of the Mahāmeru which is situ-
ated in the middle of the Jambūdvīpa. It
is regarded as the principal mountain of
the continent known as Hiraṇmaya Varṣa.
192. Sarayū ... ...A river in the United Provinces. The
town of Ayodhyā is situated on the bank
of this river and it meets the Ganges
near Chāprā.
193. Sarasvatī ...Rājaśekhara mentions two rivers of the
same name Sarasvatī ; one, he places in the
northern India, while the other in the
west. The first, in the north, is the
river which flows alongside Thāneśvara
and Pṛthūdaka and disappears into the
sandy desert at Vinaśana. The second, in
the west, may be identified with the river
which flows by Pattan in the Baroda terri-
tory and into the little Rann of Cutch.
The source of the latter seems to be the
hills near Udaipur where the Dhebar lake
is situated. (see Devasabhā).
194. Sahuda ... ...Rājaśekhara includes this among the coun-
tries in North India. This may represent
the western Afghanistan where the present
Safadkoh and Sabzawar are situated.
195. Sahya ... ...The northern portion of the western Ghats
situated between the river Kāverī in the
south and the Godāvarī in the north.
196. Sindhu ... ...The river Indus. Rājaśekhara locates this
in North India.
197. Siṁhala ... ...Ceylon. It is different from the Laṅkā.
(see Laṅkā).

312 APPENDIX I.
198. Surāṣṭra... ...Kathiawad and other portions of northern-
most Gujarat.
199. Sumha ... ...Rājaśekhara mentions this as one of the
eastern countries. According to Kālidāsa's
descriptions, the country of Sumha is situ-
ated on the coast of the bay of Bengal
near Vaṅga on the Gangetic delta. He
also states that the river Kapiśa is to the
south of this country. (see Raghuvaṁśa
iv. 35–38). The river Kapiśa is, there-
fore, to be located in the land intermediate
between Vaṅga and Utkala on the eastern
coast. (see Kapiśa).
200. Sūrpāraka ...This is a country in South India according
to Rājaśekhara. This is identified with
S'opārā in the district of Thāṇā 37 miles
north of Bombay and 4 miles north-west
of Bassein.
201. Saumya ... ...One of the nine parts of the Bhāratavarṣa.
Saumya seems to be a country situated in
the north-west direction of India, if we
are to rely on the order of sequence as
given in the Purāṇas, while enumerating
the different parts constituting the Bhā-
ratavarṣa.
202. Haṁsamārga...This is also called as Krauñcarandhra or
Haṁsadvāra, in the Himālayas; it is
said to have been opened by Paraśurāma
with an arrow. This is identified with
the Niti pass, in the district of Kumaon,
connecting Tibet with India.
203. Harahūrava ...The country lying between the Indus and
the Jhelum, the Gandgarh mountain and
the salt range. (see Cunningham's map.
vi.). Rājaśekhara places this country in
the northern India.

APPENDIX I. 313
204. Harivarṣa ...This is the first Varṣa on the southern
side of the Mahāmeru. Niṣadha is said to
be the principal mountain of this Varṣa.
205. Hastināpura ...The capital of the Kurus, north-west of
Delhi. It was situated on the right bank
of the Ganges at a distance of 22 miles
north-west of Meerut.
206. Hiḍimbā... ...A river in the western India, according
to Rājaśekhara. This river may be iden-
tified with Chambal or Carmaṇvatī which
rises from the Vindhyas, flows through the
western India and meets with the Yamunā
near the Ekacakra which is adjacent to Eta-
wah. This Ekacakra, it may be remembered,
is situated near Hiḍimbāvana according to
the Mahābhārata. Since, this river flows
through the Hiḍimbā forest, it is not
unnatural that it should be called by the
name of Hiḍimbā. The river Hiḍimbā
may also be identified, as an alternative
measure, with the river Gambhīra which
is a tributary of the river Śiprā in Cen-
tral India.
207. Himavān ...The Himālayan range which is the prin-
cipal mountain of the Bhāratavarṣa.
208. Himālaya ...Same as Himavān.
209. Hiraṇmayavarṣa This is one of the seven Varṣas consti-
tuting the Jambūdvīpa or Asia. It is the
second Varṣa on the northern side to the
Mahāmeru. The Śveta range forms the
principal mountain of this Varṣa.
210. Hūṇa ... ...One of the countries in North India.
While describing the Digvijaya of Raghu,
Kālidāsa mentions the country of the
Hūṇas in the northern direction, and adds
that it can be reached from Persia by
crossing the river Vaṅkṣu (sic. Sindhu).
The country of the Hūṇas, under the cir-
cumstances, may be identified with the
country between the modern Waksh and
40

314 APPENDIX I.
Akṣu, the two tributaries of the Oxus.
This identification becomes all the more
certain when we consider that Kālidāsa
places the Kāmbojas in the widely dis-
tributed mountainous parts situated between
the Hūṇa country and the Himālayas.
The country near S'ākala or Sialkot in the
Punjab or Malwa cannot, however, re-
present the Hūṇa country of Rājaśekhara
because these places are mentioned by him
with different names. These places, more-
over, were acquired by the Hūṇa kings
Toramāna and Mihirakula after they
had invaded India, and thus cannot re-
present their original home or even earlier
settlements.
211. Hūhuka ... ...One of the countries in the northern India.
It may be identified with the northern
Kashmīr. Hiuen Thsang while entering
the valley of Kashmīr from the west,
reached a city which he calls Hu-se-kia-lo
or Huṣkara. In the Rājataraṅgiṇī Huṣ-
kapura is said to be near Varāha or Vārā-
hamūla. Huṣkara or Uskar still exists
as a village on the left or eastern bank of
the Behat. The country surrounding Huṣ-
kapura or Uskar may represent the Hū-
huka of Rājaśekhara, and presumably, this
may represent the country of Kashmir
which is otherwise omitted in the list of
North Indian countries given by Rājaśe-
khara on page 94.
212. Hemakūṭa ...This is a Varṣa Parvata, being the second
from the Mahāmeru on the southern side.
This is the principal mountain range of
the Kimpuruṣavarṣa, and is situated on
the northern side of the Himavān and the
Bhāratavarṣa. (see Kimpuruṣavarṣa).