गुप्त अभिलेख संग्रह (जे. एफ. फ्लीट - गुप्त सम्राटों एवं परवर्ती नरेशों के ऐतिहासिक पाषाण व ताम्रलेख)

that, with the same heliacal-rising system that is applied to prove the epoch of
A.D. 319-20, the results, as a whole, emphatically fail. In calculating the details with
these two epochs, as with the epoch that I am proving, the Gupta year has been treated
as a Śaka year, commencing with Chaitra śukla 1, and with the Pūrṇimānta northern
arrangement of the lunar fortnights. In some of the cases in which, by this treatment,
and with these two epochs, the results fail, more favourable results might be obtained by
adopting a year commencing with, either the preceding, or the following, Kārttika śukla 1 ;
and by slightly varying the proposed epochs accordingly. But a full consideration of the
details will shew that, with neither of these two epochs, as they stand, and probably with
no epochs in any way approximating to them, is there any method of bringing out perfectly
uniform results throughout.
It might, however, be claimed that General Cunningham's epoch, or Sir E. Clive
Bayley's, or even both of them, could be proved, for the present records, by the other sys-
tem of the Twelve-Year Cycle ; according to which the saṁvatsaras are determined by the
passage of Jupiter among the signs of the zodiac ; and which is, in fact, the system that
they have sought to apply in support of their theories. The results, therefore, according
to this system also, will be given. It will be seen that it is not the system which applies
to the epoch that I am proving ; inasmuch as it gives correct results in only two cases
out of the four by which any absolute proof can be established ;¹ viz. in the case of the
grant B. dated in Gupta-Saṁvat 163, and in the case of the grant C. dated in Gupta-
Saṁvat 191. As regards General Cunningham's and Sir E. Clive Bayley's epochs, it has
always been recognised that this system fails in the case of the grant B. dated in Gupta-
Saṁvat 163, unless the given year is deliberately altered from 163 to 173. As there is
really no justification for this alteration of the original text,² the failure of the system
even in this instance alone, is enough to shew that the proposed epochs are not sustain-
able by means of it. But further, though the fact has not hitherto been recognised, the
system fails also in respect of another of the records. Thus, in the case of the grant C.
dated in Gupta-Saṁvat 191, the given saṁvatsara really was current at the commence-
ment of the given year, in accordance with the rules applied by General Cunningham, and
accepted by Sir E. Clive Bayley, from which, however, it was not properly to be inferred
that it was current through the whole of the same year ; but it came to an end, and was
followed by the next saṁvatsara, with General Cunningham's epoch, nearly three and
a half months, and with Sir E. Clive Bayley's epoch, nearly seven months, before the sub-

¹ The date in the Bhumarā pillar inscription, E. below, furnishes no definite proof in itself ;
because the current Gupta year is not mentioned in it; and consequently the given saṁvatsara
could be proved equally well for epochs differing by a year or more, on either side, from the exact
epochs that are being considered. We can only test it, in so far as to see whether, under any
particular circumstances, the system fails through an omission of the given saṁvatsara.
² See Texts and Translations, page 102, note 1.

104 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
sequent given date in that year. In fact, out of the four leading dates on which any
arguments can be based, with these two epochs this system gives correct results only in
respect of the grant A. dated in Gupta-Saṁvat 156, and the grant D. dated in Gupta-
Saṁvat 209. And, as with the heliacal-rising system, so with this system also, a full
consideration of the details will shew that, even by adopting a scheme for the Gupta year
other than the scheme of the northern Śaka year, with neither of these two epochs is
there any method of bringing out uniform results throughout.
A.—The Khôh Grant of the year 156.
The first inscription is one of the Khôh grants of the Mahârâja Hastin,
No. 21, page 93; in which the date (line 1 ff.) is—shaṭpañchâś-ôttarê=bda-śatê Gupta-
nṛipa-râjya-bhuktau Mahâ-Vaiśâkha-saṁvatsarê Kârttika-mâsa-śukla-paksha-tṛitîyâyâm,
—“in a century of years, increased by the fifty-sixth (year); in the enjoyment of
sovereignty by the Gupta kings; in the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara; on the third lunar
day of the bright fortnight of the month Kârttika.”
This gives us, for calculation, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara, as current on the
third tithi or lunar day of the bright fortnight of the month Kârttika (October-November)
in Gupta-Saṁvat 156 current. And, on the analogy of the Verâwal inscription of
Valabhî-Saṁvat 945, this should be the case in Gupta-Saṁvat 156 + 242 = Śaka-
Saṁvat 398 current;¹ in which year the given tithi corresponds to Sunday, the 19th Octo-
ber, A.D. 475.
Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 below, Col. A.) that Jupiter’s
rising,² next before the given date, took place on Kârttika śukla 1 of the same year,
Śaka-Saṁvat 398 current, corresponding to Friday, the 17th October, A.D. 475; or,
by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 18th October.³ His longitude then was

¹ Here, and throughout, the year is treated as a northern year. But the details of these dates do
not furnish any actual proof as to the Pûrṇimânta or Amânta arrangement of the lunar fortnights.
² i.e., throughout, his heliacal rising. But the actual calculation is for his first daily rising after
his becoming capable of rising heliacally.
³ Jupiter’s daily rising, next after his becoming capable of rising heliacally, takes place about
forty-four minutes before sunrise, and therefore in the period during which the Hindu and the English
week-days are not identical (see a note in Appendix II. below). In the present case, it took place
at the time in question before sunrise on the English Saturday, the 18th October. Kârttika śukla 2
did not end till after sunrise on that day. Consequently, as current tithis are not quoted, unless
under certain very exceptional conditions not applicable to such occurrences as this, the tithi
on which he rose was Kârttika śukla 1. And this tithi, ending after sunrise on the Friday (and
before sunrise on the Saturday), has to be coupled with Friday, the 17th October, as its week-day.
Hence the apparent, but not actual, difference of a day, according as we take the Hindu or the
English calendar. And a similar difference runs through all the dates of the heliacal risings given
below.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 105
TABLE IV.
The Saṁvatsaras of the Twelve-Year Cycle of Jupiter.

106 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
195° 24'. By both the systems of unequal spaces for the longitudes of the ending-points
of the nakshatras (see Appendix III. Table IX.), he was then in Viśâkhâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began (see Appendix III. Table VIII.), must have been named
**Mahâ-Vaiśâkha.**¹ Jupiter's next following rising took place on Mârgaśîrsha śukla 13
of Śaka-Saṁvat 399, corresponding to Monday, the 15th November, A.D. 476; or, by the
English calendar, on Tuesday, the 16th November. His longitude then was 225° 35'.
By the Brahma-Siddhânta system of unequal spaces, he was then in Jyeshṭhâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Jyeshṭha. While, by the
Garga system of unequal spaces, he was then in Anurâdhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have again been named Mahâ-Vaiśâkha; which shews that, by this system,
there was at this period a repetition of a saṁvatsara. This difference as to the following
saṁvatsara, however, does not affect the given date. By both the systems of unequal
spaces, with the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between current
Gupta and current Śaka years, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara was current on the
given date. And the result gives Śaka-Saṁvat 398 current (A.D. 475-76), as the equi-
valent of the given current Gupta year.
In connection with the results for this record, the following points have to be noted.
In the first place, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit has described three systems of fixing the ending-
points of the nakshatras; one of equal spaces; and two of unequal spaces. An exami-
nation of Jupiter's longitudes, as given in Table IV., page 105 above, for each rising
next before the given dates, will shew that, in all the remaining instances, the current
saṁvatsara is proved by all three systems; the only variation is that, in the case of E1,
Jupiter's position, at his rising next before the given date, was, by the system of equal spaces,
in Âślêshâ; but, even then, the current saṁvatsara would be named Mahâ-Mâgha, as also
by the two systems of unequal spaces. So, also, it may be seen that, by all three systems,
we have almost the same results in respect of the following saṁvatsaras; the only variation
is that, in the case of D., Jupiter's position, at his rising next after the given date, was,
by the system of equal spaces, in Bharaṇî, and, accordingly, the saṁvatsara which then
began, would again be named Mahâ-Âśvayuja; which shews that, by this system, there was
a repetition of a saṁvatsara at this period; but this does not affect the saṁvatsara current
on the given date. So far, therefore, as those dates are concerned, the correctness of the
records might be proved by any of the three systems. The same, however, is not the case
in respect of the present record. By the system of equal spaces, Jupiter's position, at his
rising next before the given date, was in Svâti; the saṁvatsara which then began, would
¹I have not been able to obtain the original authority for the use of the prefix mahâ (mahat),
'great.' And it does not occur in connection with the two saṁvatsaras mentioned in the Halsî grants
of the Kâdamba chieftain Mṛigêśavarman; viz. the Pausha saṁvatsara, in line 8 of the grant dated
in his third year (Ind. Ant. Vol. VII. p. 35). and the Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara, in line 10 of the grant
dated in his eighth year (id. Vol. VI. p. 24). I use the prefix, however, throughout, in accordance with
the custom of the original records now under examination.

be named Mahâ-Chaitra; and the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara would not begin till Jupiter's
rising next after the given date, when, by the same system, his position was in Anurâdhâ.
Accordingly, the system of equal spaces could be applied to the present record, only with a
running difference of two hundred and forty-three years between current Gupta and current
Śaka years; which would be in contradiction with the fact that, to prove the saṁvatsaras of
all the remaining records, it must be applied with the running difference of two hundred and
forty-two years. It is evident, therefore, that, in dealing with these records, the system of
equal spaces is not the correct one; and that we have to apply one or other of the
systems of unequal spaces. This, however, is only natural; for they are both more
ancient than the system of equal spaces; and, the older the system, the greater the cer-
tainty that it is the one in use in the Early Gupta period. Also, the Dêôgaḍh inscription
of king Bhôjadêva of Kanauj, dated Śaka-Saṁvat 784, indicates very plainly that one or
other of the systems of unequal spaces, if not both of them, continued in use, in what had
formed a part of the Early Gupta territory, down to at least the last half of the ninth cen-
tury A.D.¹ Of the two systems of unequal spaces, whether we are to apply the Brahma-
Siddhânta system, or the still more ancient Garga system, cannot at present be decided;
¹ In this inscription, which was brought to notice by Gen. Cunningham in the Archæol. Surv. Ind.
Vol. X. p. 101, and Plate xxxiii. No. 2, and is on a pillar in a detached portico in front of the hall
of a temple at Dêôgaḍh, about sixty miles to the south-west of 'Jhansi' in Scindia's Dominions in
Central India, the date (from an ink-impression; lines 6 ff., 10) runs—saṁvat 919 Asva(śva)yuja-
śukla-paksha-chaturddaśyâṁ Vṛihaspati-dinêna Uttar[â*]-Bhâdrapad[â*]-nakshattrê idaṁ
stambhaṁ samâptam=iti ......... Śakakâl-âbda-sapta-śatâni chatur-aśîty-adhikâni
784,—"the year 919; on the fourteenth tithi or lunar day in the bright fortnight of Aśvayuja; on the
day of Vṛihaspati; under the Uttarâ-Bhâdrapadâ nakshatra, this pillar was finished; ......
...... seven centuries of years, increased by eighty-four, of the Śaka era; (or in figures) 784."
This gives us, for calculation, Vikrama-Saṁvat 919 and Śaka-Saṁvat 784; the month Âśvayuja
(September-October); the day of Vṛihaspati or Jupiter, i.e. Thursday; and the Uttarâ-Bhâdrapadâ
nakshatra. The date, of course, is a northern date; but, as the given tithi is in a bright fortnight,
this point is immaterial.—Taking the Śaka year in question as an expired year, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit
has obtained as the English equivalent, by both Prof. K. L. Chhatre's Tables and the Sûrya-Siddhânta,
Thursday, the 10th September, A.D. 862. The tithi ended at 56 ghaṭîs, 34 palas, or 22 hrs. 37 min.
36 sec., after sunrise on that day. By the equal-space system of the nakshatras, the moon was in the
Pûrvâ-Bhâdrapadâ nakshatra up to 53 ghaṭîs, 31 palas, or 21 hrs. 24 min. 24 sec., after sunrise on
the Thursday; and she then entered the Uttarâ-Bhâdrapadâ nakshatra; i.e. assuming sunrise at 6
A.M., only 2 hrs. 35 min. 36 sec. before sunrise on the Friday (the time, all through, is for Ujjain,
as I have not the exact longitude of Dêôgaḍh; taking it, approximately, as 78° 15′ E., the time in each
case, will be a little less than ten minutes later). This, however, is a highly improbable hour for the
completion, as stated in the record, of the pillar on which the inscription is engraved. But, by the
unequal-space systems of the nakshatras, the Purvâ-Bhâdrapadâ nakshatra ended at about 23
ghaṭîs, 40 palas, or 9 hrs. 28 min., after sunrise on the Thursday; and the moon then entered the
Uttarâ-Bhâdrapadâ nakshatra; i.e., roughly, about half past three in the afternoon, leaving ample
time, in ordinary working hours, for the completion of the pillar before sunset.—It is evident, there-
fore, that for the determination of the nakshatra in this record, we have to apply one or other of
the systems of unequal spaces.
O 2

108 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
since, the only variation between them is in respect of the saṁvatsara following the
saṁvatsara which was current on the given date of the present record.
Another point is, that, as the following saṁvatsara did not commence till Mârgaśîrsha
śukla 13 of Śaka-Saṁvat 399, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara was still current on the given
date, Kârttika śukla 3, in Śaka-Saṁvat 399, as well as in 398, which is the real equivalent
for the Gupta year. So, also, it will be seen that, in the case of D., the Mahâ-Âśvayuja
saṁvatsara was still current on the given date, Chaitra śukla 13, in Śaka-Saṁvat 452, as
well as in 451, which is the true equivalent for the Gupta year of that record. Consequently,
these two dates, A. and D., might be used to support a running difference of two hundred
and forty-three years between current Gupta and current Śaka years, as well as the true
running difference of two hundred and forty-two years. But, apart from the fact that we have
not obtained anything else to support such a result, there is no such alternative in respect
of B. and C.; the saṁvatsaras of those records are proved only with the running differ-
ence of two hundred and forty-two years. All the four cases together, therefore, not only
answer to, but also prove the running difference of two hundred and forty-two
years between current Gupta and current Śaka years.
A final point is, that, on the analogy of the Kaira grant of Dharasêna IV., of the
year 330, and with a year beginning with the month Kârttika next before the commencement
of the northern Śaka year, the given date of Kârttika śukla 3̄, in Gupta-Saṁvat 156, would
belong to Śaka-Saṁv. 397 current. But it would then fall a year, all but two days, ante-
rior to the commencement of the recorded saṁvatsara on Kârttika śukla 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat
398. This record, therefore, also disproves the possibility of our being concerned
with the scheme of the southern Vikrama year, beginning with the month Kârttika
next before the commencement of the northern Śaka year.
On the analogy of the same grant, and with a year, northern or southern, beginning
with the month Mârgaśîrsha next before the commencement of the northern Śaka year,¹
the given date would still belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 398. The possibility, however, of our
being concerned with such a year as this, is disproved by the results for the date of C. below,
in Gupta-Saṁvat 191.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara did not commence till
Vaiśâkha śukla 5 of Śaka-Saṁvat 399 current, corresponding to Wednesday, the 14th
April, A.D. 476; and consequently it was not current on the given date. The saṁvatsara
then current was Mahâ-Chaitra, which commenced on Jyêshṭha kṛishṇa 13 of Śaka-Saṁvat
398, corresponding to Saturday, the 19th April, A.D. 475.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 245 current ; and its English equivalent would be Sunday, the 30th Septem-
¹ See page 78 above.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 109
ber, A.D. 322. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that Jupiter's rising, next before the given date,
took place on Kârttika śukla 13 of Śaka-Saṁvat 244, corresponding to Friday, the 20th
October, A.D. 321; or, by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 21st October. His
longitude then was 200° 54′. By all three systems, he was then in Viśâkhâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Vaiśâkha. Jupiter's next
following rising took place on Pausha krishṇa 10 of Śaka-Saṁvat 245, corresponding to
Tuesday, the 20th November, A.D. 322; or, by the English calendar, on Wednesday, the
21st November. His longitude then was 231° 33′. By the system of equal spaces, and the
Garga system of unequal spaces, he was then in Jyêshṭhâ; and, by the Brahma-Siddhânta
system of unequal spaces, in Mûla; and, by all three systems, the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Jyêshṭha. Accordingly, with this epoch, the Mahâ-
Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. This, however, is a mere
coincidence. There is the same coincidence in respect of the date of D.; but not in
respect of B. and C.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara commenced on
Phâlguna krishṇa 15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 244 current, corresponding to Friday, the 2nd
February, A.D. 322; and it was followed by Mahâ-Jyêshṭha on Phâlguna śukla 6 of Śaka-
Saṁvat 245, corresponding to Tuesday, the 29th January, A.D. 323. Accordingly, with
this epoch, and by this system also, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara was current
on the given date.
With Sir E. Clive Bayley's epoch of A.D. 190-91, the given date would belong to
Śaka-Saṁvat 269 current; and its English equivalent would be Saturday, the 4th October,
A.D. 346. Here, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Mârgaśîrsha
krishṇa 3 of Śaka-Saṁvat 268, corresponding to Tuesday, the 29th October, A.D. 345;
or, by the English calendar, on Wednesday, the 30th October. His longitude then was
209° 22′. By all three systems, he was then in Viśâkhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Vaiśâkha. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Pausha krishṇa 15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 269, corresponding to Saturday, the 29th November,
A.D. 346; or, by the English calendar, on Sunday, the 30th November. His longitude then
was 240° 17′. By all three systems, he was then in Mûla; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Jyêshṭha. Accordingly, with this epoch also, the
Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. This again, however,
is a mere coincidence. And again, though there is the same coincidence in respect of the
date of D., it does not occur in respect of B. and C.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara commenced on Kârttika
śukla 11 of Śaka-Saṁvat 268 current, corresponding to Wednesday, the 23rd October,
A.D. 345; and it was followed by Mahâ-Jyêshṭha on Mârgaśîrsha krishṇa 3 of Śaka-
Saṁvat 269,corresponding to Sunday, the 19th October, A.D. 346. Accordingly, with

110 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
this epoch again, and by this system also, the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha samvatsara was
current on the given date.
B.—The Khôh Grant of the year 163.
The next inscription is the other Khôh grant of the Mahârâja Hastin, No. 22,
page 100, in which the date (line 1 f.) is — tri-shashṭy-uttarê-bda-śatê Gupta-nṛipa-
râjya-bhuktau Mah-Âśvayuja-saṁvatsarê Chaitra-mâsa-śukla-paksha-dvitîyâyâm,—“in a
century of years, increased by sixty-three; in the enjoyment of sovereignty by the Gupta
kings; in the Mahâ-Âśvayuja samvatsara; on the second lunar day of the bright fortnight
of the month Chaitra.”
This gives us, for calculation, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja samvatsara, as current on the
second tithi or lunar day of the bright fortnight of the month Chaitra (March-April)
in Gupta-Saṁvat 163 current. And, on the analogy of the Verâwal inscription of Valabhî-
Saṁvat 945, this should be the case in Gupta-Saṁvat 163 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 405
current; in which year the given tithi corresponds to Sunday, the 7th March, A.D. 482.
Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 above, Col. B.) that Jupiter’s
rising, next before the given date, took place¹ on Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 6 of the preceding year,
Śaka-Saṁvat 404 current, corresponding to Sunday, the 5th April, A.D. 481; or, by the
English calendar, on Monday, the 6th April. His longitude then was 4° 21'. By both the
systems of unequal spaces,² he was then in Aśvinî; and the samvatsara which then began,
must have been named Mahâ-Âśvayuja. Jupiter’s next following rising took place on
Jyêshṭha śukla 8 of Śaka-Saṁvat 405, corresponding to Wednesday, the 12th May, A.D.
482; or, by the English calendar, on Thursday, the 13th May. His longitude then was
40° 34'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Rôhiṇî; and the samvatsara
which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Kârttika. Therefore, by both the systems
of unequal spaces, with the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between
current Gupta and current Śaka years, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja samvatsara was current
on the given date. And the result gives Śaka-Saṁvat 405 current (A.D. 482-83), as
the equivalent of the given current Gupta year.
In this instance, the given samvatsara was not current on the given date in either the
preceding year, Saka-Saṁvat 404, or the following year, Śaka-Saṁvat 406. The result,
¹ These calculations are not absolutely accurate; but the margin is so wide, that there is no
necessity for exact precision in this case. If there should be any difference at all between Jupiter's
longitudes as found by Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit, and as capable of being determined with exact precision,
it will amount only to a few minutes of arc; and the actual risings of Jupiter could differ from what
he gives, only by one or two days; with the result that Jupiter may have risen, in this instance, on
Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 5 or 7.
² Also by the system of equal spaces; but see page 107 above. This point need not be noted in
the following instances.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 111
therefore, not only answers to, but also proves, the running difference of two hundred
and forty-two years between current Gupta and current Śaka years.
On the analogy of the Kaira grant of Dharasêna IV. of the year 330, and with a year
beginning either with the month Kârttika, or with the month Mârgaśîrsha, next before the
commencement of the northern Śaka year, the given date of Chaitra śukla 2, in Gupta-
Saṁvat 163, would still belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 405. But, as noted at page 108 above,
the results for the date of A. disprove the possibility of our being concerned with the scheme
of the southern Vikrama year, beginning with the month Kârttika next before the com-
mencement of the northern Śaka year. And, as will be shewn at page 115 below,
the results for the date of C., in Gupta-Saṁvat 191, disprove the possibility of our being
concerned with a year, northern or southern, beginning with the month Mârgaśîrsha next
before the commencement of the northern Śaka year.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on
Chaitra śukla 8 of Śaka-Saṁvat 404 current, corresponding to Tuesday, the 24th March,
A.D. 481; and it was followed by Mahâ-Kârttika on Chaitra śukla 15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 405,
corresponding to Saturday, the 20th March, A.D. 482. Accordingly, by this system also,
the Mahâ-Aśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on the given date.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, and with the original
reading of Gupta-Saṁvat 163, the given date would belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 252 current;
and its English equivalent would be Monday, the 17th February, A.D: 329. Mr. Sh. B.
Dikshit finds that Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Âshâḍha kṛishṇa
6 of Śaka-Saṁvat 251, corresponding to Thursday, the 16th May, A.D. 328; or, by the
English calendar, on Friday, the 17th May. His longitude then was 47° 25'. By all three
systems, he was then in Rôhiṇî; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been
named Mahâ-Kârttika. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Âshâḍha śukla 10 of
Śaka-Saṁvat 252, corresponding to Sunday, the 22nd June, A.D. 329; or, by the English
calendar, on Monday, the 23rd June. His longitude then was 82°12'. By all three sys-
tems, he was then in Punarvasu; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been
named Mahâ-Pausha; the intervening saṁvatsara, Mahâ-Mârgaśîrsha, being omitted. Ac-
cordingly, with this epoch, and with the real reading of the text, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁ-
vatsara was not current on the given date. For the commencement of the Mahâ-Âsva-
yuja saṁvatsara, we have to go back to Jupiter's rising on Vaiśâkha śukla 3 of Śaka-Saṁ-
vat 250, corresponding to Tuesday, the 11th April, A.D. 327, or, by the English calendar,
on Wednesday, the 12th April; when his longitude was 11° 21', and, by all three systems,
he was in Aśvinî. And thus the given saṁvatsara was current on the same date in the
preceding year.—With the same epoch, and with the proposed corrected reading (see
Texts and Translations, page 102, note 1) of Gupta-Saṁvat 173, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 262 current; and its English equivalent would be Tuesday, the 27th Febru-

112 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
ary, A.D. 339. Here, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Chaitra
śukla 2 of Śaka-Saṁvat 261, corresponding to Friday, the 10th March, A.D. 338; or, by
the English calendar, on Saturday, the 11th March. His longitude then was 339° 54′. By
all three systems, he was then in Uttarā-Bhādrapadā; and the saṁvatsara which then began,
must have been named Mahā-Bhādrapada. Jupiter's next following rising took place on
Jyaishṭha krishṇa 11 of Śaka-Saṁvat 262, corresponding to Tuesday, the 17th April, A.D. 339;
or, by the English calendar, on Wednesday, the 18th April. His longitude then was
16° 34′. By all three systems, he was then in Bharaṇī; and the saṁvatsara which then be-
gan, must have been named Mahā-Āśvayuja. Accordingly, with this epoch, even with the
proposed corrected reading, the Mahā-Āśvayuja saṁvatsara was not current on the given
date; but only on the same date in the following year.
By the mean-sign system, and with the original reading of Gupta-Saṁvat
163, the Mahā-Āśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on Māgha śukla 2 of Śaka-Saṁvat 249
current, corresponding to Thursday, the 12th January, A.D. 327; and was followed by
Mahā-Kārttika on Māgha śukla 9 of Śaka-Saṁvat 250, corresponding to Monday, the 8th
January, A.D. 328; and consequently it was not current on the given date. The saṁ-
vatsara then current was Mahā-Mārgaśīrsha, which commenced on Phālguna krishṇa 1 of
Śaka-Saṁvat 251 current, corresponding to Friday, the 3rd January, A.D. 329.—With the
proposed corrected reading of Gupta-Saṁvat 173, the Mahā-Āśvayuja saṁvatsara
commenced on Pausha krishṇa 9 of Śaka-Saṁvat 261 current, corresponding to Wednes-
day, the 22nd November, A.D. 338; and it was followed by Mahā-Kārttika on Mārga-
śīrsha śukla 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 262, corresponding to Sunday, the 18th November, A.D.
339. Accordingly, with this epoch, and by this system, with the proposed corrected
reading, the Mahā-Āśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on the given date. The
proposed alteration of the original text, however, cannot be justified.
With Sir E. Clive Bayley's epoch of A.D. 190-91, and with the original read-
ing of Gupta-Saṁvat 163, the given date would belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 276 current;
and its English equivalent would be Monday, the 22nd February, A.D. 353. Here, Jupi-
ter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Āshāḍha krishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁ-
vat 275, corresponding to Wednesday, the 27th May, A.D. 352; or, by the English
calendar, on Thursday, the 28th May. His longitude then was 57° 12′. By all three
systems, he was then in Mṛiga; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have
been named Mahā-Mārgaśīrsha. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Āshāḍha
śukla 13 of Śaka-Saṁvat 276, corresponding to Thursday, the 1st July, A.D. 353;
or, by the English calendar, on Friday, the 2nd July. His longitude then was 91°
19′. By all three systems, he was then in Punarvasu; and the saṁvatsara which
then began, must have been named Mahā-Pausha. Accordingly, with this epoch,
and with the real reading of the text, the Mahā-Āśvayuja saṁvatsara was not cur-
rent on the given date. As a matter of fact, the Mahā-Āśvayuja saṁvatsara of

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 113

this cycle may have been omitted. Thus, in Śaka-Saṁvat 273 current, Jupiter's rising
took place on Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 6, corresponding to Friday, the 16th Mareh, A.D.
350; or, by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 17th March. His longitude then
was 345° 10'. By all three systems, he was then in Uttarâ-Bhâdrapadâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Bhâdrapada. His next
rising took place on Vaiśâkha śukla 10 of Śaka-Saṁvat 274, corresponding to Monday,
the 22nd April, A.D. 351; or, by the English calendar, on Tuesday, the 23rd April. His
longitude then was 21° 35'. By the system of equal spaces, he was then in Bharaṇî; and
the saṁvatsara which then began, would be named Mahâ-Âśvayuja; and there would be
an omission of the following saṁvatsara, Mahâ-Kârttika. But, by the two systems
of unequal spaces, he was then in Kṛittikâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, would
be named Mahâ-Kârttika; with an omission of the intervening saṁvatsara, Mahâ-
Âśvayuja. — With the same epoch, and with the proposed corrected reading of
Gupta-Saṁvat 173 (see Texts and Translations, page 102, note 1), the given date would
belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 286 current; and its English equivalent would be Tuesday, the 4th
March, A.D. 363. Here, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Chaitra
śukla 9 of Śaka-Saṁvat 285, corresponding to Thursday, the 21st March, A.D. 362;
or, by the English calendar, on Friday, the 22nd March. His longitude then was 350°
11'. By all three systems, he was then in Rêvatî; and the saṁvatsara which then began,
must have been named Mahâ-Âśvayuja. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Jyêshṭha kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 286, corresponding to Sunday, the 27th April,
A.D. 363; or, by the English calendar, on Monday, the 28th April. His longitude then
was 26° 35'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Kṛittikâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Kârttika. By the system
of equal spaces, he was then in Bharaṇî; and, by this system, the saṁvatsara which
then began, must have again been named Mahâ-Âśvayuja; which shews that, by this
system, there was at this period a repetition of a saṁvatsara. Accordingly, with this
epoch, and with the proposed corrected reading, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara
was current on the given date. This, however, is a mere coincidence. And the pro-
posed correction of the original reading cannot be justified.
By the mean-sign system, and with the original reading of Gupta-Saṁvat 163,
the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on Kârttika kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 273 cur-
rent, corresponding to Wednesday, the 3rd October, A.D. 350; and it was followed by
Mahâ-Kârttika on Kârttika kṛishṇa 8 of Śaka-Saṁvat 274, corresponding to Sunday, the
29th September, A.D. 351; and consequently it was not current on the given date. The
saṁvatsara then current was Mahâ-Mârgaśîrsha, which commenced on Kârttika kṛishṇa
15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 275 current, corresponding to Thursday, the 24th September,
A.D. 352.—With the proposed corrected reading of Gupta-Saṁvat 173, the Mahâ-
Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on Bhâdrapada śukla 7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 285 current,

114 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
corresponding to Tuesday, the 13th August, A.D. 362; and it was followed by Mahâ-
Kârttika on Bhâdrapada śukla 12 of Saka-Saṁvat 286, corresponding to Saturday, the 9th
August, A.D. 363. Accordingly, with this epoch again, and by this system also, with the
proposed corrected reading, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on
the given date. But the proposed alteration of the original text cannot be justified.
C.—The Majhgawâm Grant of the year 191.
The next inscription is the Majhgawâm grant of the Mahârâja Hastin, No. 23,
page 106, in which the date (line 1 f.) is—êka-navaty-uttarê=bda-śatê Gupta-nṛipa-
râjya-bhuktau śrîmati pravardhamâna-Mahâ-Chaitra-saṁvatsarê Mâgha-mâsa-bahula-
paksha-tṛitîyâyâm,—" in a century of years, increased by ninety-one; in the enjoyment of
sovereignty by the Gupta kings; in the prosperous augmenting Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara;
on the third lunar day of the dark fortnight of the month Mâgha." And at the end, in
line 21, the date is repeated as—Mâgha di 3, — " (the month) Mâgha; the (solar) day 3."
This gives us, for calculation, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara, as current on the
third tithi or lunar day of the dark fortnight of the month Mâgha; (January-February) in
Gupta-Saṁvat 191 current. And, on the analogy of the Verâwal inscription of Valabhî-
Saṁvat 945, this should be the case in Gupta-Saṁvat 191 + 242 = Saka-Saṁvat 433
current; in which year the given date corresponds to Monday, the 3rd January, A.D. 511.
Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 above, Col. C.) that Jupiter's
rising, next before the given date, took place on Âśvina śukla 11 of the same year, Śaka-
Saṁvat 433, corresponding to Wednesday, the 29th September, A.D. 510; or, by the
English calendar, on Thursday, the 30th September. His longitude then was 177° 47'.
By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Chitrâ; and the saṁvatsara
which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Chaitra. Jupiter's next following
rising took place on Mârgaśîrsha kṛishṇa 7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 434, corresponding to Satur-
day,t he 29th October, A.D. 511; or, by the English calendar, on Sunday, the 30th
October. His longitude then was 207° 41'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he
was then in Viśâkhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named
Mahâ-Vaiśâkha. Therefore, by both the systems of unequal spaces, with the running
difference of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta and current Śaka
years, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara was current on the given date. And the
result gives Śaka-Saṁvat 433 current (A.D. 510-11), as the equivalent of the given cur-
rent Gupta year.
In this instance, again, as in B. above, the given saṁvatsara was not current on the
given date in either the preceding year, Śaka-Saṁvat 432, or the following year, Śaka-
Saṁvat 434. Here again, therefore, the result not only answers to, but also proves, the
running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta
and current Śaka years.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 115
On the analogy of the Kaira grant of Dharasêna IV., of the year 330, and with a
year beginning with the month Kârttika next before the commencement of the northern
Śaka year, the given date of Mâgha krishṇa 3, in Gupta-Saṁvat 191, would belong to
Śaka-Saṁvat 432. It would then fall about eight months and a half before the commence-
ment of the recorded saṁvatsara on Âśvina śukla 11 of Śaka-Saṁvat 433. This record,
therefore, like A. above, disproves the possibility of our being concerned with the
scheme of the southern Vikrama year, beginning with the month Kârttika next
before the commencement of the northern Śaka year.
Again, on the analogy of the same grant, and with a year beginning with the month
Mârgaśîrsha next before the commencement of the northern Śaka year, the given date
would similarly belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 432; and would similarly fall about eight months
and a half before the commencement of the recorded saṁvatsara. This record, therefore,
also disproves the possibility of our being concerned with a year, northern or
southern, beginning with the month Mârgaśîrsha next before the commencement
of the northern Śaka year.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara commenced on Mârga-
śîrsha śukla 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 433 current, corresponding to Thursday, the 18th Novem-
ber, A.D..510; and it was followed by Mahâ-Vaiśâkha on Mârgaśîrsha śukla 8 of Śaka-
Saṁvat 434, corresponding to Monday, the 14th November, A.D. 511. Accordingly, by
this system also the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara was current on the given date.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 280 current; and its English equivalent would be Tuesday, the 16th
December, A.D. 357. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that Jupiter's rising, next before the given
date, took place on Mârgaśîrsha śukla 4 of the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 280, correspond-
ing to Sunday, the 2nd November A.D. 357; or, by the English calendar, on Monday,
the 3rd November. His longitude then was 213° 31'. By all three systems, he was then
in Anurâdhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must nave been named Mahâ-
Vaiśâkha. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Pausha krishṇa 2 of Śaka-Saṁvat
281, corresponding to Friday, the 4th December, A.D. 358; or, by the English calendar,
on Saturday, the 5th December. His longitude then was 244° 49. By the system of
equal spaces, and by the Garga system of unequal spaces, he was then in Mûla; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must, according to these two systems, have been named
Mahâ-Jyêshṭha. By the Brahma-Siddhânta system of unequal spaces, he was then in
Pûrvâ-Ashâḍhâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must, according to this system,
have been named Mahâ-Âshâḍha; the intervening saṁvatsara, Mahâ-Jyêshṭha, being
omitted. Accordingly, with this epoch, the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara was not current on
the given date. For the commencement of the Mahâ-Chaitra saṁvatsara, we have to go
back to Jupiter's rising on Kârttika krishṇa 7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 279, corresponding to
p 26

118 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
On the analogy of the Kaira grant of Dharasêna IV. of the year 330, and with a
year beginning either with the month Kârttika, or with the month Mârgaśîrsha, next
before the commencement of the northern Śaka year, the given date of Chaitra śukla 13,
in Gupta-Saṁvat 209, would still belong to Śaka-Saṁvat 451. But the results for the
dates of both A. and C. above, at pages 108 and 115, disprove the possibility of our
being concerned with the scheme of the southern Vikrama year, beginning with the
month Kârttika next before the commencement of the northern Śaka year. And the
result for the date of C. also disproves the possibility of cur being concerned with a year,
northern or southern, beginning with the month Mârgaśîrsl.a next before the commence-
ment of the northern Śaka year.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara did not commence
till Âśvina śukla 3 of Śaka-Saṁvat 451 current, corresponding to Saturday, the 2nd Sep-
tember, A.D. 528; and consequently it was not current on the given date. The saṁvat-
sara then current was Mahâ-Bhâdrapada, which commenced on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 11
of Saka-Saṁvat 450, corresponding to Tuesday, the 7th September, A.D. 527.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 298 current; and its English equivalent would be Monday, the 2nd March,
A.D. 375. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took
place on Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 297, corresponding to Wednesday, the 26th
March, A.D. 374; or, by the English calendar, on Thursday, the 27th March. His
longitude then was 355° 11'. By all three systems, he was then in Rêvatî; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Âśvayuja. Jupiter s next
following rising took place on Jyêshṭha kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 298, corresponding to
Sunday, the 3rd May, A.D. 375; or, by the English calendar, on Mondav, the 4th May.
His longitude then was 31° 49'. By all three systems, he was then in Kṛittikâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Kârttika. Accordingly, with
this epoch, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on the given date. This,
however, is a mere coincidence. As we have seen at page 109 above, there is the same
coincidence in respect of the date of A.; but it does not occur in respect of B. and C.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on
Śrâvaṇa kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 297 current, corresponding to Monday, the 23rd
June, A.D. 374; and it was followed by Mahâ-Kârttika on Âshâḍha śukla 4 of Śaka-
Saṁvat 298, corresponding to Friday, the 19th June, A.D. 375. Accordingly, with this
epoch, and by this system also, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on
the given date.
With Sir E. Clive Bayley's epoch of A.D. 190-91, the given date would belong
to Śaka-Saṁvat 322 current; and its English equivalent would be Sunday, the 6th March,

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 119
A.D. 399. Here Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Vaiśâkha śukla
3 of Śaka-Saṁvat 321, corresponding to Tuesday, the 6th April, A.D. 398; or, by the Eng-
lish calendar, on Wednesday, the 7th April. His longitude then was 5° 28'. By all three
systems, he was then in Aśvinî; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been
named Mahâ-Âśvayuja. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Âshâḍha kṛishṇa
7 of Śaka-Saṁvat 322, corresponding to Friday, the 13th May, A.D. 399; or, by the Eng-
lish calendar, on Saturday, the 14th May. His longitude then was 41° 42'. By all three
systems, he was then in Rôhiṇî; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been
named Mahâ-Kârttika. Accordingly, with this epoch also, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁ-
vatsara was current on the given date. This again, however, is a mere coincidence.
And again, though there is the same coincidence in respect of the date of A., it does
not occur in respect of B. and C.
By the mean-sign system, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara commenced on
Chaitra śukla 10 of Śaka-Saṁvat 321 current, corresponding to Sunday, the 14th March,
A.D. 398; and it was followed by Mahâ-Kârttika on Vaiśâkha kṛishṇa 2 of Śaka-Saṁvat
322, corresponding to Thursday, the 10th March, A.D. 399. Accordingly, with this epoch
again, and by this system also, the Mahâ-Âśvayuja saṁvatsara was current on the
given date.
E.—The Bhumarâ Pillar Inscription.
The last inscription of this series is the Bhumarâ pillar inscription of the
Mahârâjas Hastin and Śarvanâtha, No. 24, page 110; in which the date (line
7 ff.) is — Mahâ-Mâghê saṁvatsarê Kârttika-mâsa divasa 10 9,—"in the Mahâ-Mâgha
saṁvatsara; the month Kârttika; the (solar) day 10 (and) 9."
This gives us, for calculation, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara, as current on the
nineteenth solar day of the month Kârttika (October-November); but the current year of
the Gupta era is not given. The only guide, therefore, in determining the approximate
Gupta year, for which the calculations should be made, is the fact that this inscription
shows that the Parivrâjaka Mahârâja Hastin was, at the time of this record, contempora-
neous with the Mahârâja Śarvanâtha of Uchchakalpa. For the Mahârâja Hastin, we have
the extreme recorded dates of Gupta-Saṁvat 156 and 191; while, for the Mahârâja
Śarvanâtha, we have similarly the dates of the years 193 and 214; and for his father,
Jayanâtha, the latest date of the year 177, all of which may have to be referred to the
Gupta era. If so, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara in question,—on the assumption that
what should be its regular place in the series was not affected by any omissions and
repetitions, subsequent to the Mahâ-Vaiśâkha saṁvatsara which was current on Kârttika
śukla 3 in Gupta-Saṁvat 156,—must be found in or about Gupta-Saṁvat 189 or 201; with
a preference in favour of the year 189, because of the early date of the year 156 for the
Mahârâja Hastin.

120 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III.
For Gupta-Saṁvat 189 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 431 current, the given date, viz. the
nineteenth day of the month Kârttika, corresponds to Monday, the 13th October,
A.D. 508. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 above, Col. E1) that Jupi-
ter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Śrâvaṇa śukla 15 of the same
year, Śaka-Saṁvat 431, corresponding to Monday, the 28th July, A.D. 508; or, by the
English calendar, on Tuesday, the 29th July. His longitude then was 117° 4'. By both
the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Maghâ; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Âśvina kṛishṇa 13 of Śaka-Saṁvat 432, corresponding to Saturday, the 29th August,
A.D. 509; or, by the English calendar, on Sunday, the 30th August. His longitude then
was 147° 49'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî;
and the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna. Therefore,
by both the systems of unequal spaces, in Gupta-Saṁvat 189, with the running difference
of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta and current Śaka years, the
Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. And this result gives
Śaka-Saṁvat 431 current (A.D. 508-509), as the equivalent of the possible current Gupta
year.
Again, for Gupta-Saṁvat 201 + 242 = Saka-Saṁvat 443 current, the given date,
viz. the nineteenth day of the month Kârttika, corresponds to Friday, the 2nd October,
A.D. 520. Here, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds (see Table IV. page 105 above, Col. E2) that
Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Bhâdrapada śukla 3 of the
same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 443, corresponding to Sunday, the 2nd August, A.D. 520; or
by the English calendar, on Monday, the 3rd August. His longitude then was
121° 30'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Maghâ; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha. Jupiter's
next following rising took place on Âśvina kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 444, corre-
sponding to Friday, the 3rd September, A.D. 521; or, by the English calendar, on Satur-
day, the 4th September. His longitude then was 152° 17'. By both the systems of un-
equal spaces, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must
have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna. Therefore, by both the systems of unequal spaces,
in Gupta-Saṁvat 201 also, with the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years
between current Gupta and current Śaka years, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was
current on the given date. And this result gives Śaka-Saṁvat 443 current (A.D.
520-21), as the equivalent of the possible current Gupta ye.
The results for these two years, Gupta-Saṁvat 189 and 201, answer, as is required,
to the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between current Gupta
and current Śaka years. But they do not, in themselves, prove it; for the reason that the
current Gupta year itself is not mentioned in the record. The important point is, that in
neither of these two cycles was the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara omitted.

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS: INTRODUCTION. 123

then in Maghâ; and the Mahâ-Magha saṁvatsara then commenced, and was cur-
rent on the given date in Gupta-Saṁvat 200. Jupiter's next following rising took
place on Âśvina kṛishṇa 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 290, corresponding to Friday, the 7th Septem-
ber, A.D. 367; or, by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 8th September. His longitude
then was 157° 42'. By all three systems, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî; and the saṁvat-
sara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna; and it was a repeated
saṁvatsara by the two systems of unequal spaces, but an ordinary saṁvatsara by the
system of equal spaces.
By the mean-sign system, in Gupta-Saṁvat 188 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 354-55
= Śaka-Saṁvat 277 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Âśvina śukla 13,
corresponding to Friday, the 16th September, A.D. 354; and it was current through the
whole month of Kârttika in the same year, being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Kârttika
kṛishṇa 4 of Śaka-Saṁvat 278, corresponding to Tuesday, the 12th September, A.D. 355.
And again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 200 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 366-67 = Śaka-Saṁvat 289 current,
the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Bhâdrapada śukla 3, corresponding to Thurs-
day, the 27th July, A.D. 366; and it was current through the whole month of Kârttika in the
same year; being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Śrâvaṇa śukla 10 of Śaka-Saṁvat 290,
corresponding to Monday, the 23rd July, A.D. 367. And thus, with this epoch, and by this
system, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date in Gupta-
Saṁvat 188 and 200. The results, however, do not in themselves prove anything definite
as to the proposed epoch; for the reason that the current Gupta year itself is not men-
tioned in the record: and by taking different Gupta years, the same results would be
obtained with a different epoch.
With Sir E. Clive Bayley's epoch of A.D. 190-91, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that,
for Gupta-Saṁvat 187 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 377-78 = Śaka-Saṁvat 300 current, in which
year the English equivalent of the given date would be Sunday, the 22nd October, A.D.
377, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 4, of
the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 300, corresponding to Tuesday, the 11th July, A.D. 377; or,
by the English calendar, on Wednesday, the 12th July. His longitude then was 100° 32'.
By all three systems, he was then in Pushya; and the saṁvatsara which then began, must
have been named Mahâ-Pausha. Jupiter's next following rising took place on Bhâdrapada
śukla 3 of Śaka-Saṁvat 301, corresponding to Sunday, the 12th August, A.D. 378; or,
by the English calendar, on Monday, the 13th August. His longitude then was 131° 50'.
By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Pûrvâ-Phalgunî; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna; the intervening
Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara being omitted. But, by the system of equal spaces, he was then
in Maghâ; and the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara then commenced, and was current
on the given date in Gupta-Saṁvat 188. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Âśvina śukla 15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 302, corresponding to Thursday, the 12th September

A.D. 379; or, by the English calendar, on Friday, the 13th September. His longitude then
was 162° 0'. By all three systems, he was then in Hasta; and the saṁvatsara which
then began, must have been named Mahā-Phālguna; and it was a repeated saṁvatsara
by the two systems of unequal spaces, but an ordinary saṁvatsara by the system of equal
spaces.
Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 199 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 389-90 = Śaka-Saṁvat 312 cur-
rent, in which year the English equivalent of the given date would be Wednesday, the 10th
October, A.D. 389, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Śrāvaṇa
śukla 6 of the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 312, corresponding to Sunday, the 15th July,
A.D. 389; or, by the English calendar, on Monday, the 16th July. His longitude then
was 104° 51'. By all three systems, he was then in Pushya; and the saṁvatsara which
then began, must have been named Mahā-Pausha. Jupiter's next following rising took
place on Āśvina krishṇa 4 of Śaka-Saṁvat 313, corresponding to Friday, the 16th August,
A.D. 390; or, by the English calendar, on Saturday, the 17th August. His longitude
then was 135° 57'. By all three systems, he was then in Pūrvā-Phalgunī; and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahā-Phālguna; the intervening
Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara being omitted.
By the mean-sign system, in Gupta-Saṁvat 188 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 378-79
= Śaka-Saṁvat 301 current, the Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara commenced on Āshāḍha
krishṇa 10, corresponding to Wednesday, the 6th June, A.D. 378; and it was current
through the whole month of Kārttika in the same year; being followed by Mahā-
Phālguna on Āshāḍha śukla 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 302, corresponding to Sunday, the 2nd
June, A.D. 379. Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 200 + A.D. 190-91 = A.D. 390-91 = Śaka-
Saṁvat 313 current, the Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara commenced on Jyeshṭha krishṇa 2,
corresponding to Wednesday, the 17tb April, A.D. 390; and it was current through the
whole month of Kārttika in the same year; being followed by Mahā-Phālguna on Jyesh-
ṭha krishṇa 8 of Śaka-Saṁvat 314, corresponding to Sunday, the 13th April, A.D. 391.
And thus, with this epoch also, and by this system, the Mahā-Māgha saṁvatsara
was current on the given date in Gupta-Saṁvat 188 and 200. But here, again, the
results do not in themselves prove anything definite as to the proposed epoch; for the
reason that the current Gupta year itself is not mentioned in the record; and, by taking
different Gupta years, the same results would be obtained with a different epoch.
Summary of Results.
I have now examined all the dates, at present known, referable to the Gupta-Valabhī
era, that furnish details for computation. And it only remains to sum up the results
established by the preceding inquiries.
Albêrûnî tells us that there was an era, known both as the Gupta era and the
Valabhî era, the years of which were to be converted into years of the Śaka era by

THE GUPTA INSCRIPTIONS; INTRODUCTION. 121

If the dates in the grants of the Mahârâjas of Uchchakalpa are to be referred to
the Kalachuri era,¹ then the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara of this record will be earlier by
either one or two cycles than the first of the two years given above. Here, again, in res-
pect of the actual epoch no absolute proof can be derived from this record; and the only
important point is, to ascertain that the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was not omitted in either
of the two cycles in question. Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that, in Gupta-Saṁvat 165 +
242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 407 current, Jupiter's rising took place on Śrâvaṇa śukla 10, corre-
sponding to Thursday, the 19th July, A.D. 484; or, by the English calendar, on Friday, the
20th July. His longitude then was 108° 19'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he
was then in Âślêshâ; and the saṁvatsara which then began, and which was current through
the whole month of Kârttika in the same year, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha.
Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 177 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 419 current, Jupiter's rising took
place on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 13, corresponding to Wednesday, the 24th July, A.D. 496;
or, by the English calendar, on Thursday, the 25th July. His longitude then was 112° 48'.
By the Brahma-Siddhânta system of unequal spaces, he was then in Maghâ, and by the
Garga system, in Âślêshâ; and, by both systems, the saṁvatsara which then began, and which
was current through the whole month of Kârttika in the same year, must have been named
Mahâ-Mâgha. Therefore, by both the systems of unequal spaces, in Gupta-Saṁvat
165 and 177 also, with the running difference of two hundred and forty-two years between
current Gupta and current Śaka years, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara was current
on the given date, and was not omitted. And these results give either Śaka-Saṁvat
407 current (A.D. 484-85) or 419 current (A.D. 496-97), as the equivalent of the possible
current Gupta year.
By the mean-sign system, in Gupta-Saṁvat 166 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 408
current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Chaitra śukla 5, corresponding to
Thursday, the 7th March, A.D. 485; and it was current through the whole month of
Kârttika in the same year; being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Chaitra śukla 12 of
Śaka-Saṁvat 409, corresponding to Monday, the 3rd March, A.D. 486. Again, in Gupta-
Saṁvat 177 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 419 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara com-
menced on Phâlguna kṛishṇa 12, corresponding to Thursday, the 16th January, A.D.
497; and it was current through the whole month of Kârttika in Gupta-Saṁvat 178;
being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Mâgha śukla 4 of Śaka-Saṁvat 420, corresponding
to Monday, the 12th January, A.D. 498. Again, in Gupta-Saṁvat 189 + 242 = Śaka-
Saṁvat 431 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara commenced on Pausha kṛishṇa 3, cor-
responding to Wednesday, the 26th November, A.D. 508; and it was current through the
whole month of Kârttika in Gupta-Saṁvat 190; being followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on
Pausha kṛishṇa 9 of Śaka-Saṁvat 432, corresponding to Sunday, the 22nd November,

¹ See page 8 above.

122 CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM INDICARUM, VOL. III
A.D. 509. And thus, by this system also, in Gupta-Saṁvat 166, 178, and 190, the Mahâ-
Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. But this was not the case in the
next cycle. In Gupta-Saṁvat 201 + 242 = Śaka-Saṁvat 443 current, the Mahâ-Mâgha
saṁvatsara commenced on Kârttika śukla 9, corresponding to Tuesday, the 6th October,
A.D. 520, and falling four, five, or six days after the nineteenth day of the month; and it
was followed by Mahâ-Phâlguna on Kârttika kṛishṇa 1 of Śaka-Saṁvat 444, correspond-
ing to Saturday, the 2nd October, A.D. 521, and falling seventeen, eighteen, or nineteen
days before the nineteenth day of the month. And thus, though the given saṁvatsara
was not omitted, the given day did not fall within the limits of its duration.
With General Cunningham's epoch of A.D. 166-67, Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit finds that,
for Gupta-Saṁvat 188 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 354-55 = Śaka-Saṁvat 277 current, in
which year the English equivalent of the given date would be Saturday, 8th October, A.D.
354, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Bhâdrapada kṛishṇa 12 of
the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 277, corresponding to Tuesday, the 2nd August, A.D. 354;
or, by the English calendar, on Wednesday, the 3rd August. His longitude then was
122° 59'. By all three systems, he was then in Maghâ; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Mâgha. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Âśvina śukla 12 of Śaka-Saṁvat 278, corresponding to Sunday, the 3rd September,
A.D. 355; or, by the English calendar, on Monday, the 4th September. His longitude
then was 153° 34'. By all three systems, he was then in Uttarâ-Phalgunî, and the
saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna. Accordingly,
with this epoch, and with Gupta-Saṁvat 188 as the intended current year, the Mahâ-
Mâgha saṁvatsara was current on the given date. This result, however, does not
help to prove the epoch, because the record does not specify the current Gupta year;
and, by taking a different Gupta year, the same result can be obtained for a different
epoch.
Again, for Gupta-Saṁvat 199 + A.D. 166-67 = A.D. 365-66 = Śaka-Saṁvat 288
current, in which year the English equivalent of the given date would be Wednesday, the 5th
October, A.D. 365, Jupiter's rising, next before the given date, took place on Śrâvaṇa
śukla 1 of the same year, Śaka-Saṁvat 288, corresponding to Wednesday, the 6th July,
A.D. 365; or, by the English calendar, on Thursday, the 7th July. His longitude then was
95° 56'. By all three systems, he was then in Pushya; and the saṁvatsara which then
began, must have been named Mahâ-Pausha. Jupiter's next following rising took place
on Bhâdrapada śukla 15 of Śaka-Saṁvat 289, corresponding to Monday, the 7th August,
A.D. 366; or, by the English calendar, on Tuesday, the 8th August. His longitude then
was 127° 24'. By both the systems of unequal spaces, he was then in Pûrvâ-Phalgunî; and
the saṁvatsara which then began, must have been named Mahâ-Phâlguna; the interven-
ing Mahâ-Mâgha saṁvatsara being omitted. But, by the system of equal spaces, he was