प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा (डॉ. ए.एस. अल्तेकर - गुरुकुल एवं बौद्ध विहार शिक्षण इतिहास)

200 EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA [Ch.
work unconnected with his craft¹ were regarded as
sufficient causes to nullify the agreement and permit
the apprentice to leave his teacher. At the end of
the agreed period, the student could leave his teacher
after offering him a suitable honorarium. If however
the teacher offered him suitable wages, he was expected
to serve him in preference to a stranger.²
Workshop Atmosphere during Training:—Our
authorities lay down that the apprentice should live
in his teacher's house or factory for all the 24 hours.
This was to ensure a thorough acquaintance with and
grounding in the different processes of the craft that
could be picked up only by an intimate and prolonged
contact with the various stages of the manufacturing
processes. Students were also trained to make their
own tools in order to ensure perfect mastery of the
profession. A painter, for example, made his own
brushes from out of roots or fibres, hair of squirrels or
awns of various grasses. He did not rely on colours
prepared by others, but knew how to make them
himself. A repousser was taught to make tools suitable
for the work in hand.
Painter's Training as an Illustration :—In order to
give an idea of the various stages of the training of

1. यस्तु न ग्राहयेच्छिल्पं कर्माण्यन्यानि कारयेत् । प्राप्नुयात्साहसं
   पूर्वं तस्माच्छिष्यो निवर्तते । Kātyāyana in Aparārka on Yāj. II, 84.
2. There is some resemblance between the Indian apprenticeship
   system outlined above and the system prevailing in medieval Europe.
   In Europe too the apprentice had to spend the earlier part of his
   indenture period learning his craft and getting no wages. When he
   had learnt his art, he would become a journeyman, but he could
   undertake no work except through and for the benefit of his master.
   At the end of the agreed period, he was at liberty to start his own
   business. In Europe, guilds would permit an artisan to take only one
   student for training; we do not know whether there were similar restric-
   tions in ancient India. Graves, A history of Education, Vol. II, p. 97.