द्वितीय राजतरङ्गिणी (जोनराज - कल्हणोत्तर मध्यकालीन कश्मीर का प्रामाणिक इतिहास)

414 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
Yākobha heard of this, he went against Yosobha Khāna,
even as a jackal goes against a lion knowing him by his
roar. Kāsema Khāna had come to Kashmīra led by
avarice, but remained there blockaded by Yākobha, even
as a black-bee that comes to a lotus is imprisoned there
by the approach of night. He was full of fear and could
not stir out. He was however relieved of his fear within
a short time by the arrival of the sun-like Yosobha Khāna,
and he issued out in triumph. The news about Merjā
Yosobha alarmed Shamsha Chakka and others who
wandered about like pigeons when the hawk is on its
wing. Kāsema Khāna was freed from his fear when
Yosobha Khāna arrived, even as the chakravāka is freed
from its position of separation from its mate on the
rising of the sun. Mahmada Mera joined some
Kashmīrians and always placed himself at the service
of Yosobha Khāna who sent many people of Kashmīra
to the feet of king Jyallāladīna.
Now king Yākobha came from Kāṣhṭhavāṭa with
the desire to overcome the Muggulas, even as
insects come out of madness to a flame; and Merjā
Yosobha Khāna sent Hājye Mera with Mahmada
to subdue him. The king's and the Muggula armies
remained on their grounds unmoved, as if Fate examined
their strength by holding both of them in a balance.
The Yavanas occupied the land on the south-west, and
the Kashmīrians on the top of a hill, and none could
advance towards the other. The shouts, like the roar

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 415
of a lion, rose from the two armies, as if the noise issued
from the teeth of Yama eagerly crushing men. A great
and a tumultuous battle was then fought, terrible to the
gods and the asuras, and a touch-stone to test the worth
of great warriors. The Kashmīrians hurled stones
which shook numberless branches of trees, as if the
arms of those trees trembled in fear at the sight of the
battle. In the never ceasing shouts of the great warriors
it seemed as if the hills cried out in fear. The arrows
discharged, by the warriors covered the trunks of large
trees and looked as if their hairs stood upon their
bodies at the sight of the tumultuous battle. The
Muggula army fought in diverse ways, and felt satisfied ;
but Yākobha saw his army broken, and became
uneasy with fear. He thus said to himself :— “I believe
that my soldiers have been devoured by the Yavanas, even
as the moon is devoured by Rāhu ; how can I alone
cope with the mlechchhas in this sea-like battle ?” He
then retired alone from that place, and came to Kāsh-
ṭhavāṭa, feeling humiliated day by day.
Now Yosobha Khāna returned to Jyallāladīna in order
to serve him, and his brother Merja Barddhaka took
possession of Kashmīra. All men felt happy when he
sat on his seat of judgment, even as the chakara bird feels
happy when the moon ascends the eastern hill. Once
upon a time a merchant killed a person in the merchant’s
house ; a piece of the corpse of the murdered man was
thereupon tied round the merchant’s neck, and he was

416 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
taken round with the proclamation that "any person who
becomes so devoid of sense as to kill another will surely
get similar heavy punishment." Once a Yavana, intoxi-
cated with wine, killed a Kashmīrian without any
fault. The murdered man was kept hidden under
water, and the Yavana declared that he had murdered
none. When Merja Barddhaka was informed of this
by the relatives of the murdered man, he at once asked
the Yavana why he had killed a Kashmīrian ; but he
asserted that he had killed none. "If a person is killed"
continued the Yavana "where is his headless trunk ?"
The Yavana said this in a firm tone, whereupon
Merja Barddhaka ordered men to look in the tank.
When the tank was stirred up, the headless trunk ap-
peared, and the Yavana's guilt for having murdered a
man was established. Merja Barddhaka found the
Yavana guilty and ordered his punishment as it is laid
down in the shāstra.
Asked by Jyallāladīna, Yosobha Khāna, with his head
bent down, thus spoke about the countless excellent
things of Kashmīra :—"The Creator has created Kashmīra
like a second heaven ; and even the king of the serpents,
with his two thousand tongues, cannot describe the glories
of that country. There the amorous men leave aside the
grapes whose sweet juice does not last long, and drink
the nectar which exudes from the lips of their
beloved women. There the faces of the women, with
their quick moving eyes of flirtation, look graceful like

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 417
the lotuses on which the black-bees move busily about.
But there alas ! the snow gives constant trouble, and as
if pretending to feel cold, the women, with their both
hands trembling before their husbands, express their
love." The other ministers then thus said to the sove-
reign of the world :—" O emperor ! the glories of Kash-
mīra are innumerable. There the glorious morning, noon,
and evening indicate themselves by the ebb and flow
of water*. There is the celebrated god Amareshvara,
the living snow which grows and diminishes in the bright
and the dark fortnights. There is the glorious living fire
which remains always ablaze, which requires no fuel, and
leaves no charcoal behind."†
When king Jyallāladīna heard of the excellencies of
Kashmīra, he issued from the city of Lāhora in order
to see that country ; and on the fifth bright lunar day
of Āshāḍha, arrived with his army in the capital of
Kashmīra. On the seventh bright lunar day of that
month he pleased the Brāhmaṇa boys with gifts of gold,
and they blessed him. He then went to Mārttaṇḍa, and
gave cows adorned with pearls and gold to Brāhmaṇas.
He was glad to see Kashmīra with its vines, and walnut
trees, and high and charming woods of tāli trees. He stood
on the banks of the Vitastā and saw the position of the
city and was greatly astonished. He saw the tank near

• There is a small water-course near Srinagara in which the
  depth of the water varies during the different hours of the day.
  † Some gas-spring like the one at Jwalamukhi.

418 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
Jyeṣhṭharudra adorned with various kinds of flowers,
and was greatly surprised. Even Yākobha came to
take refuge at the feet of Jyallāladīna, by whose shoes
Yākobha's head was hallowed. Yākobha took refuge
with the king as he had purposed to do, and the king
made him an attendant of Mānasiṃha. Yākobha re-
mained at the feet of Mānasiṃha, he went out of the
country, and enjoyed the delights which the emperor
bestowed on him. King Jyallāladīna saw the kingdom of
Kashmīra, bestowed it on Yosobha Khāna, and went
away.
Merja Yosobha Khāna was well skilled in serving
the king, he ruled the whole country well according to
the king’s orders; but Jyallāladīna became angry with
him, and gave the possession of Kashmīra to Kāji Āla.
When Kāji Āla sent the annual revenue to the king, the
servants of Merja Yosobha were deprived of their
possessions, and they became like guests in their own
homes. The Kāji gave nothing to any one, nor enjoyed
anything himself, but collected a large quantity of gold
by robbing others, even as mice collect paddy.
Menaced by Kāji Āla, Yosobha Khāna's men went
about hungry, even like tanks in the hot season. The
people of Kashmīra came to rob the heaps of paddy
when they saw it amassed by Kāji Āla ; and the wealth
hoarded by this wicked Kāji caused a quarrel among the
Muggulas themselves. Merja Yādgāra, brother of
Yosobha Khāna, joined the people of Kashmīra with the

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 419
intention to kill Kāji Āla. The Kāji fought several times
with him, and then fled. His horse perished in
ascending a hill, and he also went to heaven. Hasana
Bhiga, a servant of Jyallāladīna, fought heroically and
returned alive from the battle. The people said with a
loud laugh and without feeling any grief, that the riches
which the Kāji had hoarded by dishonest means was
consumed by his enemies. Alas ! why did he hoard
them ! Merja Yādgāra gave to his own people all
that had been accumulated by depriving the cultivators.
Merja Yādgāra turned aside from serving the feet
of king Jyallāladīna, and assumed the sovereignty of
Kashmīra. The inhabitants of the country, when they
saw this, became apprehensive of another war, and were
grieved. When king JyallāladIna heard of this conduct of
Yādgāra he marched without delay, and in his anger, he
spread his army on the ridge of a hill, and passed through
an almost impassable mountain road. He then sent Shikha
Phareda ahead with many men to subdue the Merja.
The Shikha ascended the top of a hill called Hastigañja,
even as the charioteer of the sun ascends the eastern
hill. At this time Merja Yādgāra arrived at the village
of Shūrapura, but he was killed by his own servants who
rose against him. When the people saw him lying
dead, and eaten by jackals and dogs, they spat on the
ground and at once said that he was "a rebel against
his master", and remarked that he had thought that he
should pay his respects, now that the glorious emperor

420 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
had come, in more than one way, and so he sacrificed
his life, and thus paid his respects, and with them,
presents and devotion. Shikha Phareda came within
the city after Merja Yādgāra had been killed by his own
servants. He governed the city himself, and the thieves
could not then go about, even as the owls cannot in the
morning.
Now Jyallāladīna came to see the kingdom of Kash-
mīra adorned with saffron, walnut, fruits, and flowers.
The wives of the citizens hastened to see the king. One
woman pointed out the king to her beloved female friend
who was anxious to see him ; another exclaimed with a
flutter that she had seen that leader of the army ; another
woman, with threats to her child [who wanted to drink of
her milk] covered her breast and went [to have a view of
the king]. After the people of Kashmīra had seen the
sovereign, a continuous festivity was held in every house.
Formerly, the kings of the house of Chakka used to
exact an annual fine from the Brāhmaṇas, owing to their
animosity towards the people of that caste. In every
house a Brāhmaṇa of good family and character who main-
tained his own caste, used to pay an annual tribute to the
king. For the preservation of his sacred thread a Brāh-
maṇa annually paid a tribute of forty paṇas to the king.
The good Brāhmaṇas had left the country which was pollu-
ted by the mlechchhas ; those of the middle class had be-
come shameless ; and the low Brāhmaṇas had given up
their caste. When the mlechchhas remained like clouds

[Header] KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 421
in the country, and obscured it, the Brāhmaṇas went
to other countries, even like swans that go to the
Mānasa lake. Now when king Jyallāladīna learnt of
the condition of the Brāhmaṇas, he repealed the practice
of levying fines on them, which had prevailed since
the time of the kings of the house of Chakka. He
announced that he would without delay reward those
who would respect the Brāhmaṇas in Kashmīra ; and
that he would instantly pull down the houses of those
who would take the annual tribute from them. The
Brāhmaṇas, versed in the vedas, whose fear of the pay-
ment of an annual tribute was removed by this order,
blessed the king, saying, that let king Jyallāladīna who
had repealed the annual tribute live for 10,000,000,000
years. One thousand cows were used to be killed every
day, without any opposition, under the orders of the kings
of the house of Chakka, and for them. The Brāhmaṇas
had been overpowered by the mlechchhas, even as by
darkness. They were unable to see their friends, and like
lotuses they mourned at night. The means of their liveli-
hood was consumed by the mlechchhas who were even
like the forest fire ; they did not remain in the country,
even as deer do not stay in the forest which is burnt.
As they left the country, they sometimes, like jackals,
felt alarm in the way, and sometimes they were the
objects of laughter and of reproach.
Rāmadāsa who always served Jyallāladīna was a great
benefactor of the Brāhmaṇas. This celebrated person
36

422 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
saw their condition and gave them gifts of gold and
silver, and he was like a second Karṇa. The cloud
rains nectar, but that benefit is diminished by its thun-
ders ; but in the heart of king Rāmadāsa, who always
gave gifts, there was no pride. Where art thou now O
Māndhātā ? Inferior to him in liberality. Stop thy ear
O Karṇa ! that thou mayest not hear Rāmadāsa’s praise.
Feelest thou no shame O Jīmūtabāhana ? In what art
thou strong ? Truly O Vikramāditya ! I know of no
lasting benefit that has been attained by thy fame.
Rāmadāsa always distributes his gifts wisely and skilfully.
Rāmadāsa, the servant of Akavara, gave one hundred
pieces of silver, and also pieces of gold to every house
of a Brāhmaṇa. He distributed fifty thousand pieces
of silver among the poor Brāhmaṇas.*
O Rāmadāsa the kalpa tree of the world ! I think
there exists as much difference between thy gifts and
the gifts of others, as there exists between a gift and no
gift. Nirmmala and all other Brāhmaṇas versed in the
vedas, and the paṇḍitas blessed him and returned to their
homes. On another day, Prahlāda, Nirmmala, and all
of them were honored by the speech of this king, which
was as sweet as nectar. Even the illustrious Jyallāladīna
gladdened the Brāhmaṇas who were recommended to
him by Rāmadāsa, even as the moon gladdens the cha-
karas. The emperor bestowed villages on the Brāh-

• The portion translated in this para is in prose and within
  square brackets in the text.

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 423
maṇas, and they looked graceful, even as the forest,
that had been burnt by fire, does when the clouds
begin to rain. Āditya knew well how to serve king
Jyallāladīna ; he was always employed by the king in
distributing lands ; but being blind on account of his
affection for his relatives, Āditya overlooked such men
of merit as were his enemies, and prospered such men
without merit as were of his own party. As the nectar
rose from the sea churned by a hill, even so the gifts of
land issued from the king's palace moved by the words
of Rāmadāsa. But alas ! Āditya, like Rāhu, disap-
pointed the learned men, and gladdened his wicked
daitya-like friends by gifts of land. Jyallāladīna himself
was a sea of kindness, and he satisfied the mendicants
by his gifts of gold and silver.
The emperor then ordered Shikhāphaija to take one
thousand pieces of silver and to distribute them among
Brāhmaṇas and beggars who dwelt in villages and in
woods and in other places.*
King Jyallāladīna then bestowed the country again
on Yosobha Khāna, and went away. The people
felt happy when Yosobha Khāna took possession of the
kingdom, even as the lotuses are, when the sun ascends
the eastern hill. An annual payment was fixed from
the cultivators in every village, and soldiers were
forbidden from entering it, lest they create disturbances

• The portion translated in this para : is in prose and within
  square brackets in the text.

424 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.

again. Yosobha knew how to distinguish the cultivators
from the soldiers, even as a swan knows how to separate
milk from water.
Merja Laskara, Yosobha Khāna's son, took posses-
sion of the country, when his father had left it in order
to serve Jyallāladīna. He was without a blemish, a
jewel fit for the head of all men; his person was like
nectar, and he looked graceful like the youthful moon.
Now one of his Yavana servants went to the banks of
the Vitastā, and there harassed the people by ordering
them to lift loads of wood. Merja Laskara himself saw
the Yavana harassing the people and said to his minis-
ter,—"See how he is killing the men. Alas! do my
servants oppress the people of Kashmīra? Why do they
not fear king Jyallāladīna? How strange it is that there
is no robbery, no fear from thieves or from wicked men,
that merchants pay no tax either in village or in town,
that clouds rain, the earth becomes fruitful, and the
cultivators keep their annual gain, and the country suffers
no loss when emperor Jyallāladīna rules!" He then
ordered the Yavana to be promptly arrested, and the
minister immediately hurried to seize him. But the
Yavana fled in fear, whereupon the minister reported
that the man had run away. Merja Laskara then
said:—"Now that the man has fled, do what I say,—
take the boats laden with wood into the middle of the
Vitastā and burn them in such a manner as to strike
terror to the people." The minister did as he was

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 425
ordered, and when the Yavanas saw the boats in flame
they became almost dead with fear. Any Yavana who
would so lose his sense as to oppress the people of
Kashmīra would soon obtain the fruit of his guilt.
Now the saffron shoots sprang from the ground, as
if the king of the serpents had reared his heads in rows
in order to behold the season of autumn. The buds
of saffron flowers issued slowly, as if through bashful-
ness, from the spotless cover of their rinds ; and when
the people saw the village of Padmapura rich with the
beauty of these saffron flowers, and with grapes and
walnuts, they deemed even heaven inferior to it. The
cultivators, who in the month of Shrāvaṇa had sown one
khārī of saffron seed in the ground, now plucked half a
khārī of flowers, and they plucked them morning,
noon, and evening, and at each time they collected them
in the same quantity. From the time that Takṣhaka
nāga taught the cultivation of this flower, there had
not been such a plentiful crop as now. People had
no rest at this time on account of the large crop of
saffron. Some were busy in plucking flowers, some
were conveying them in carriages, the heads of some
were bent with their weight, some were sleeping in boats
[laden with saffron,] some were constantly occupied in
weighing, and some were guarding the crop.
This is the account of the saffron harvest.
When eight years had passed away, king Jyallāladīna
took the country from Yosobha Khāna and bestowed it on

others. On the arrival of Āsāha Khāna, Merja Yosobha's
troops were scattered like the dust at the time when the
wind prevails. Then the illustrious Jyallāladīna sent his
two servants Āhlāda Khāna and Soltān Mahahmada
Kula Khāna. Āsāha Khāna knew them to be the
servants of Jyallāladīna ; he gave them the possession of
the country, and went to the feet of his master. These
two officers drove away injustice from Kashmīra, even
as the sun and the moon drive away darkness from the
earth. They ascended a hill near Shārikā in the neigh-
bourhood of Pravarapura, and there, under the orders
of king Akavara, built a fort with the inappropriate name
of Naganagarī. Men after performing various kinds of
religious austerities go to heaven in their second birth
after death ; but when the people saw this Naganagarī,
they did not attempt to ascend to this heaven. At this
time the houses in the city were occupied by the king's
soldiers, and the inhabitants suffered thereby. The mer-
chants saw this distress of the people and informed the
king of it ; whereupon the king removed the difficulty by
the following arrangement. The king's followers stayed
in the new town, and any one of them who harassed the
people was made guilty of an offence. The Muggulas, after
king Jyallāladīna had thus ordered, lived in the new town.
It was whitewashed with lime and was situated on the
Shārikā hill, and it looked as if it jeered at the old capital
in its neighbourhood. When the Yavanas had gone out
of the old city, the people held a festivity ; they always

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 427
blessed king Jyallāladīna, and were happy. Now all
of a sudden, at mid-day, and within a short time, the
old town built by Alābhadīna, with its two thousand
houses, was in a flame, as if in sorrow for its separa-
tion with the Muggulas whom it saw depart in order to
live in the new town. This extensive city, adorned with
many paintings, and with its houses and buildings, was
soon reduced to ashes. When the old city was burnt,
the new one looked beautiful, even as when a co-wife
dies, the other one feels happy.
Here ends the description of the acquisition of
Kashmīra by the emperor Akavara Jyallāladīna.

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429
APPENDIX A
Now by the direction of some holy men, Shri Malleka
Rájána Nujyaka, the celebrated lord of Siddha, related
what the people of this country and of other coun-
tries suffered from oppression, poverty, and panic. This
is what he said :—"When Jaina Sháha went to heaven,
the weak came to be oppressed by the strong, and the
foreigners were subjected to unjust penalties, and they left
the country. Then Shri Saiphadámarendra, the king's
minister, opposed bad laws and protected and cherished
the subjects. Thus the people were sometimes nourished
or sometimes drained according to the effects of
their virtue or vice, or according to the ministers' good
or evil disposition. Then Chakrapati Malleka Kánchana rose
like the sun, at the order of the king, and graced the
assembly of ministers. When this minister sat in the
palace, and employed himself in dispensing justice, the
weak, on account of his valour, displayed the vigour of the
strong. But calamities from the Muggulas, and death, and
famine occurred, when, owing to quarrel among the powerful
men, and owing to the sin of the subjects, Chakrapati went
out of the kingdom."
APPENDIX B.
As one forms from fancy the image of another whom he
has not seen, so Fate created a person named Várádama
for the creation of the world. He had the skill of perform-
ing difficult work, and he built eighteen thousand houses.
Then when this wide world had turned round thirty-six
times, seven beautiful Pigambaras, like the seven Rishis, were
born. The Pigambara Rasulohya, who was the chief and
protector of them all, was kind to men ; and though a
man, he had, by the will of Mahádeva, conquered the gods.
The Himálaya mountain is the best of all the gods' crea-
tion in heaven and in earth, and the country of Kashmira,
situated in it, is to the world what a necklace is to a woman.
This is the holy world of the good, the home of the bow-
men, the native place of the various trees and plants, and
the place for the enjoyment of all kinds of wealth. Here all

[430]

the Pigambaras lived together in the Pigambara house, and
prayed to their god to quench the fire of the city consumed
by evil deeds, even as by a forest fire, with the water of their
good acts.
APPENDIX C.
The good country of Kashmíra is adorned by the vedas
with their six angas, and the vedántas, and the well
arranged siddhántas, by logic and grammar, by the
puránas, by the mantras, and by the six schools of philo-
sophy; by the followers of Shiva and of Vishnu, by the
worshippers of the sun, by the Buddhists with their paintings
and viháras and mathas; by the vine, and the saffron, the
grains, and the sháli rice, and by fragrant flowers; by the
puránas, and the shrutis and the tarkashástras; by the
Brahmaná worshippers of fire, and by the Bráhmanas devoted
to contemplation, austerities, prayers, and anxious for ablu-
tion and worship; by kotis of nágas, by Hari and Hara; and
by the Gandharvvas and the Vidyádharas. Here the water
is cool like the amrita of heaven. In this country there
are forty-five images of Mahádeva, sixty of Vishnu, three
of Brahmá, and twenty-two of Shakti which are well known;
they have neither beginning nor end; and there are Níla and
other serpents seven hundred in number, and fourteen kotis
of good men who live in shrines.
The hero Arjjuna, brother of Yudhishthira, was the leader
of eighteen armies at Hastinápura. After he had conquered
the whole world he feared that his valour would rust, so he
went to the nether world. There he soon conquered the cities
of the Nágas and desisted from making further wars. He ob-
tained the daughter of the Nága and there spent a year in
enjoyment. Long time elapsed after his return from the nether
world, and he again set out for the conquest of foreign coun-
tries; but was killed in a battle by his own son. When how-
ever his wife came to know of this, she soon brought him
back to life; he was glad to see the prowess of his son, and
he returned with him to Hastinápura. Now in the
course of time Arjjuna was taken away from the world,
and his two sons Parikshit and Vabruváhana divided the
whole kingdom between themselves, and kept posses-

431

sion of it. After Vabruváhana had lived for one hun-
dred and fifty years, he left, during the performance
of a yajna, his eighty-four heroic sons and thousands of
their sons, turned a devotee, and went back to the house
of his mother's father. Those he left behind became almost
mad with excess of strength, quarrelled among them-
selves, oppressed the people, and. went to excesses. Proud
on account of their strength, they were cursed by their
father for disobedience, and for their own destruction they
oppressed their subjects by means of soldiers.
Now some merciful saint was passing along the sky, he
saw the oppression of the people, and soon brought it to the
notice of the Great Being. Then the voice of a being
without form was heard from the sky, saying :—"There
is a person in the midst of the sea, he is like Yama and
holds a sword." Then the saint brought that person who
was brought up in Roma country. He rode upon a horse,
and it was by his sword that the oppression was re-
moved This personage, this great king, this conqueror of
all living things was surrounded by his friends and com-
panions, but was not seen by any. The Creator brings
about the births and deaths of those whom he creates for
some incomparable and extraordinary end, and in an
extraordinary manner. Fo example, who knows whence
the sun, which gives light to the three `worlds, rises, or
where it sets.
Pártha was born in the family of this person, but having
incurred the anger of his father, he went to a distant place
and built Gahvarapura in the Panchagahvara country. Kuru
Sháha was born in the family of Pártha ; he conquered the
whole of the north and of the west, and built an auspicious
temple named Dhanus. His son Táhirála was graced with
three eyes, and had the peculiar virtue of getting whatever
he wished for. He was devoid of avarice, and he knew the
past, the present, and the future ; and was under the in-
fluence of good fortune. He was very powerful, kind, and
munificent ; he always spent his time in devotion, and he
knew all the shástras. Kashmíra is the kingdom under the
protection of this powerful being, though it is governed by.
others. Whenever therefore a foreign sovereign seeks to
do mischief to the kings of Kashmíra, Táhirála destroys him.
Know that the country of Kashmíra is Párvvati, and its

432
king is born of a part of Hara, and Táhirála had three
eyes, as if because this fact may be believed by the people.
He had no enemy, and he was enemy to no one. By his reli-
gious austerities he removed the evils which proceeded
from the gods. Any king who does not bestow a high post
to one born in the family of Táhirála must sacrifice his own
prosperity. Twice or thrice Táhirála heard a voice from
the sky telling him to accept the sovereignty of Kashmira,
and to give it to his very wise son Sháhamera, for it is said'
in the veda that a person's son is his soul.
This is the account of the dynasty of Táhirála.
Printed by S. K. Shaw,
At the Elm Press, 29, Beadon Street, Calcutta.

433
List of kings of Kashmíra in the work
of Jonarája.