द्वितीय राजतरङ्गिणी (जोनराज - कल्हणोत्तर मध्यकालीन कश्मीर का प्रामाणिक इतिहास)

from Kashmīra ;—Introduction of cannon into the
country ;—Return of Ādamakhāna and the removal
of Hājyakhāna from Kashmīra ;—Rebellion of Hājya-
khāna ;—Battle of Mallashilā ;—Cruelties of Ādama-
khāna —Retreat of Hājyakhāna ;—The king’s mistaken
policy ;—Last rites of those who had fallen in the
battle. CHAPTER II. Prosperity of Ādamakhāna
—Dust rain ;—Famine of the year 36 ;—Production
of oil from pine. CHAPTER III. Dust rain ;—Inun-
dation of the year 38 ;—Return of prosperity ;—
Town of Jainatilaka ;—Jayasimha of Rājapurī ;—Helāla-
pura ;—Construction of buildings within Jayāpīḍa-
pura ;—Festivity of Gaṇachakra ;—Festivity of lamps
on account of the birth of the Vitastā :—Outrages
committed by Ādamakhāna ;—His rebellion :—Recalling
Hājyakhāna ;—Battle of Svayyapura ;—Popular feeling ;
—Arrival of Hājyakhāna and retreat of Ādamakhāna ;—
Hājyakhāna appointed heir-apparent ;—His qualification
and his prosperity. CHAPTER IV. Chaitra festival
and the sport of flowers ;—Theatre ;—Fire-works ;—
Manufacture of gun-powder ;—Song and music ;—The
authors of the period ;—Hājyakhāna and his followers ;—
The king’s gifts to the people and his return to the
capital. CHAPTER V. Public works of the king ;—
Feast of rice ;—Excavation of canals and the pros-
perity of the country ;—The Ḍala or the Sūreshvarī
lake ;—Abolition of a funeral tax ;—Satī rite;—Vihāras at
the Mārī confluence ;—Encouragement to the cultivation
of learning ;—Indent of books from distant countries ;
—The author’s recitation of the Vāshishṭa Brahmadar-
shana before the king ;—Translation of various Saṁskṛita
works ;--The king’s pilgrimage. CHAPTER VI. The
king’s public works ;—Presents received by the king,—
Introduction of the art of weaving silk and wollen
fabrics. CHAPTER VII. Rope dance ;—Appearance
of evil omens ;—Famine in Khurāsāna and other
countries ;— Burning of Svayyapura ;—Copper-plate ins-

ix
cription ; — Rebuilding of Svayyapura ;—Death of queen
Vodhākhātonā ;—Death of Kyāmadena ;—New body of
ministers ;—Death of Merakhushāhmada ; — Dejection of
the king's spirit ;— Hājyakhāna's indulgence in drink ; —
Arrival of Ādamakhāna ;—Battle of Ārdrota ;—A hollow
peace ;—The king's address to Vahrāmakhāna ;—Dis-
cussion about succession and future government ;— Dejec-
tion of the king's spirit ; — Disaffection of the officers ;—
Intrigue of Vahrāmakhāna ;— Ādamakhāna's address to
the king and the king's reply ;— Imbecility of the king ;—
His last appearance in public ;— Vahrāmakhāna's propo-
sal to usurp the kingdom ;—Ādamakhāna's attempt to
usurp the kingdom ;—His defeat ;—Hājyakhāna's
seizure of the king's horses ;—Ādamakhāna's retreat ;—
Hassana's usurpation of the kingdom on behalf of
Hājyakhāna ;—Death of king Jainollābhadīna ;—His
burial ;—Lamentation of Hājyakhāna ;—Last rites to
the dead ;—The tomb ;—Discouragement caused to
learning by the death of the king ;—The author's reflec-
tions ;— Conclusion.
BOOK II.
Invocation ;—Coronation of king Haidarashāhi ;—
Marriage of the king's son ;—The king's character ;—
Pūrṇa the barber ;—Appointment of the minister and of the
accountant ;—The king's inactivity and the atrocities of
Pūrṇa ;—Wine prepared from molasses ;—Cultivation of
music ;—Intrigue against the king's youngest brother ;—
Rebellion of the king's elder brother ;—Intrigue against
Hassana ;—Murder of Hassana and others ;—Condition
of debtors ;—Remarks on the comparative merit of the
Hindu and the Mahomedan funeral ;—Confiscation of
Hassana's property and that of his friends ;— Imprison-
ment of the latter ;—Retreat and death of Ādamakhāna ;
— Evil omens ;— Persecution of the Hindus ;—Distress
in the country ; — Expedition of the prince into foreign
countries ;—The king's ill health ;— Cold reception of the
the prince ;—The king's fall ;—Struggle between the

king's son and the king's brother ;—The king's death and
burial ;—Imprisonment of some wicked men ;—The con-
clusion.
BOOK III.
Invocation ;—The author's · preface ;—Coronation of
king Hassana ;—Minister Ahmada and Tājibhaṭṭa ;—
Rebellion of Vahrāmakhāna ;—His defeat and imprison-
ment ;—Imprisonment of Avatārasīha and others ;—
Bad councillors of the king ;—Putting out the eyes of
Vahrāmakhāna ;—His sufferings in prison and death;—
Fall and imprisonment of Avimanyu ;—Putting out of his
eyes ;—His death ;—Imprisonment and death of Jāḍa and
Pūrṇa ;—The Saidas ;—Marriages among the nobles ;—
Erection of public buildings ;—A new coin ;—Death
of the king's mother ;—Construction of a bridge of
boats ;—Birth of a prince and festivity on that account ;—
A conflagration ;—Effect of jealousy among ministers ;—
Intrigue against Tājibhaṭṭa ;—His foreign expedition ;—
Fall of Tājibhaṭṭa ;—Return of the Saidas ;—Their
influence in court ;—Imprisonment of Tājibhaṭṭa ;—Fall
of Ahmada ;—His imprisonment and confiscation of his
property ;—Power of the Saidas ;—Oppressions practised
by them ; -Saida Nāsira ;—Death of Ahmada ;—Decline
of the king's influence ;—Meyā Hasana ;—Expedition
into Bhuṭṭa ;—The Mārgapati's advice to the king ;—His
flight ;— Influence of the women of the palace ;—The
Mārgapati's further advice to the king ;—Its conse-
quence ;—Difficulties with the Madras ;—The king's
hunting party ;—The king's illness ;—Killing birds at
Sarja ;—Increase of the king's illness ;—His death and
funeral ;—The conclusion.
BOOK IV.
Ascent of Mahmadashāha to the throne ;—Power
of the Saidas ;—Killing birds on the Satī lake ;—
Suspicion of the Madras against the Saidas ;—Mera

xi
Hassana maimed ;—Murder of the Saidas ;—Conflict
between the Saidas and the Madras ;—Release of the
son of Vahrāmakhāna from prison ;—His death ;—
Preparation for battle between the Saidas, and the Madras
and the Kashmīrians ;—Petty hostilities between them ;
—The Madras and the Kashmīrians invite Jyahāṅgira
the Mārgesha ;—Proposal of peace ;—A victory of the
Saidas ;—Their cruel acts ;—Preparations of the people's
party for another battle ;—Arrival of the Turuṣhkas ;—
Their defeat ;—Preparation at Sthāma for a battle
between the Kashmīrians and the Saidas ;—Corres-
pondence between the parties ;—Final defeat of
the Saidas ;—Little skirmishes ;—New ministers and
their acts ;—The division of estates ;—Oppressions
of the ministers ;—Their mutual jealousy ;—Ill will
against Jyahāṅgira the Mārgesha ;—Oppressions of
Jonarājānaka ;—His death and imprisonment of his
partisans ;—Early life of Phatāhakhāna ;—His first
invasion of Kashmīra ;—Anxiety of the king ;—
Uneasiness of the Mārgapati and the fear of the
people ;—Correspondence between the Khāna's party
and the Mārgapati ;—Confusion before the battle ;—
Victory of the Khāna ;—Murder of Subhāgasīha ;—
Battle of Kalyāṇapura ;—Khāna's second invasion of
Kashmīra ;—The author's opinion as to the cause of these
calamities ;—Victory of the Kashmīrians ;—Anarchy in
the kingdom ;—Khāna's third invasion of Kashmīra ;—
Preparations for battle ;—Release of Saipha Ḍāmara
from prison ;—His previous history ;—Proposals of
peace ;—Various movements of the parties ;—Tumults
in the country ;—Success of the Khāna ;—Murder of
Jeraka ;—Distress of the people ;—Khāna's fourth inva-
sion of Kashmīra ;—Battle of Gusikoḍḍāra ; - Distress
of the Mārgesha ;—Another defeat of the Mārgesha ;—
His flight ;—Plunder of the country by the Khashas ;—
Capture of king Mahmadashāha ;—Plunder of the
city ;—Saipha Ḍāmara ;—The conclusion.

xii
KINGS OF KASHMĪRA, FOURTH SERIES,
BY PRĀJYABHAṬṬA AND SHUKA.
The invocation ;—The author's account of him-
self ;—King Phataha ;—His ministers ;—Oppressions
on the Hindus ;—Intrigue among the ministers ;—
Burning of Jainakadala ;—Death of Somachandra ;—
Distribution of estates ;—Influence of the Dāmaras ;
—Murder of Gājakhāna and of Mallekadatta ;—Redis-
tribution of estates ;—Fall of the Dāmaras ;—Redistribu-
tion of estates ;—Flight of the Mārgesha ;—Redistribu-
tion of estates ;—Return of the Dāmaras ;—Rebellion of
Ebhrāhema Mārgesha ;—Defeat of the king’s party ;—
Flight of king Phataha ;—Mahmada Shāha became king
(2nd time) ;—Seha Eskandara made heir-apparent ;—
Death of Utsa Malleka ;—Phataha became king (2nd
time) ;—New ministers ;—Kācha Chakra ;—Administra-
tion of the country ;—Bones of the Hindus carried to
the Ganges ;—Fruitless invasion of the country by the
Mārgeshas ;—An epidemic ;—Mahmada Shāha’s inva-
sion ;—Defeat and flight of Phataha Shāha ;—Mahmada
Shāha became king (3rd time) ;—Panegyric on the king ;
—Appointment of ministers and other acts ;—Rebel-
lion of the Mārgapatis ;—Battle of Jāladramgaḍa ;—Im-
prisonment of some nobles and other acts ;—Oppressions
on the Brāhmaṇas ;—Death of Phataha Shāha and
others ;—Arrest of some nobles and advancement of
others ;—Rebellion of the Mārgapatis;—Their defeat and
retreat ;—Another fruitless rebellion of the Mārgapatis ;
—Death of Habhebha Khāna ;—Alliance between the
Mārgapatis and the Chakrīs ;—Baber ;—Quarrel between
the Mārgapatis and the Chakrīs ;—Eskandara’s eyes put
out ;—Scuffle between the two clans continue ;—Prince
Ebrāhima Khāna ;—Deposition of Mahmada ;—Saluta-
tion to Mahādeva ;—King Ebrāhima Shāha ;—Abdāla
Mārgesha sought aid from Delhi ;—Arrival of a Mogul
force ;—Defeat of the Chakrīs ;—Nājoka Shāha made

[xiii]

king ;—Division of the country ;—Peace in the country ;
—Opposition of the Chakrīs ;—Release of Mahmada
Shāha ;—He became king (4th time) ;—Nājoka made
heir-apparent ;—Death of Baber ;—Opposition of the
Chakrīs ;—A comet ;—Arrival of the Moguls ;—Peace
between the Mārgapatis and the Chakrīs ;—Defeat of
the Moguls ;—Coldness between the Mārgapatis and
the Chakrīs ; - Invasion of the Kāskārians ; - Ravages
committed by them ;—Defeat of the Kashmīrians ;—
Peace with the Moguls ;—Meteors and comet ;—
Famine ; - Movements of Kāñchana Chakra ;—Disease
and death of the king ; - His burial ;—Shamsa Shāha
became king ;—Rivalries between the Chakrīs and the
Mārgapatis ;—Peace established between them ;—Pane-
gyric on Kācha Chakra ;—His power ;—Conspiracy
against him ;—His death ; - Confusion in the kingdom ;
—Earthquake ;—Defeat and flight of the Moguls ;—
Evil habits of the people ;—Ravages caused by earth-
quake ;—Fall of Dauluta Chakka ;—Ajahomāya ;—
Habhebha became king ;—Usurpation Gāja Shāha ;—
Panegyric on Gāja Shāha ;—Invasion of Kara Bahadur ;
—His retreat ;—Parley with the Moguls ;--Defeat and
retreat of the Moguls ;—Subjugation of the Pāshāṇḍas ;—
Conflagration and earthquake ;—Evil prognostication ;
—Second invasion of Kara Bahadur ;—His retreat ;—
Rebellion of the Chakkas ;—Battle of Hāṭaka ;—Inva-
sion of Abdolamālī ;—His retreat ;—The king's cruelties ;
—His illness and death ;—His burial ;—Hosaina Khāna
became king ;— His good government ;—Oppression by
his minister ;—Mahmada Khāna's eyes put out ; - The
spring and the Shrīpañchamī festivals ;—The king's illness
and death ;—Ale Khāna became king ;—His good govern-
ment ;—Earthquake ;—Famine ;—Storm ;—Fire ;—The
king's death ;—Yosobha Shāha became king ;—Rebel-
lion of Abdāla Khāna ;—Invasion of Momāra Khāna ;—
His victory ;—Flight of Yosobha ;--His visit to Akbar ;
—Imprisonment of Momāra ;—Lahvara Chakka became
king;—Depredation caused by lions;—Return of Yosobha

xiv

to Kashmīra ;—Defeat of Lahvara ;—Lahvara’s and his
brother’s eyes put out ;—Battle between Haidara Chakka
and Yosobha ;—Haidara’s visit to Akbar ;—Yosobha
became king (2nd time) ;—Habhebha’s and others’ eyes
put out ;—Yākobha’s visit to Akbar ;—Akbar’s plan to
conquer Kashmīra ;—Yākobha’s return to Kashmīra from
the way ;—Plan to oppose the army of Akbar ;—Pusil-
lanimity of Yosobha ;—He surrendered himself to
Bhagavaddāsa ;—Yākobha became king ;—Retreat of
Bhagavaddāsa ;—Riot among the Moslem inhabitants ;
—Defeat of Samṣa Chakka ;—Invasion of Kashmīra by
Kāsema Khāna ;—March of the army ;—Its arrival
into Kashmīra ;—Desertion of Bahrāma Nāyaka ;—
Hosaina Khāna set up as a rival king ;—Fruitless attempt
against Hosaina ;—Release of Mera Mahmada and
Samṣa Chakka from prison ;—Retreat of Yākobha to
Kāshṭhavāṭa ;—Anarchy in the kingdom ;—Usurpation
by Samṣa Chakka of the throne of Hosaina Khāna ;—
Samṣa’s retreat ;—Defeat of the Kashmīrians by Kāsema
Khāna ;—Occupation of the capital by the Moguls ;
—Imprisonment of Haidara Chakka ;—Combination
of the Kashmīrians under Yākobha ;—Yākobha’s march
towards the capital ;—His night attack on the
Moguls ;—Death of Haidara Chakka ;—The Moguls
attack Yākobha ;—Peace ;—Renewal of hostility ;—
Battle of Kṣhetra ;—Battles fought by Ādula Khāna
and Srīraṅga ;—Arrival of Saida Yosobha ;—Defeat of
of Yākobha ;—Administration of Barddhaka ;—Account
of Kashmīra by the officers of Akbar ;—Arrival of Akbar
in Kashmīr (1st time) ;—Submission of Yākobha ;—
Yosobha Khāna made governor ;—Succeeded by
KājiĀla ;—His administration ;—Rebellion of Yādgāra ;
—Death of Kāji Āla ;—Yādgāra assumes sovereignty ;—
Arrival of Akbar (2nd time) :—Death of Yādgāra ;—
Rejoicings of the people ;——Oppressions on the
Brāhmaṇas by former kings ;—Akbar’s and Rāmdasā’s
munificence towards the Brāhmaṇas ;—Yosobha Khāna
made governor (2nd time) ;—His administration ;—

xv
Succeeded by Merja Laskara ;—His administration ;—
Saffron harvest ;—Āsāha Khāna appointed governor ;—
Succeeded by Āhlāda Khāna and Soltan Mahahmada
Kula Khāna ;—Their administration ;—Construction of
the hill fort of Naganagarī ;—Removal of the emperor's
soldiers to the new fort ;—Festivity of the people ;—
Burning of the old town ; The end.

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KINGS OF KASHMĪRA.
VOL. III.
SECOND SERIES.
ONE HALF of Hara's person was united with one half
of Parvatī's, as if they had become one through mutual
affection. The other halves of their persons, adored
in the three worlds, have disappeared as if in sorrow,
because they could not unite. May the united figure
be auspicious to you. May Gaṇesha with his ample
form, dispensing joy and plenty every day to all around
remove all difficulties from your path.
ShrīGonarda and other virtuous and meretorious
kings ruled the kingdom of Kashmīra from the begin-
ning of the Kali Yuga. But for a long time they were
under an evil influence which lasted, like the darkness
of the winter night, and no one knew of the kingdom,
as no sun of poesy arose to disperse the gloom. Then
the Brāhmaṇa Kalhaṇa with lucid words imparted the
freshness of youth to the old accounts of the kings
down to the reign of Jayasiṁha. It is owing to the
fault of the country or to the misfortune of the succeed-

2 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
ing kings that no one since then has revived the suc-
ceeding kings by the nectar like words of a poet. Now
the spotless king ShriJainollābhadena reigns, and
Jonarāja is ready to describe the royal line. As a
tree which promiseth fruits is planted to remove the
wants of the traveller, so is this poem composed to re-
move the grief of kings lest their glory be forgotten.
And as the tree is grown by water, and without any
artificial heat, so should this poem be carefully cher-
ished by the good with the cool nectar of mildness.
These past kings were sunk in the sea of oblivion, and
ShriJainollābhadena wished, out of a tender regard,
to rescue them. He employed for the purpose the
noble hearted ShriShiryyabhaṭṭa, chief of all the
courts of justice. I received orders from him, and I
have now ventured to complete the story of the kingly
line. My attempt is not dictated by a desire to obtain
the fame of a poet ; for, vast is the difference between
my words, poor and meagre as water in dried ginger,
and the flowing waves of poesy. Can a reed, imitat-
ing only the shadow of a lotus, equal the lotus ? My
poor sense is like a gourd, hollow and light, and relying
on it, alas ! I am attempting to cross the river of the
story of kings. My feebleness in describing the merits
of kings should not be blamed, for do not women,
devoid of beauty, walk in pride when bedecked with
jewellery ? My subject, worthy of a poet, sustains and
purifies me, even as the water of the Ganges, though it

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 3
seems but ordinary water, purifies him who drinks it.
I have made only an outline of the history of kings ;
let the skilful and artistic poets adorn it: a wheel
rubs down jewels, it is a finer instrument that can im-
part beauty to the gems. The good and the noble
peruse the works of writers without solicitation ; does
the moon await solicitation before diffusing nectar on
the earth? But the evil minded, even when propiti-
ated, do not cease to find faults ; the charcoal, even
when washed by nectar, never attains whiteness. The
desire that others should see my work has long depar-
ted from my heart, for it is an unworthy desire to wish
for the approbation of others. The beauty of a com-
mon song and that of the Saṅskṛita language appear
alike to the unskilful ; even as the monkey mistakes
red seeds for sparks of fire in winter. The ignotant
are not affected by listening to poetry ; it is those alone
who have strength of teeth, that perceive the
sweetness of the sugarcane in their mouth. Even the
pure minded and the meritorious are filled with
thoughts of envy when a composition embellished with
sense and sweetness is placed before them. Fate
is foremost among those who cannot bear to see
the prosperity of others ; Fate has stained the moon
with spots, and Fate has filled the learned with
envy, as with a consuming disease. Fate is therefore-
an object of reproach. Let my work which is mingled
with that of Kalhaṇa Paṇḍita be accepted, for even

4 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
the water of a reedy marsh is taken for drink when it
has mingled with the water of a river.
There was a prosperous king, the son of Sussala,
who delighted the world and respected the gods and
the twice born. Though he was known to ride the
elephant alone, yet, O ! Wonderful ! Prosperity always
rested on Jayasiṁha. He was brought up by the
goddess of learning, as by his mother, and he enjoyed
the company of the goddess of fortune. They abided
in him together, like a mother-in-law and a daughter-
in-law, and did not display hostility towards each other.
Once upon a time he received into his court Malla
born of the family of Susharmmā the king of Trigartta.
Malla had been banished from his country by his ene-
mies, and had come here with a view to obtain a
livelihood. Medicinal herbs are every where regarded
as mere grass, and jewels as mere stones ; and men
of merit too, who have travelled in foreign coun-
tries, are treated as ordinary men, until they excite
the heart of the people by great deeds and distinguished
achievements. When the king marched to subdue the
kingdom of the Yavanas, Malla became the favourite
of the soldiers on account of his great valor. Strong
in his courage, Mallachandra went at night to the camp
of his enemy in order to ascertain the number of the
king of the Turuṣhkas's soldiers that had survived
slaughter. There where even a breath of wind could
not enter, where the place was guarded by powerful sol-

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
diers, Malla went in among the enemy's troops, no doubt
by the force of incantations and charms. But afraid of
committing a sin by any hostile act towards those who
were sleeping, he did not kill the king of the Yavanas,
but only placed a pair of shoes, marked with his own
name, on the head of the king, as his turban. The
enemy recognized the shoes, took them with him and
went to the camp of the king of Kashmira and surren-
dered to him his fortune, as if he yielded to him his
fame. In the year 30, in the month of Phālguṇa, on
the twelfth day of the dark moon, the king died in the
midst of his prosperity, and greatly gladdened the
eyes of celestial damsels.
Then the indolent people annointed his son Para-
māṇuka, even as the days of the month of Māgha
which scatter the leaves of trees, annoint the Kunda
tree. The king neglected the duty of protecting his
subjects and also of making foreign conquests, and
he began to accumulate wealth, such as would never be
exhausted. But the wealth of the king was like that of a
Brāhmaṇa who follows the injunctions of the Vedas;
he could neither give it away to others nor enjoy it him-
self; and it was robbed by the two cheats Prayāga and
Janaka. These men were devoid of truth, and they
caused their servants to assume the form of Rākṣhasas,
and night after night they used to frighten the king by
strange performances. These evil minded ministers
pretended affection for the king, and induced him to

6 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
spend his money to save his life from the Rākshasas.
On one full moon night in the month of Chaitra, a
dependant of theirs was stationed at Bhīshāyaka dressed
as a Rākshasa chief, adorned with precious jewels but
covered with grass. And as the signal was given, he stood
forth in the presence of men, blessed the king, and
took away his ornaments, and retired into the forest by
night. Then these two men told the king that since the
Rākshasa chief had accepted the king's offerings and had
blessed him, his kingdom would be without danger. Thus
the wily men frightened the worthless king like a child,
and robbed him of all his wealth. The king, after
reigning for nine years, six months, and ten days,
died on the eighth bright lunar day of Bhādra, in the
year 40.
Then his son named Varttideva reigned. He died
on the tenth bright lunar day of Bhādra, in the year 47.
For want of a worthy successor the citizens elected
one named Vopyadeva their king. He was like the
Rākshasa chief covered with grass, and to him homage
was paid. Once this foolish king felt happy at the
sight of large blocks of stone, and he ordered his
ministers to increase the size of the smaller ones by
making them drink the milk of beasts! On one occa-
sion this foolish prince heard of the greatness of the
shrine of Sureshvarī, and, accompanied by his ministers,
came there by boat. He made faces on the water,
and was angry at seeing his face disfigured in the re-

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 7
flection; and he thereupon struck the water with his
palm, so that his jewel ring fell into the water. When
asked where the royal jewel seal was, he pointed to the
ripple of the water and said that it was in the ripple.
He was the very model of a dunce. He reigned for
nine years, four months, and two and half days.
His younger brother Jassaka was also a great dunce;
and though he did not wish to have on him the weight
of the kingdom, he was annointed king by the Lavanyas
who wished their own aggrandisement. The parrot
which imitates the human voice is caught but not the
crow; stony soil is not ploughed and dug like fertile
land; and stones are not powdered to dust like rock-
salt. The very faults of some persons are advantageous
to them like merits. There were two Brāhmaṇa bro-
thers named Kṣhukṣha and Bhīma. By fraudulent
means they earned the affection of the king, and then
they became disobedient. They thought that as they
were rich and powerful, the king would not be able
to check them, and so they did not endeavour to
strengthen their party by taking in other men. And
it was only the power of the Lavanyas, and not any
other apprehension, that kept them from attaining the
regal state. Alas! That a sweet but unwholesome dish
should ever be taken! Alas! That a young but false
woman should ever inspire love in man by her embra-
ces and her show of affection! For they both bring
affliction, and if unchecked, cause death by their poison.

8 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
The wife of Kshuksha became disgusted with him as
he, owing to old age, had lost his vigour ; and she killed
him by poison and received Bhīma to her embraces.
Owing to her intimacy with her husband's brother, her
body came to be marked with white patches ; but her
sin was lightened by her gifts to Mādhava and other
gods. The king after ruling the country for eighteen
years, and ten days died on the tenth lunar day of dark
moon, in the month of Māgha, in the year 74.
Then his son ShrīJagadeva, who was powerful,
yet humble, contributed, like the month of Chaitra,
to the delight of the people. He looked with an equal
eye on the servants of the state who had been contend-
ing with one another ; even as the evening finds the blue
and the white lotus alike. He was well versed in
science, and as a surgeon extracts a dart, he rooted out
the evil laws of the country. He was a person of great
merit, and penetrated like a dart in the mind of men ; but
evil counsels prevailed, and he was expelled from the
country by the ministers. As Rāma received his
friend, the king of the monkeys, in the wilderness, so
did he, in his exile, receive his discriminating minister,
Guṇāhula. In the hope of rising again to power,
the king and the minister came back to Kashmīra like
the sun and the moon, and the people wondered at
their deeds. Unwilling to relinquish the power they had
so long enjoyed, the enemies of the king prepared to
fight ; but they fell under the devices and the prowess

of the king and his minister, even as the insects fall in-
to the fire. The king conquered the country and enjoy-
ed the fortune that smiled on him and the royal um-
brella and the Chāmara; and ShrīGuṇākararāhula
also enjoyed prosperity, without these royal insignia.
The disinterested king built a temple at Rajjupura and
adorned it with a silver umbrella. Then the wicked
Padma, lord of Dvāra, pretending- affection for the
king, as if he were a friend, secretly gave him poison
and killed him. After ruling the country for fourteen
years, six months, and three days, the king died on the
fourteenth day of the dark moon, in the month of
Chaitra, in the year 89.
His son Rājadeva had gone to Kāṣhṭhavāṭa in fear,
but he was brought back by the enemies of the lord
of Dvāra. And when Rājadeva had entered a fort
named Salhaṇa, Padma, of wicked design, surrounded
him with troops, even as a serpent is surrounded by a
magic line. The lord of Dvāra had in the meantime
received a present of a curious pair of shoes, and in his
curiosity to see it he was off his guard, and was killed
by a Chaṇḍāla in a scuffle. Then the Bhaṭṭas annoint-
ed Rājadeva king, with the sound of kettle drum and
conch shell, and innumerable feudatory chiefs bow-
ed to him, and he bestowed favours on servants. The
great king apportioned work among the chief men of
the Lavanyas in the same manner as before, and they
worked like relatives living together.

10 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
The powerful Balādhyachandra, lord of Lahara,
with his soldiers usurped power over half of Shrīnagara,
and the king was unable to cope with him. This
powerful man caused a maṭha to be built within the
city, even like an embodyment of his virtues, and
marked the maṭha with his name. In the meantime
the Bhaṭṭas had been insulted by the king, and for a
long time they held consultation to find some one
with a mild temper among the Khasha tribe, whom they
would elect king. It was then determined to plunder
the Bhaṭṭas, and then was heard from among them
the cry, “ I am not a Bhaṭṭa,” “ I am not a Bhatta.”
At this time, namely in the year 950 of the Saka era.
Vimalāchāryya corrected the mistake that every 976th
month would be considered an unclean month.* The
disinterested king Rājadeva who was like the moon,
signalized his prosperity by building Rājapuri and
Rājolaka. He died after reigning for twenty three
years, three months, and twenty seven days.
His son Sangrāmadeva became the king, and he
terrified his enemies as the lion does the elephants.
He made his younger brother Sūryya his viceroy, out
of affection, but this wicked conspirator, tempted by
the lust of enjoyment, thought of rebellion. Afraid
of the king who had heard of his intention, he entered

• This sentence appears here to be quite foreign to the text,
  and has probably been inserted by mistake from some other place.

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 11
the territory of Chandra, the lord of Lahara, with a
view to rise against his brother. Strange! That at this
time when the fierce Sūryya joined Chandra, this earthly
sun, together with the moon, was eclipsed like the sun in
the sky.
Tuṅga, the lord of Shamāla, proudly carried Sūryya
by his side, but the king went against him and humbl-
ed him. Sūryya then went by a road devoid of the
sun and the moon, and deserted by his dissolute attend-
ants, was captured, and caused to be killed by the
king. The sons of Kalhaṇa were evil men, they rose
in power ; and the king, who was anxions to save his
royal state, feared them as serpents. And when
the kinsmen of the sons of Kalhaṇa attained power, the
king lost all hopes and took shelter with the peaceful
lord of Rājapurī. When the king had thus retired to
a distance, the Ḍāmaras began to suck the very life-
blood of the people. Deserted by the wise king and
by Brāhmaṇas, the kingdom was for a long time de-
voured by the Ḍomvas, even like food polluted by the
touch of low people. The king was sheltered in the king-
dom of another, his own country was in anarchy, and no
one thought that his re-appearance was near at hand. He
overcame his enemies however in battle near Rājapurī,
but did not kill the sons of Kalhaṇa because they were
Brāhmaṇas ; and thus he gained his kingdom and
attained virtue. At Vijayeshvara the king built a house
named Shrivishāla, containing twenty one rooms for