द्वितीय राजतरङ्गिणी (जोनराज - कल्हणोत्तर मध्यकालीन कश्मीर का प्रामाणिक इतिहास)

iv
to his brother Mr. Romesh C. Dutt, C. I. E. for very
valuable help rendered in connection with this transla-
tion, as in many other things which the world will
perhaps never know.
CALCUTTA, }
1st July 1898. } J. C. DUTT.

KINGS OF KASHMĪRA—SECOND SERIES,
BY JONARĀJA.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Invocation ;—The author's preface;—King Jayasiṁha ;
—Malla of Trigartta ;—Defeat and submission of the
king of the Yavanas ;—Death of king Jayasiṁha ;—
King Paramāṇuka ;—His inglorious reign and death ;—
King Varttideva ;—His death ; — King Vopyadeva ;—His
foolishness;—King Jassaka ;—The brothers Kṣhukṣha
and Bhīma ;—Death of the king ;—King Jagadeva ;
—Driven from the throne and country ;—His return
and reassertion of his kingdom ;—He builds a
temple ;—His death ;—Opposition to Rājadeva ;—
Rājadeva made king ;—Balādhyachandra ;—Conspiracy
against the king ;—Vimalāchāryya's calculation ;—The
king's public works and death ;—King Saṁgrāmadeva ;—
His brother's rebellion ;—Rebellion of the sons of
Kahlaṇa ;—The king's flight ;—His return and reassertion
of his kingdom ;—His public work ;—His death ;—
Yhshaka's life of the king ;—King Rāmadeva. Execution
of the murderers of his father ;—King's public works:
His adoption of a child ;—The queen's plublic works ;—
Death of king Rāmadeva ;—King Lakṣhmaṇadeva ;—
His erudition ;—The queen's public work ;—King
Lakṣhmaṇa killed by Kajjala ;—King Siṁhadeva ;—
His reduced condition ;—His religious and public
works ;— His intrigue with his nurse's daughter ;—
His death ;—King Sūhadeva alias Rāmachandra ;
—His conquests and public work ;—Sahamera ;—
Ḍalacha ;—Riñchaṇa ;—Commotions caused by Ḍalacha
and Riñchaṇa ;—Riñchaṇa takes queen Koṭā ;—Death
of king Rāmachandra ;—Usurpation of Riñchaṇa ;—His
administration of justice ;—His desire to be a Saiva ;—

vi

Vyāla ;—Rebellion of Ṭukka ;—Education of prince
Haidara ;—The king’s public work ;—His death ;—King
Udayanadeva ;—His gratitude to Sahamera ;—Rise of
the Lavanyas ;—Influence of queen Koṭā ;—The king’s
religious character ;—Achala ;—Rise of Sahamera ;—
Death of king Udayanadeva ;—Queen Koṭā ;—Murder of
Bhikshaṇa and Avatāra ;—War with the lord of Kampana ;
—Usurpation of Sahamera ;—His government and
death ;—King Jamsara ;—His struggle with his brother ;—
His death and his public works ;—King Alāvadena ;—
His interview with the Yoginīs ;—Change in the law of
inheritance by unchaste widows ;—Removal of the
capital ;—The king’s public works ;—Famine ;—The
king’s death ;—King Shāhāvadīna ;—His military ex-
peditions ;—His love for Anugā ;—His general admi-
nistration ;—An inundation ;—Building of towns ;—
Lāsā ;—Udayashrī ;—Exile of the princes ;—Petty rebel-
lions ;—The king’s hunting adventure ;—Sharkarasūha’s
dream ;—Recall of the princes and the king’s last acts ;—
His death ;—King Kumbhadīna ;—War in Lohara ;—
The king’s dealings with prince Hassana ;—Udayashrī’s
attempt to murder the king ;—His death ;—The king’s
public and religious works ;—Birth of two princes ;—The
king’s death ;—King Shekandhara ;—Murder of Maham-
mada and others ;—Acts of Shrī Shovā ;—Acts of
Uddaka ;—His death ;—Military expeditions of the king ;
—His charity ;—Ascendency of the Mahomedans ;—
The King’s marriage with Merā ;—Mahādeva the alche-
mist ;—The king’s councillors ;—Birth of three princes ;
—Banishment of the sons of Shovā ;—The king’s public
work ;—Persecution of the Hindus by Sūhabhaṭṭa ;—The
king’s death ;—King Ālishāha ;—Acts of Sūhabhaṭṭa ;
—Imprisonment and escape of Mahammada the Mārga-
pati ;—Prince Piruja ;—Persecution of the Hindus by
Sūhabhaṭṭa ;—His death ;—Hamsa and Gaura ;—Mera-
kamsāra ;—The king’s pilgrimage ;—Oppressions by the
Mahomedans ;—Battle with the Khuḥkhuras ;—King

vii
Jainollābhadīna ;—His virtues and good government ;—
Jasratha ;—Instances of the king's administration of
justice ;—Abolition of the practice of taking money
by judges from plaintiffs and defendants ;—Another
instance of the king's administration of justice ;—Reward
given to the author ;—The king suffers from a boil ;—
Physician Shivabhaṭṭa ;—The king's public works
and conciliation of the Hindus ;—The great men of his
court ;—His military exploits ;—Exile of Nosrata ;—
Sadaula ;—A yogi ;—Birth of a prince ;—Murder of the
Yogi by Sadaula ;—His punishment ;—Birth of other
princes ;—Excavation of canals and building of
towns etc ;—Establishment of offices for the registration
of the sale of lands ;—Extraction of jewels from mines
and gold from the sands of rivers ;—Public works of the
king's officers ;—Feud between Sayedha and Shūra ;—
The king's religious propensities ;—His idea of filling
up the Mahāpadma lake ;—An inundation ;—Filling
up of the centre of the Mahāpadma lake ;--Building
towns on and about it ;—Reformation of the Ḍomba
thieves ;—Prohibition to kill birds and fish in several
tanks ;—An instance of the king's administration
of justice ;—The nobles of his court ;—His gifts to
boys ;—Planting of sugar-cane by the king ;—His reli-
giousness and power ;—Conclusion.
———
KINGS OF KASHMĪRA—THIRD SERIES,
BY SHRĪVARA.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BOOK I.
Invocation ;—The author's account of himself ;—
Virtues of king Jainollābhadīna ;—Sons of the king's
nurse ;—The king's foreign conquests. CHAPTER I.
The king's three sons ;—Removal of Ādamakhāna

from Kashmīra ;—Introduction of cannon into the
country ;—Return of Ādamakhāna and the removal
of Hājyakhāna from Kashmīra ;—Rebellion of Hājya-
khāna ;—Battle of Mallashilā ;—Cruelties of Ādama-
khāna —Retreat of Hājyakhāna ;—The king’s mistaken
policy ;—Last rites of those who had fallen in the
battle. CHAPTER II. Prosperity of Ādamakhāna
—Dust rain ;—Famine of the year 36 ;—Production
of oil from pine. CHAPTER III. Dust rain ;—Inun-
dation of the year 38 ;—Return of prosperity ;—
Town of Jainatilaka ;—Jayasimha of Rājapurī ;—Helāla-
pura ;—Construction of buildings within Jayāpīḍa-
pura ;—Festivity of Gaṇachakra ;—Festivity of lamps
on account of the birth of the Vitastā :—Outrages
committed by Ādamakhāna ;—His rebellion :—Recalling
Hājyakhāna ;—Battle of Svayyapura ;—Popular feeling ;
—Arrival of Hājyakhāna and retreat of Ādamakhāna ;—
Hājyakhāna appointed heir-apparent ;—His qualification
and his prosperity. CHAPTER IV. Chaitra festival
and the sport of flowers ;—Theatre ;—Fire-works ;—
Manufacture of gun-powder ;—Song and music ;—The
authors of the period ;—Hājyakhāna and his followers ;—
The king’s gifts to the people and his return to the
capital. CHAPTER V. Public works of the king ;—
Feast of rice ;—Excavation of canals and the pros-
perity of the country ;—The Ḍala or the Sūreshvarī
lake ;—Abolition of a funeral tax ;—Satī rite;—Vihāras at
the Mārī confluence ;—Encouragement to the cultivation
of learning ;—Indent of books from distant countries ;
—The author’s recitation of the Vāshishṭa Brahmadar-
shana before the king ;—Translation of various Saṁskṛita
works ;--The king’s pilgrimage. CHAPTER VI. The
king’s public works ;—Presents received by the king,—
Introduction of the art of weaving silk and wollen
fabrics. CHAPTER VII. Rope dance ;—Appearance
of evil omens ;—Famine in Khurāsāna and other
countries ;— Burning of Svayyapura ;—Copper-plate ins-

ix
cription ; — Rebuilding of Svayyapura ;—Death of queen
Vodhākhātonā ;—Death of Kyāmadena ;—New body of
ministers ;—Death of Merakhushāhmada ; — Dejection of
the king's spirit ;— Hājyakhāna's indulgence in drink ; —
Arrival of Ādamakhāna ;—Battle of Ārdrota ;—A hollow
peace ;—The king's address to Vahrāmakhāna ;—Dis-
cussion about succession and future government ;— Dejec-
tion of the king's spirit ; — Disaffection of the officers ;—
Intrigue of Vahrāmakhāna ;— Ādamakhāna's address to
the king and the king's reply ;— Imbecility of the king ;—
His last appearance in public ;— Vahrāmakhāna's propo-
sal to usurp the kingdom ;—Ādamakhāna's attempt to
usurp the kingdom ;—His defeat ;—Hājyakhāna's
seizure of the king's horses ;—Ādamakhāna's retreat ;—
Hassana's usurpation of the kingdom on behalf of
Hājyakhāna ;—Death of king Jainollābhadīna ;—His
burial ;—Lamentation of Hājyakhāna ;—Last rites to
the dead ;—The tomb ;—Discouragement caused to
learning by the death of the king ;—The author's reflec-
tions ;— Conclusion.
BOOK II.
Invocation ;—Coronation of king Haidarashāhi ;—
Marriage of the king's son ;—The king's character ;—
Pūrṇa the barber ;—Appointment of the minister and of the
accountant ;—The king's inactivity and the atrocities of
Pūrṇa ;—Wine prepared from molasses ;—Cultivation of
music ;—Intrigue against the king's youngest brother ;—
Rebellion of the king's elder brother ;—Intrigue against
Hassana ;—Murder of Hassana and others ;—Condition
of debtors ;—Remarks on the comparative merit of the
Hindu and the Mahomedan funeral ;—Confiscation of
Hassana's property and that of his friends ;— Imprison-
ment of the latter ;—Retreat and death of Ādamakhāna ;
— Evil omens ;— Persecution of the Hindus ;—Distress
in the country ; — Expedition of the prince into foreign
countries ;—The king's ill health ;— Cold reception of the
the prince ;—The king's fall ;—Struggle between the

king's son and the king's brother ;—The king's death and
burial ;—Imprisonment of some wicked men ;—The con-
clusion.
BOOK III.
Invocation ;—The author's · preface ;—Coronation of
king Hassana ;—Minister Ahmada and Tājibhaṭṭa ;—
Rebellion of Vahrāmakhāna ;—His defeat and imprison-
ment ;—Imprisonment of Avatārasīha and others ;—
Bad councillors of the king ;—Putting out the eyes of
Vahrāmakhāna ;—His sufferings in prison and death;—
Fall and imprisonment of Avimanyu ;—Putting out of his
eyes ;—His death ;—Imprisonment and death of Jāḍa and
Pūrṇa ;—The Saidas ;—Marriages among the nobles ;—
Erection of public buildings ;—A new coin ;—Death
of the king's mother ;—Construction of a bridge of
boats ;—Birth of a prince and festivity on that account ;—
A conflagration ;—Effect of jealousy among ministers ;—
Intrigue against Tājibhaṭṭa ;—His foreign expedition ;—
Fall of Tājibhaṭṭa ;—Return of the Saidas ;—Their
influence in court ;—Imprisonment of Tājibhaṭṭa ;—Fall
of Ahmada ;—His imprisonment and confiscation of his
property ;—Power of the Saidas ;—Oppressions practised
by them ; -Saida Nāsira ;—Death of Ahmada ;—Decline
of the king's influence ;—Meyā Hasana ;—Expedition
into Bhuṭṭa ;—The Mārgapati's advice to the king ;—His
flight ;— Influence of the women of the palace ;—The
Mārgapati's further advice to the king ;—Its conse-
quence ;—Difficulties with the Madras ;—The king's
hunting party ;—The king's illness ;—Killing birds at
Sarja ;—Increase of the king's illness ;—His death and
funeral ;—The conclusion.
BOOK IV.
Ascent of Mahmadashāha to the throne ;—Power
of the Saidas ;—Killing birds on the Satī lake ;—
Suspicion of the Madras against the Saidas ;—Mera

xi
Hassana maimed ;—Murder of the Saidas ;—Conflict
between the Saidas and the Madras ;—Release of the
son of Vahrāmakhāna from prison ;—His death ;—
Preparation for battle between the Saidas, and the Madras
and the Kashmīrians ;—Petty hostilities between them ;
—The Madras and the Kashmīrians invite Jyahāṅgira
the Mārgesha ;—Proposal of peace ;—A victory of the
Saidas ;—Their cruel acts ;—Preparations of the people's
party for another battle ;—Arrival of the Turuṣhkas ;—
Their defeat ;—Preparation at Sthāma for a battle
between the Kashmīrians and the Saidas ;—Corres-
pondence between the parties ;—Final defeat of
the Saidas ;—Little skirmishes ;—New ministers and
their acts ;—The division of estates ;—Oppressions
of the ministers ;—Their mutual jealousy ;—Ill will
against Jyahāṅgira the Mārgesha ;—Oppressions of
Jonarājānaka ;—His death and imprisonment of his
partisans ;—Early life of Phatāhakhāna ;—His first
invasion of Kashmīra ;—Anxiety of the king ;—
Uneasiness of the Mārgapati and the fear of the
people ;—Correspondence between the Khāna's party
and the Mārgapati ;—Confusion before the battle ;—
Victory of the Khāna ;—Murder of Subhāgasīha ;—
Battle of Kalyāṇapura ;—Khāna's second invasion of
Kashmīra ;—The author's opinion as to the cause of these
calamities ;—Victory of the Kashmīrians ;—Anarchy in
the kingdom ;—Khāna's third invasion of Kashmīra ;—
Preparations for battle ;—Release of Saipha Ḍāmara
from prison ;—His previous history ;—Proposals of
peace ;—Various movements of the parties ;—Tumults
in the country ;—Success of the Khāna ;—Murder of
Jeraka ;—Distress of the people ;—Khāna's fourth inva-
sion of Kashmīra ;—Battle of Gusikoḍḍāra ; - Distress
of the Mārgesha ;—Another defeat of the Mārgesha ;—
His flight ;—Plunder of the country by the Khashas ;—
Capture of king Mahmadashāha ;—Plunder of the
city ;—Saipha Ḍāmara ;—The conclusion.

xii
KINGS OF KASHMĪRA, FOURTH SERIES,
BY PRĀJYABHAṬṬA AND SHUKA.
The invocation ;—The author's account of him-
self ;—King Phataha ;—His ministers ;—Oppressions
on the Hindus ;—Intrigue among the ministers ;—
Burning of Jainakadala ;—Death of Somachandra ;—
Distribution of estates ;—Influence of the Dāmaras ;
—Murder of Gājakhāna and of Mallekadatta ;—Redis-
tribution of estates ;—Fall of the Dāmaras ;—Redistribu-
tion of estates ;—Flight of the Mārgesha ;—Redistribu-
tion of estates ;—Return of the Dāmaras ;—Rebellion of
Ebhrāhema Mārgesha ;—Defeat of the king’s party ;—
Flight of king Phataha ;—Mahmada Shāha became king
(2nd time) ;—Seha Eskandara made heir-apparent ;—
Death of Utsa Malleka ;—Phataha became king (2nd
time) ;—New ministers ;—Kācha Chakra ;—Administra-
tion of the country ;—Bones of the Hindus carried to
the Ganges ;—Fruitless invasion of the country by the
Mārgeshas ;—An epidemic ;—Mahmada Shāha’s inva-
sion ;—Defeat and flight of Phataha Shāha ;—Mahmada
Shāha became king (3rd time) ;—Panegyric on the king ;
—Appointment of ministers and other acts ;—Rebel-
lion of the Mārgapatis ;—Battle of Jāladramgaḍa ;—Im-
prisonment of some nobles and other acts ;—Oppressions
on the Brāhmaṇas ;—Death of Phataha Shāha and
others ;—Arrest of some nobles and advancement of
others ;—Rebellion of the Mārgapatis;—Their defeat and
retreat ;—Another fruitless rebellion of the Mārgapatis ;
—Death of Habhebha Khāna ;—Alliance between the
Mārgapatis and the Chakrīs ;—Baber ;—Quarrel between
the Mārgapatis and the Chakrīs ;—Eskandara’s eyes put
out ;—Scuffle between the two clans continue ;—Prince
Ebrāhima Khāna ;—Deposition of Mahmada ;—Saluta-
tion to Mahādeva ;—King Ebrāhima Shāha ;—Abdāla
Mārgesha sought aid from Delhi ;—Arrival of a Mogul
force ;—Defeat of the Chakrīs ;—Nājoka Shāha made

[xiii]

king ;—Division of the country ;—Peace in the country ;
—Opposition of the Chakrīs ;—Release of Mahmada
Shāha ;—He became king (4th time) ;—Nājoka made
heir-apparent ;—Death of Baber ;—Opposition of the
Chakrīs ;—A comet ;—Arrival of the Moguls ;—Peace
between the Mārgapatis and the Chakrīs ;—Defeat of
the Moguls ;—Coldness between the Mārgapatis and
the Chakrīs ; - Invasion of the Kāskārians ; - Ravages
committed by them ;—Defeat of the Kashmīrians ;—
Peace with the Moguls ;—Meteors and comet ;—
Famine ; - Movements of Kāñchana Chakra ;—Disease
and death of the king ; - His burial ;—Shamsa Shāha
became king ;—Rivalries between the Chakrīs and the
Mārgapatis ;—Peace established between them ;—Pane-
gyric on Kācha Chakra ;—His power ;—Conspiracy
against him ;—His death ; - Confusion in the kingdom ;
—Earthquake ;—Defeat and flight of the Moguls ;—
Evil habits of the people ;—Ravages caused by earth-
quake ;—Fall of Dauluta Chakka ;—Ajahomāya ;—
Habhebha became king ;—Usurpation Gāja Shāha ;—
Panegyric on Gāja Shāha ;—Invasion of Kara Bahadur ;
—His retreat ;—Parley with the Moguls ;--Defeat and
retreat of the Moguls ;—Subjugation of the Pāshāṇḍas ;—
Conflagration and earthquake ;—Evil prognostication ;
—Second invasion of Kara Bahadur ;—His retreat ;—
Rebellion of the Chakkas ;—Battle of Hāṭaka ;—Inva-
sion of Abdolamālī ;—His retreat ;—The king's cruelties ;
—His illness and death ;—His burial ;—Hosaina Khāna
became king ;— His good government ;—Oppression by
his minister ;—Mahmada Khāna's eyes put out ; - The
spring and the Shrīpañchamī festivals ;—The king's illness
and death ;—Ale Khāna became king ;—His good govern-
ment ;—Earthquake ;—Famine ;—Storm ;—Fire ;—The
king's death ;—Yosobha Shāha became king ;—Rebel-
lion of Abdāla Khāna ;—Invasion of Momāra Khāna ;—
His victory ;—Flight of Yosobha ;--His visit to Akbar ;
—Imprisonment of Momāra ;—Lahvara Chakka became
king;—Depredation caused by lions;—Return of Yosobha

xiv

to Kashmīra ;—Defeat of Lahvara ;—Lahvara’s and his
brother’s eyes put out ;—Battle between Haidara Chakka
and Yosobha ;—Haidara’s visit to Akbar ;—Yosobha
became king (2nd time) ;—Habhebha’s and others’ eyes
put out ;—Yākobha’s visit to Akbar ;—Akbar’s plan to
conquer Kashmīra ;—Yākobha’s return to Kashmīra from
the way ;—Plan to oppose the army of Akbar ;—Pusil-
lanimity of Yosobha ;—He surrendered himself to
Bhagavaddāsa ;—Yākobha became king ;—Retreat of
Bhagavaddāsa ;—Riot among the Moslem inhabitants ;
—Defeat of Samṣa Chakka ;—Invasion of Kashmīra by
Kāsema Khāna ;—March of the army ;—Its arrival
into Kashmīra ;—Desertion of Bahrāma Nāyaka ;—
Hosaina Khāna set up as a rival king ;—Fruitless attempt
against Hosaina ;—Release of Mera Mahmada and
Samṣa Chakka from prison ;—Retreat of Yākobha to
Kāshṭhavāṭa ;—Anarchy in the kingdom ;—Usurpation
by Samṣa Chakka of the throne of Hosaina Khāna ;—
Samṣa’s retreat ;—Defeat of the Kashmīrians by Kāsema
Khāna ;—Occupation of the capital by the Moguls ;
—Imprisonment of Haidara Chakka ;—Combination
of the Kashmīrians under Yākobha ;—Yākobha’s march
towards the capital ;—His night attack on the
Moguls ;—Death of Haidara Chakka ;—The Moguls
attack Yākobha ;—Peace ;—Renewal of hostility ;—
Battle of Kṣhetra ;—Battles fought by Ādula Khāna
and Srīraṅga ;—Arrival of Saida Yosobha ;—Defeat of
of Yākobha ;—Administration of Barddhaka ;—Account
of Kashmīra by the officers of Akbar ;—Arrival of Akbar
in Kashmīr (1st time) ;—Submission of Yākobha ;—
Yosobha Khāna made governor ;—Succeeded by
KājiĀla ;—His administration ;—Rebellion of Yādgāra ;
—Death of Kāji Āla ;—Yādgāra assumes sovereignty ;—
Arrival of Akbar (2nd time) :—Death of Yādgāra ;—
Rejoicings of the people ;——Oppressions on the
Brāhmaṇas by former kings ;—Akbar’s and Rāmdasā’s
munificence towards the Brāhmaṇas ;—Yosobha Khāna
made governor (2nd time) ;—His administration ;—

xv
Succeeded by Merja Laskara ;—His administration ;—
Saffron harvest ;—Āsāha Khāna appointed governor ;—
Succeeded by Āhlāda Khāna and Soltan Mahahmada
Kula Khāna ;—Their administration ;—Construction of
the hill fort of Naganagarī ;—Removal of the emperor's
soldiers to the new fort ;—Festivity of the people ;—
Burning of the old town ; The end.

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KINGS OF KASHMĪRA.
VOL. III.
SECOND SERIES.
ONE HALF of Hara's person was united with one half
of Parvatī's, as if they had become one through mutual
affection. The other halves of their persons, adored
in the three worlds, have disappeared as if in sorrow,
because they could not unite. May the united figure
be auspicious to you. May Gaṇesha with his ample
form, dispensing joy and plenty every day to all around
remove all difficulties from your path.
ShrīGonarda and other virtuous and meretorious
kings ruled the kingdom of Kashmīra from the begin-
ning of the Kali Yuga. But for a long time they were
under an evil influence which lasted, like the darkness
of the winter night, and no one knew of the kingdom,
as no sun of poesy arose to disperse the gloom. Then
the Brāhmaṇa Kalhaṇa with lucid words imparted the
freshness of youth to the old accounts of the kings
down to the reign of Jayasiṁha. It is owing to the
fault of the country or to the misfortune of the succeed-

2 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
ing kings that no one since then has revived the suc-
ceeding kings by the nectar like words of a poet. Now
the spotless king ShriJainollābhadena reigns, and
Jonarāja is ready to describe the royal line. As a
tree which promiseth fruits is planted to remove the
wants of the traveller, so is this poem composed to re-
move the grief of kings lest their glory be forgotten.
And as the tree is grown by water, and without any
artificial heat, so should this poem be carefully cher-
ished by the good with the cool nectar of mildness.
These past kings were sunk in the sea of oblivion, and
ShriJainollābhadena wished, out of a tender regard,
to rescue them. He employed for the purpose the
noble hearted ShriShiryyabhaṭṭa, chief of all the
courts of justice. I received orders from him, and I
have now ventured to complete the story of the kingly
line. My attempt is not dictated by a desire to obtain
the fame of a poet ; for, vast is the difference between
my words, poor and meagre as water in dried ginger,
and the flowing waves of poesy. Can a reed, imitat-
ing only the shadow of a lotus, equal the lotus ? My
poor sense is like a gourd, hollow and light, and relying
on it, alas ! I am attempting to cross the river of the
story of kings. My feebleness in describing the merits
of kings should not be blamed, for do not women,
devoid of beauty, walk in pride when bedecked with
jewellery ? My subject, worthy of a poet, sustains and
purifies me, even as the water of the Ganges, though it

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 3
seems but ordinary water, purifies him who drinks it.
I have made only an outline of the history of kings ;
let the skilful and artistic poets adorn it: a wheel
rubs down jewels, it is a finer instrument that can im-
part beauty to the gems. The good and the noble
peruse the works of writers without solicitation ; does
the moon await solicitation before diffusing nectar on
the earth? But the evil minded, even when propiti-
ated, do not cease to find faults ; the charcoal, even
when washed by nectar, never attains whiteness. The
desire that others should see my work has long depar-
ted from my heart, for it is an unworthy desire to wish
for the approbation of others. The beauty of a com-
mon song and that of the Saṅskṛita language appear
alike to the unskilful ; even as the monkey mistakes
red seeds for sparks of fire in winter. The ignotant
are not affected by listening to poetry ; it is those alone
who have strength of teeth, that perceive the
sweetness of the sugarcane in their mouth. Even the
pure minded and the meritorious are filled with
thoughts of envy when a composition embellished with
sense and sweetness is placed before them. Fate
is foremost among those who cannot bear to see
the prosperity of others ; Fate has stained the moon
with spots, and Fate has filled the learned with
envy, as with a consuming disease. Fate is therefore-
an object of reproach. Let my work which is mingled
with that of Kalhaṇa Paṇḍita be accepted, for even

4 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
the water of a reedy marsh is taken for drink when it
has mingled with the water of a river.
There was a prosperous king, the son of Sussala,
who delighted the world and respected the gods and
the twice born. Though he was known to ride the
elephant alone, yet, O ! Wonderful ! Prosperity always
rested on Jayasiṁha. He was brought up by the
goddess of learning, as by his mother, and he enjoyed
the company of the goddess of fortune. They abided
in him together, like a mother-in-law and a daughter-
in-law, and did not display hostility towards each other.
Once upon a time he received into his court Malla
born of the family of Susharmmā the king of Trigartta.
Malla had been banished from his country by his ene-
mies, and had come here with a view to obtain a
livelihood. Medicinal herbs are every where regarded
as mere grass, and jewels as mere stones ; and men
of merit too, who have travelled in foreign coun-
tries, are treated as ordinary men, until they excite
the heart of the people by great deeds and distinguished
achievements. When the king marched to subdue the
kingdom of the Yavanas, Malla became the favourite
of the soldiers on account of his great valor. Strong
in his courage, Mallachandra went at night to the camp
of his enemy in order to ascertain the number of the
king of the Turuṣhkas's soldiers that had survived
slaughter. There where even a breath of wind could
not enter, where the place was guarded by powerful sol-

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
diers, Malla went in among the enemy's troops, no doubt
by the force of incantations and charms. But afraid of
committing a sin by any hostile act towards those who
were sleeping, he did not kill the king of the Yavanas,
but only placed a pair of shoes, marked with his own
name, on the head of the king, as his turban. The
enemy recognized the shoes, took them with him and
went to the camp of the king of Kashmira and surren-
dered to him his fortune, as if he yielded to him his
fame. In the year 30, in the month of Phālguṇa, on
the twelfth day of the dark moon, the king died in the
midst of his prosperity, and greatly gladdened the
eyes of celestial damsels.
Then the indolent people annointed his son Para-
māṇuka, even as the days of the month of Māgha
which scatter the leaves of trees, annoint the Kunda
tree. The king neglected the duty of protecting his
subjects and also of making foreign conquests, and
he began to accumulate wealth, such as would never be
exhausted. But the wealth of the king was like that of a
Brāhmaṇa who follows the injunctions of the Vedas;
he could neither give it away to others nor enjoy it him-
self; and it was robbed by the two cheats Prayāga and
Janaka. These men were devoid of truth, and they
caused their servants to assume the form of Rākṣhasas,
and night after night they used to frighten the king by
strange performances. These evil minded ministers
pretended affection for the king, and induced him to

6 KINGS OF KASHMÍRA.
spend his money to save his life from the Rākshasas.
On one full moon night in the month of Chaitra, a
dependant of theirs was stationed at Bhīshāyaka dressed
as a Rākshasa chief, adorned with precious jewels but
covered with grass. And as the signal was given, he stood
forth in the presence of men, blessed the king, and
took away his ornaments, and retired into the forest by
night. Then these two men told the king that since the
Rākshasa chief had accepted the king's offerings and had
blessed him, his kingdom would be without danger. Thus
the wily men frightened the worthless king like a child,
and robbed him of all his wealth. The king, after
reigning for nine years, six months, and ten days,
died on the eighth bright lunar day of Bhādra, in the
year 40.
Then his son named Varttideva reigned. He died
on the tenth bright lunar day of Bhādra, in the year 47.
For want of a worthy successor the citizens elected
one named Vopyadeva their king. He was like the
Rākshasa chief covered with grass, and to him homage
was paid. Once this foolish king felt happy at the
sight of large blocks of stone, and he ordered his
ministers to increase the size of the smaller ones by
making them drink the milk of beasts! On one occa-
sion this foolish prince heard of the greatness of the
shrine of Sureshvarī, and, accompanied by his ministers,
came there by boat. He made faces on the water,
and was angry at seeing his face disfigured in the re-

KINGS OF KASHMÍRA. 7
flection; and he thereupon struck the water with his
palm, so that his jewel ring fell into the water. When
asked where the royal jewel seal was, he pointed to the
ripple of the water and said that it was in the ripple.
He was the very model of a dunce. He reigned for
nine years, four months, and two and half days.
His younger brother Jassaka was also a great dunce;
and though he did not wish to have on him the weight
of the kingdom, he was annointed king by the Lavanyas
who wished their own aggrandisement. The parrot
which imitates the human voice is caught but not the
crow; stony soil is not ploughed and dug like fertile
land; and stones are not powdered to dust like rock-
salt. The very faults of some persons are advantageous
to them like merits. There were two Brāhmaṇa bro-
thers named Kṣhukṣha and Bhīma. By fraudulent
means they earned the affection of the king, and then
they became disobedient. They thought that as they
were rich and powerful, the king would not be able
to check them, and so they did not endeavour to
strengthen their party by taking in other men. And
it was only the power of the Lavanyas, and not any
other apprehension, that kept them from attaining the
regal state. Alas! That a sweet but unwholesome dish
should ever be taken! Alas! That a young but false
woman should ever inspire love in man by her embra-
ces and her show of affection! For they both bring
affliction, and if unchecked, cause death by their poison.