द्वितीय राजतरङ्गिणी (जोनराज - कल्हणोत्तर मध्यकालीन कश्मीर का प्रामाणिक इतिहास)

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THE KINGS OF KASHMIRA—2nd Series
THE
RĀJATARAṄGINĪ
OF
JONARĀJA

[Seal: ASIATIC SOCIETY / Kolkata / Computerised]

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THE KINGS OF KASHMĪRA—2nd Series
THE
RĀJATARANGINĪ
OF
JONARĀJA
TRANSLATED FROM
ORIGINAL SANSKRIT BY
JOGESH CHUNDER DUTT
Gian Publishing House
29/6 SHAKTI NAGAR • DELHI-110007 • INDIA

GIAN PUBLISHING HOUSE
PUBLISHERS OF BOOKS ON HUMAN CIVILIZATION
29/6 SHAKTI NAGAR, DELHI-110007
954.6
J 76 r
THE ASIATIC SOCIETY
CALCUTTA-700016
Acc No 46902
Date 19. 3.
First Reprint in India, 1986
SL NO-013616
Printed at Goyal Offset Printers, Delhi-110035
and published by Smt. Gayatri Garg
for Gian Publishing House, Delhi-110007

CONTENTS OF VOL. III.
Page.
Preface ... ... ... ... ... i
Table of Contents of the work of Jonarāja ... v
Table of Contents of the work of Shrīvara ... vii
Table of Contents of the work of Prājyabhaṭṭa
and Shuka ... xii
Kings of Kashmīra Second Series (Jonarāja) ... 1
Kings of Kashmīra Third Series (Shrīvara) Book I. 98
Chapter I ... ... 103
Chapter II ... ... 115
Chapter III ... ... 119
Chapter IV ... ... 132
Chapter V ... ... 138
Chapter VI ... ... 148
Chapter VII ... ... 152
Book II ... ... ... 183
Book III... ... ... ... 206
Book IV ... ... ... ... 267
Kings of Kashmīra, Fourth Series (Prājyabhaṭṭa
and Shuka) ... 337
Appendix A. ... ... ... ... xvii
Appendix B. ... ... ... ... xvii
Appendix C. ... ... ... ... xviii
List of Kings. ... ... ... ... xxi

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PREFACE.
IT is some satisfaction to the translator to be able
to bring his self-imposed labours to an end. In volumes
I. and II. of this work which were published in 1879
and 1887, respectively, he completed the translation
of Kahlaṇa’s work. Pandit Durgāprasāda of Jayapore
has published an excellent edition of Kahlaṇa’s work, and
the translator regrets that he was unable to profit by it as
the edition was published subsequent to his translation.
The narration left by Kahlaṇa, who may be called the
father of Indian history, was taken up by Jonarāja. He
again was followed by his pupil Shrīvara : and Shrīvara’s
work was continued by Prājyabhaṭṭa. It is not generally
known that Prājyabhaṭṭa left his work incomplete, and
that it was taken up by Shuka who brought the account
of Kashmīra to the time when the country was con-
quered by Akbar, and it ceased to be an independent
kingdom. The works of all these authors have been
translated in the volume now presented to the public.
To judge from the imperfect texts of these works pub-
lished by the General Committee of Public Instruction,

ii
and the Asiatic Society of Bengal, it seems that the
later authors have greatly improved Kahlana's method
of writing history. They are clear and perspicuous, and
events are narrated consecutively, so that the whole
narration runs in one continuous flow. The writers
however could not forget that they were poets as well as
historians, and consequently they interspersed their ac-
counts with flowers of poesy and rhetorical flourishes !
It is to be regretted that the last of the works men-
tioned above has been very carelessly edited. Portions
of the narrative have got inserted in wrong places so as
to interrupt the flow of the narrative and to render the
meaning in those places unintelligible. The translator
has tried his best to put these intruding fragments into
their proper places. He has however not been able
to find the proper place of three unimportant and
uninteresting stories which he has put in appendices.
It must be mentioned that valuable as the writings
of these authors are from a historical point of view, in
the absence of any other history of the country they
relate to, we cannot unhasitatingly accept their esti-
mation of persons and events when we remember that
they were, what may be called, court pandits, and
depended on the smiles of kings, whose accounts they
wrote, for almost everything they had in the world.
It is not unlikely that they often had to read out their
writings in court. We almost always find that they be-
gin the account of a king by extolling his virtues to the
skies, and we may be sure that they never wrote their

iii

censures on any king till he was dead or deposed. As
court pandits they had in full measure the vice of such
people,—fulsome adulation of their patrons.—They did
not hesitate to raise Mahomedan princes not only above
the ancient heroes of their country, whom as Hindus
they must have revered, but even above the gods of the
Hindus. A strict impartiality of opinion cannot be
expected from such writers. A true history cannot be
written when the writer has a purpose to serve other
than writing a true history. There is however no reason
to disbelieve the correctness of their accounts, irres-
pective of the writers' views regarding the events
narrated.
No one can be more alive to the defects of the trans-
lation than the translator himself. He is however the
first to translate these valuable records into English,
and he hopes that the public will view his performance
with the indulgence due to a first attempt of difficult
work. He trusts it will form the ground work for tran-
slations which will no doubt be more scholarly than his,
especially when undertaken by a European scholar like
Dr. Stein of Lahore. A European commands much
greater resources in this country than what a native
of the country may hope to do.
In conclusion the translator begs to offer his best
thanks to his teacher Pandit Ālokanāth Nyāyabhūshaṇa
with whom he read the Rājataraṅgiṇī almost from the
beginning to the end. He is also deeply obliged

iv
to his brother Mr. Romesh C. Dutt, C. I. E. for very
valuable help rendered in connection with this transla-
tion, as in many other things which the world will
perhaps never know.
CALCUTTA, }
1st July 1898. } J. C. DUTT.

KINGS OF KASHMĪRA—SECOND SERIES,
BY JONARĀJA.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Invocation ;—The author's preface;—King Jayasiṁha ;
—Malla of Trigartta ;—Defeat and submission of the
king of the Yavanas ;—Death of king Jayasiṁha ;—
King Paramāṇuka ;—His inglorious reign and death ;—
King Varttideva ;—His death ; — King Vopyadeva ;—His
foolishness;—King Jassaka ;—The brothers Kṣhukṣha
and Bhīma ;—Death of the king ;—King Jagadeva ;
—Driven from the throne and country ;—His return
and reassertion of his kingdom ;—He builds a
temple ;—His death ;—Opposition to Rājadeva ;—
Rājadeva made king ;—Balādhyachandra ;—Conspiracy
against the king ;—Vimalāchāryya's calculation ;—The
king's public works and death ;—King Saṁgrāmadeva ;—
His brother's rebellion ;—Rebellion of the sons of
Kahlaṇa ;—The king's flight ;—His return and reassertion
of his kingdom ;—His public work ;—His death ;—
Yhshaka's life of the king ;—King Rāmadeva. Execution
of the murderers of his father ;—King's public works:
His adoption of a child ;—The queen's plublic works ;—
Death of king Rāmadeva ;—King Lakṣhmaṇadeva ;—
His erudition ;—The queen's public work ;—King
Lakṣhmaṇa killed by Kajjala ;—King Siṁhadeva ;—
His reduced condition ;—His religious and public
works ;— His intrigue with his nurse's daughter ;—
His death ;—King Sūhadeva alias Rāmachandra ;
—His conquests and public work ;—Sahamera ;—
Ḍalacha ;—Riñchaṇa ;—Commotions caused by Ḍalacha
and Riñchaṇa ;—Riñchaṇa takes queen Koṭā ;—Death
of king Rāmachandra ;—Usurpation of Riñchaṇa ;—His
administration of justice ;—His desire to be a Saiva ;—

vi

Vyāla ;—Rebellion of Ṭukka ;—Education of prince
Haidara ;—The king’s public work ;—His death ;—King
Udayanadeva ;—His gratitude to Sahamera ;—Rise of
the Lavanyas ;—Influence of queen Koṭā ;—The king’s
religious character ;—Achala ;—Rise of Sahamera ;—
Death of king Udayanadeva ;—Queen Koṭā ;—Murder of
Bhikshaṇa and Avatāra ;—War with the lord of Kampana ;
—Usurpation of Sahamera ;—His government and
death ;—King Jamsara ;—His struggle with his brother ;—
His death and his public works ;—King Alāvadena ;—
His interview with the Yoginīs ;—Change in the law of
inheritance by unchaste widows ;—Removal of the
capital ;—The king’s public works ;—Famine ;—The
king’s death ;—King Shāhāvadīna ;—His military ex-
peditions ;—His love for Anugā ;—His general admi-
nistration ;—An inundation ;—Building of towns ;—
Lāsā ;—Udayashrī ;—Exile of the princes ;—Petty rebel-
lions ;—The king’s hunting adventure ;—Sharkarasūha’s
dream ;—Recall of the princes and the king’s last acts ;—
His death ;—King Kumbhadīna ;—War in Lohara ;—
The king’s dealings with prince Hassana ;—Udayashrī’s
attempt to murder the king ;—His death ;—The king’s
public and religious works ;—Birth of two princes ;—The
king’s death ;—King Shekandhara ;—Murder of Maham-
mada and others ;—Acts of Shrī Shovā ;—Acts of
Uddaka ;—His death ;—Military expeditions of the king ;
—His charity ;—Ascendency of the Mahomedans ;—
The King’s marriage with Merā ;—Mahādeva the alche-
mist ;—The king’s councillors ;—Birth of three princes ;
—Banishment of the sons of Shovā ;—The king’s public
work ;—Persecution of the Hindus by Sūhabhaṭṭa ;—The
king’s death ;—King Ālishāha ;—Acts of Sūhabhaṭṭa ;
—Imprisonment and escape of Mahammada the Mārga-
pati ;—Prince Piruja ;—Persecution of the Hindus by
Sūhabhaṭṭa ;—His death ;—Hamsa and Gaura ;—Mera-
kamsāra ;—The king’s pilgrimage ;—Oppressions by the
Mahomedans ;—Battle with the Khuḥkhuras ;—King

vii
Jainollābhadīna ;—His virtues and good government ;—
Jasratha ;—Instances of the king's administration of
justice ;—Abolition of the practice of taking money
by judges from plaintiffs and defendants ;—Another
instance of the king's administration of justice ;—Reward
given to the author ;—The king suffers from a boil ;—
Physician Shivabhaṭṭa ;—The king's public works
and conciliation of the Hindus ;—The great men of his
court ;—His military exploits ;—Exile of Nosrata ;—
Sadaula ;—A yogi ;—Birth of a prince ;—Murder of the
Yogi by Sadaula ;—His punishment ;—Birth of other
princes ;—Excavation of canals and building of
towns etc ;—Establishment of offices for the registration
of the sale of lands ;—Extraction of jewels from mines
and gold from the sands of rivers ;—Public works of the
king's officers ;—Feud between Sayedha and Shūra ;—
The king's religious propensities ;—His idea of filling
up the Mahāpadma lake ;—An inundation ;—Filling
up of the centre of the Mahāpadma lake ;--Building
towns on and about it ;—Reformation of the Ḍomba
thieves ;—Prohibition to kill birds and fish in several
tanks ;—An instance of the king's administration
of justice ;—The nobles of his court ;—His gifts to
boys ;—Planting of sugar-cane by the king ;—His reli-
giousness and power ;—Conclusion.
———
KINGS OF KASHMĪRA—THIRD SERIES,
BY SHRĪVARA.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BOOK I.
Invocation ;—The author's account of himself ;—
Virtues of king Jainollābhadīna ;—Sons of the king's
nurse ;—The king's foreign conquests. CHAPTER I.
The king's three sons ;—Removal of Ādamakhāna

from Kashmīra ;—Introduction of cannon into the
country ;—Return of Ādamakhāna and the removal
of Hājyakhāna from Kashmīra ;—Rebellion of Hājya-
khāna ;—Battle of Mallashilā ;—Cruelties of Ādama-
khāna —Retreat of Hājyakhāna ;—The king’s mistaken
policy ;—Last rites of those who had fallen in the
battle. CHAPTER II. Prosperity of Ādamakhāna
—Dust rain ;—Famine of the year 36 ;—Production
of oil from pine. CHAPTER III. Dust rain ;—Inun-
dation of the year 38 ;—Return of prosperity ;—
Town of Jainatilaka ;—Jayasimha of Rājapurī ;—Helāla-
pura ;—Construction of buildings within Jayāpīḍa-
pura ;—Festivity of Gaṇachakra ;—Festivity of lamps
on account of the birth of the Vitastā :—Outrages
committed by Ādamakhāna ;—His rebellion :—Recalling
Hājyakhāna ;—Battle of Svayyapura ;—Popular feeling ;
—Arrival of Hājyakhāna and retreat of Ādamakhāna ;—
Hājyakhāna appointed heir-apparent ;—His qualification
and his prosperity. CHAPTER IV. Chaitra festival
and the sport of flowers ;—Theatre ;—Fire-works ;—
Manufacture of gun-powder ;—Song and music ;—The
authors of the period ;—Hājyakhāna and his followers ;—
The king’s gifts to the people and his return to the
capital. CHAPTER V. Public works of the king ;—
Feast of rice ;—Excavation of canals and the pros-
perity of the country ;—The Ḍala or the Sūreshvarī
lake ;—Abolition of a funeral tax ;—Satī rite;—Vihāras at
the Mārī confluence ;—Encouragement to the cultivation
of learning ;—Indent of books from distant countries ;
—The author’s recitation of the Vāshishṭa Brahmadar-
shana before the king ;—Translation of various Saṁskṛita
works ;--The king’s pilgrimage. CHAPTER VI. The
king’s public works ;—Presents received by the king,—
Introduction of the art of weaving silk and wollen
fabrics. CHAPTER VII. Rope dance ;—Appearance
of evil omens ;—Famine in Khurāsāna and other
countries ;— Burning of Svayyapura ;—Copper-plate ins-

ix
cription ; — Rebuilding of Svayyapura ;—Death of queen
Vodhākhātonā ;—Death of Kyāmadena ;—New body of
ministers ;—Death of Merakhushāhmada ; — Dejection of
the king's spirit ;— Hājyakhāna's indulgence in drink ; —
Arrival of Ādamakhāna ;—Battle of Ārdrota ;—A hollow
peace ;—The king's address to Vahrāmakhāna ;—Dis-
cussion about succession and future government ;— Dejec-
tion of the king's spirit ; — Disaffection of the officers ;—
Intrigue of Vahrāmakhāna ;— Ādamakhāna's address to
the king and the king's reply ;— Imbecility of the king ;—
His last appearance in public ;— Vahrāmakhāna's propo-
sal to usurp the kingdom ;—Ādamakhāna's attempt to
usurp the kingdom ;—His defeat ;—Hājyakhāna's
seizure of the king's horses ;—Ādamakhāna's retreat ;—
Hassana's usurpation of the kingdom on behalf of
Hājyakhāna ;—Death of king Jainollābhadīna ;—His
burial ;—Lamentation of Hājyakhāna ;—Last rites to
the dead ;—The tomb ;—Discouragement caused to
learning by the death of the king ;—The author's reflec-
tions ;— Conclusion.
BOOK II.
Invocation ;—Coronation of king Haidarashāhi ;—
Marriage of the king's son ;—The king's character ;—
Pūrṇa the barber ;—Appointment of the minister and of the
accountant ;—The king's inactivity and the atrocities of
Pūrṇa ;—Wine prepared from molasses ;—Cultivation of
music ;—Intrigue against the king's youngest brother ;—
Rebellion of the king's elder brother ;—Intrigue against
Hassana ;—Murder of Hassana and others ;—Condition
of debtors ;—Remarks on the comparative merit of the
Hindu and the Mahomedan funeral ;—Confiscation of
Hassana's property and that of his friends ;— Imprison-
ment of the latter ;—Retreat and death of Ādamakhāna ;
— Evil omens ;— Persecution of the Hindus ;—Distress
in the country ; — Expedition of the prince into foreign
countries ;—The king's ill health ;— Cold reception of the
the prince ;—The king's fall ;—Struggle between the

king's son and the king's brother ;—The king's death and
burial ;—Imprisonment of some wicked men ;—The con-
clusion.
BOOK III.
Invocation ;—The author's · preface ;—Coronation of
king Hassana ;—Minister Ahmada and Tājibhaṭṭa ;—
Rebellion of Vahrāmakhāna ;—His defeat and imprison-
ment ;—Imprisonment of Avatārasīha and others ;—
Bad councillors of the king ;—Putting out the eyes of
Vahrāmakhāna ;—His sufferings in prison and death;—
Fall and imprisonment of Avimanyu ;—Putting out of his
eyes ;—His death ;—Imprisonment and death of Jāḍa and
Pūrṇa ;—The Saidas ;—Marriages among the nobles ;—
Erection of public buildings ;—A new coin ;—Death
of the king's mother ;—Construction of a bridge of
boats ;—Birth of a prince and festivity on that account ;—
A conflagration ;—Effect of jealousy among ministers ;—
Intrigue against Tājibhaṭṭa ;—His foreign expedition ;—
Fall of Tājibhaṭṭa ;—Return of the Saidas ;—Their
influence in court ;—Imprisonment of Tājibhaṭṭa ;—Fall
of Ahmada ;—His imprisonment and confiscation of his
property ;—Power of the Saidas ;—Oppressions practised
by them ; -Saida Nāsira ;—Death of Ahmada ;—Decline
of the king's influence ;—Meyā Hasana ;—Expedition
into Bhuṭṭa ;—The Mārgapati's advice to the king ;—His
flight ;— Influence of the women of the palace ;—The
Mārgapati's further advice to the king ;—Its conse-
quence ;—Difficulties with the Madras ;—The king's
hunting party ;—The king's illness ;—Killing birds at
Sarja ;—Increase of the king's illness ;—His death and
funeral ;—The conclusion.
BOOK IV.
Ascent of Mahmadashāha to the throne ;—Power
of the Saidas ;—Killing birds on the Satī lake ;—
Suspicion of the Madras against the Saidas ;—Mera

xi
Hassana maimed ;—Murder of the Saidas ;—Conflict
between the Saidas and the Madras ;—Release of the
son of Vahrāmakhāna from prison ;—His death ;—
Preparation for battle between the Saidas, and the Madras
and the Kashmīrians ;—Petty hostilities between them ;
—The Madras and the Kashmīrians invite Jyahāṅgira
the Mārgesha ;—Proposal of peace ;—A victory of the
Saidas ;—Their cruel acts ;—Preparations of the people's
party for another battle ;—Arrival of the Turuṣhkas ;—
Their defeat ;—Preparation at Sthāma for a battle
between the Kashmīrians and the Saidas ;—Corres-
pondence between the parties ;—Final defeat of
the Saidas ;—Little skirmishes ;—New ministers and
their acts ;—The division of estates ;—Oppressions
of the ministers ;—Their mutual jealousy ;—Ill will
against Jyahāṅgira the Mārgesha ;—Oppressions of
Jonarājānaka ;—His death and imprisonment of his
partisans ;—Early life of Phatāhakhāna ;—His first
invasion of Kashmīra ;—Anxiety of the king ;—
Uneasiness of the Mārgapati and the fear of the
people ;—Correspondence between the Khāna's party
and the Mārgapati ;—Confusion before the battle ;—
Victory of the Khāna ;—Murder of Subhāgasīha ;—
Battle of Kalyāṇapura ;—Khāna's second invasion of
Kashmīra ;—The author's opinion as to the cause of these
calamities ;—Victory of the Kashmīrians ;—Anarchy in
the kingdom ;—Khāna's third invasion of Kashmīra ;—
Preparations for battle ;—Release of Saipha Ḍāmara
from prison ;—His previous history ;—Proposals of
peace ;—Various movements of the parties ;—Tumults
in the country ;—Success of the Khāna ;—Murder of
Jeraka ;—Distress of the people ;—Khāna's fourth inva-
sion of Kashmīra ;—Battle of Gusikoḍḍāra ; - Distress
of the Mārgesha ;—Another defeat of the Mārgesha ;—
His flight ;—Plunder of the country by the Khashas ;—
Capture of king Mahmadashāha ;—Plunder of the
city ;—Saipha Ḍāmara ;—The conclusion.