बार्हस्पत्य सूत्र / अर्थशास्त्र (महर्षि बृहस्पति - प्राचीन दण्डनीति, राजधर्म एवं कूटनीति सटीक)

( 17 )
28 Let him have festive attire.
29 At the city gate let there be a general stoppage.
30 However, let him not exclude all.
31 Let him honour Itihâsas and Purânas ;
32 And expositions thereof :
33 And the Shâkta scriptures :
34 And the Vaikhânasa scriptures ;
35 And the Sânkhya ;
36 And the Shaiva.
37 As regards all these, let him perform and
require the due study.
38 A Brâhman let him not slay, even if infected
with faults.
39 To the unmerciful [ no ] mercy should be
shown.
40 Let him show respect to village headmen ;
41 Also to city magnates.
42 Let him conciliate even the weak,
43 By largesse much :
44 Not also with little.
45 In the case of excellent persons not in the
order of the plenitude of their merits.
46 Let him play with dice :
47 Also [ Or ] let him not play at all.
48 Serpents and so forth let him slay.

32 'Expositions' : The word paka would seem to be a
synonym for pakti in janapakti, lokapakti 'teaching the people' :
see Shatapatha-Brahmana XI. 5. 7. 1.
33—7 These sutras are perhaps again an insertion : see
Introduction and ad II. 8, III. 9.
39 Or "no mercy (adaya).

( 18 )
49 High Brâhmans, perfected by various mantras
and rich in knowledge, let him honour.
50 Brâhmans of other countries, Kshatriyas, princes,
feudatories, and so forth let him welcome as if they
were himself with viands, clothing, and so forth.
51 A refugee, though qualified by all crimes, let
him protect.
52 Let him check the bad;
53 And protect the learned.
54 Let him not oppress a village :
55 Or a city :
56 Or temples.
57 Let him make use of fermented liquors ;
58 Not in excess, however.
59 Also flesh food.
60 Compassion to life must be shown :
61 The Bauddha way and so forth not.
62 Nor as regards imperceptible ( creatures ).
63 Gay ladies are to be used!
64 The earth has a measure of fifty krores of
yojanas.
65 And it has seven continents.
66 And is girt with seven seas.
67 Karma, Bhoga, Atibhoga, Divya, Shringâra,
61 The Buddhists and Jains especially denounce killing
in sacrifice.
62 'Imperceptible' apparently a reference to the Jains'
precautions against killing small creatures.
67 These names, as applied to the seven dvîpas, do not
seem to occur elsewhere: but Bharata Versha is karma-bhumi in
the Vishnu-purana, II. 3. 2.

( 19 )
Siddha and Kaivalya are the designations of the
continents.
68 The midmost is the Land of Action (Karma).
69 What is in the middle thereof, as far as the
Jambu tree, belongs to Meru.
70 Therein to the north is Himvat.
71 On the south of that is land of nine thousand
(yojanas).
72 Therein to the south is Bhârta Khanda.
73 There the fruits of righteousness and unright-
eousness have their visible effect.
74 In relation therto is the administration of
punishment.
75 It is to be studied by the people of Bhârata,
past, future, and present and by men of the four
castes.
76 By administration of punishment the holy Sun
is king :
77 And Wind and all the gods :
78 And mortal creatures.
79 From Badarikâ to [ Râma's ] Bridge is a
distance of one thousand yojanas.
80 From Dvârkâ as far as Purushottama and the

70 'On the north' : This cannot mean on the north of
Meru or of Jambudvipa, which would be contrary to the ordin-
ary view : it must, therefore, mean 'starting with the north'
of India.
71 'Nine thousand' : The usual estimate, as in the
Vishnu-Purana II. 3. 2.
79 'One thousand' : The same estimate is given by the
Vayu-Purana : see Wilson's note in Vishnu-P. (ed Hall, II. p. 127).
80 The Purushottama-kshetra is in Orissa, and the

( 20 )
Shâlagrâma is a distance of seven hundred yojanas.
81 In this area also are the seven Great Mountains,
Raivataka, Vindhya, Sahya, Kumâra, Malaya, Shrîpar-
vata, Pâriyâtra.
82 And the Great Rivers, Gangâ, Sarasvati, Kâl-
indî, Godâvari, Kâveri, Tâmraparnî, Ghritamálá.
83 And eighteen countries.
84 Eighteen are the maritime kings :
85 And eighteen the hill kings.
86 The creation of Râma consists of one hundred
and forty ( yojanas ? ) on the south and north, as far
as the Sahya twelve ; that of Vishvâmitra eleven.
87 Nepal one hundred and four.
88 On the shore of the eastern sea :
From Varuna to the sea is a space of eight yojanas.
shalagrama-ksh. is supposed to be on the river Gandak : see
Wilson’s Vishnu-P. (index).
82 ‘Great Rivers’ : The word kula-nadi does not seem
to occur elsewhere. On the various lists of the chief rivers see
Wilson’s note, Vishnu-P. II pp. 131-2. The Ghritamala is, doubt-
less, Wilson’s Kritamala.
86 ‘The Creation of Rama’ and ‘the Creation of
Vishvamitra’ : The Epic story of Vishvamitra’s attempt at a rival
creation is well known ; but the phrase Vishvamitra-srishti
does not seem to occur in the literature. In the tradition of the
pandits the idea is quite familiar, Vishvamitra being credited
(like Ahriman among the Iranians) with the authorship of all
faulty or misshapen and misbegotten things, such as the mirage.
The application of the numbers in this sutra is obscure.
Is ‘as far as the Sahya’ = ‘in breadth’ ?
88 The site of the Varuna-tirtha does not appear to
be known.

( 21 )
89 Each one hundred and five are northern Lâta,
And eastern Lâta.
90 Kâshî and the Pàncâla country are together
eighty ;
91 Kekaya and Srinjaya are sixty ;
92 The Matsya and Magadha country one hund-
red ;
93 Màlava and Shakunta eighty ;
94 Kosala and Avanti sixty ;
95 Saihya and Vidarbha together two hundred ;
96 Videha and the Kuru country one hundred ;
97 Kâmboja and Dash' árna eighty.
98 These are the great countries.
99 These indeed are four-cornered.
100 The Âratta and Bâhlîka country are from
south to north one hundred, from east to west twelve.
101 The Shaka and Suráshtra country are four-
cornered and of forty.
102 Anga, Vanga, and Kalinga are of one hund-
red and four-cornered.
103 Kàshmîr, the Huna and Ambashtha countries,
and Sindh are of one hundred and four-cornered.
104 The Kirâta, Sauvîra, Cola, and Pàndya coun-
tries, situated on north and south are of one hundred
increased by sixty.
89 sqq. For other lists of countries and peoples see
Mahabharata, Bhishma-parvan, IV. 317–378. Vishnu-Purana, II. 3,
Varaha’s Brihat-samhita, XIV, Garga-samhita (Janapada-vyuha).
93 Shakunta is not elsewhere known as name of a country
or people.
103 The Hunas are, doubtless, those of Hundesh.

( 22 )
105 The Yâdava country and Kâncî are of one
hundred and forty.
106 These are minor countries.
107 The seven Konkans are of one hundred and
four, and the...
108 These are on the water.
109 On mount Sahaya are four hill countries ;
110 On Shrîparvata two ;
111 On Raivataka one ;
112 On the Vindhya five ;
113 On Kumâra one ;
114 On Mahendra three;
115 On Pâriyâtra three.
116 All are equal, from south to north of fifty,
from east to west of five yojanas.
117 In the Mleccha region are Yavana countries,
mountainous.
118 The countries are adorned with villages,
cities, gardens, and so forth, and with holy domains
and so forth.
119 Eight are the Vaishnava domains ;
120 Badarikâ, Shâlgrâma, Purushottama, Dvâraka,
Bilvâcala, Ananta, Simha, Shrîranga.
121 Eight the Shaiva ;
122 Avimuktaka, Gangâ-dvâra, Shiva-kshetra,

105 Yadavas: Perhaps those of Devagiri.
107 For the 'seven' Konkans, see Wilson's Vishnu purana
(ed. Hall II. p. 178, n. 14).
119—127 Again an insertion ?
120 Bilvacala......Simha : Perhaps the Bilvadri and
Simhacala of which mahatmyas exist.

( 23 )
Rame-Yamunâ (?), Shiva-sarasvatî, Mavya, Shârdûla,
and Gaja kshetras.
123 The Shâkta are also eight ;
124 Oghghîna Jàla, Pûrna, Káma, Kolla, Shrî-
shaila, Káncî, Mahendra.
125 These are the great domains ;
126 And effective of all attainment ;
127 Also ineffective [ or to be worshipped ].
128 On the Vindhya dwells perpetually Durgá,
and Bhadrakâlî ;
129 On Kumára Kumára dwells perpetually ;
130 On Sahya Ganapati ;
131 On Raivataka the Teacher ;
132 On Mahendra Garuda ;
133 On Páriyátra Kshetrapála.
134 In the Land of Action, wich is Bhárata, the
gods are many times as numerous as the men.
135 Gods, Demons, Yakshas, Rákshasas, Bhûtas,
Pretas, Vináyakas, Kûshmándas, those with distorted
features :
136 What they carry and their dress are deter-
minate :
137 Friendly or Terrifying, Yoginîs and Nâgas;
they, assuming forms at will, consort in countless
numbers with mankind.
138 And by men they may be protected.
139 In that [Bhárata country] are ambrosial herbs.
122 Avimuktaka : Benares.
124 Oghghina : Ujjain ?
131 The Teacher : Brihaspati.
133 Kshetrapala : Shiva.

( 24 )
140 At this point the number of the ages, the
Kritâ, Treta, Dvâpara, and Tishya.
141 In the Krita [ the creatures are ] possessed of
knowledge ;
142 And versed in the administration of punish-
ment;
143 In the Tretâ they are active and skilled in
policy :
144 In the Dvâpara they are followers of
Tântrikas and of strong tastes;
145 And versed in policy :
146 In the Tishya quarter men are strong in
knowledge and action, and versed in the administration
of punishment :
147 After that they are of diverse rightfulness,
colour, and dress, and void of the administration of
punishment.
148 And the peoples behold, intent upon false
speaking. Thus says the Preceptor.
So in the Brihaspati Sûtra the third chapter.
140 The Mahabharata also names the Tishya as the
fourth age

IV ( Omens and Counsel )
1 At the Brâhma hour the rising from sleep.
2 Let him consider right and interest.
3 The cry of the cock is auspicious :
4 Also the sight of an elephant and so forth;
5 Also the sound of elephants, the chanting of
auspicious praises, and Veda-recitation ;
6 Also holy talk of divinities ;
7 Also recollection of nobles ;
8 Also eye-collyrium :
9 Also looking in a mirror.
10 Let him adorn [ himself ].
11 Also chewing of betel :
12 Also camphor, sandal, incense of agallochum:
13 Conchs, Kâhalas, horns, cut reeds, guitars,
harps, drums, kettle-drums :
14 And noises of trumpets ;
15 Also seeing of divine women :
16 Also the interrupted first note of the minst-
rel (?) :
17 Also the sound of the jâti melody ( or 'the cry
of birth' ) :
18 White flowers in liquid butter.
19 Fire satisfied with mantras becomes of one
hundred flames, and attended with smoke having the
sign of Vishnu.
20 Then the spectacle of oxen is inauspicious :

1 The Brahma muhurta is the early morning: see Weber
Indische Studien, x. p. 296, and Aitareya Brahmana II. 15.
4 The Greek writers mention the early morning salut-
ation of an Indian king by an elephant (Aelian, XIII. c. 22).
12 Or 'incense of camphor, sandal, and agallochum'.

( 26 )
21 Also the spectacle of vultures
22 Also a twilight blaze :
23 Also the cry of quarreling jackals,
24 Or the sound of carnivorous beasts is heard at
the gate of village or city.
25 Where also sweating of images of gods is per-
ceived, there departure to another place is the only
appeasement : there is no remedy.
26 Unavoidably to be observed are these acts.
27 Victory is rooted in counsel.
28 Men are of three kinds, best, worst and middle.
29 In counsel also [ is the same triplicity ].
30 That action is best which is undertaken in
company with connections, kinsmen, friends, the
learned, the thoughtful.
31 And, when right is doubtful, devotion to a
guru.
32 He is best who sets to after taking counsel
with men intent on advantage.
33 If, after thinking out good and bad results, he
sets to through being overcome by folly, he is the
worst.
34 That counsel is best which is taken unanimo-
usly, under the guidance of policy, by wise councillors.
35 Where, at first of divers opinions, they are
afterwards unanimous, that is the middle.
25 'Sweating of images' : Cf. Harsha-carita, trans , p. 147,
also Vergil's et maestum illacrimat templis ebur aeraque sudant
(Georg. I. 480), and Milton's
'And the chill marble seems to sweat
'While each peculiar power forgoes his wonted seat'.

( 27 )
36 Where there is broiling and reproach, one
being for right, one for interest, along with women,
children, and the aged, tears on the one part, anger on
the other, that is the worst.
37 First the measure is introduced by the master.
38 Then with voice, action, mind, salutation, and
rigid prostration let them in order of dignity be made
to salute the master.
39 Let him salute him whose food Vaishravana
or Vâcaspati when old refuses not to eat.
40 For the rest the opinion of each in order is to
be heard.
41 The measure is to be considered after placating
the master.
42 Having first extolled the master's strong points,
and then weighed his master's weak points, the weak
points of the adversary, and the weak points of the
netural, let him again lay stress upon the master's
strong points.
43 Having again described the measures and the
means, and having placated the master, he is to con-
sider the measure.
44 With careless, assailed, unfortunate persons
warlike enterprises do not succeed.
38 'Rigid prostration' : The word dandapranama
'prostration with the body straight as a stick' occurs in the
Dashakumara-carita : see the St. petersburg lexicon.
39 Vaisravana and Vacaspati are apparently named as
types of king and Brahman. Note the negative verb abhunjate.
42 Guna and dosha are here untechnical : cf. II. 1.

( 28 )
45 Against a not careless, right-knowing person,
a master of his senses, a conqueror, one angry against
the powerful, and hard to assail warlike enterprise is
not to be undertaken.
46 "One knowing the Shâstras, how does he not
understand measures?" so let him not say.
47 Those who conquer the strongest enemies,
pleasure and so forth, they conquer all foes.
48 Let him not make the first advance in render-
ing services :
49 Also let him certainly render service.
50 As regards an unavoidable disaster, having
discerned it in advance, let him provide remedy for the
disaster.
51 So says the Guru.
So in the Brihaspati Sûtra the Fourth Chapter.
46 I. e. let him not claim practical infallibility on the
ground of learning.

V ( Upâyas )
1 Four means.
2 Also three :
3 Also pretended oversight and slaying.
4 In dealing with the bold conciliation ;
5 With the timid conciliation and division ;
6 With the greedy conciliation, largesse, and
division ;
7 With the vexatious conciliation, division, larg-
esse, pretended oversight, and slaying.
8 Conciliation is to be set to work first :
9 The purpose of the mind and also the friendly
action of the voice.
10 Relatives are pleased at the misfortune of
relatives.
11 Relatives, in their secret hearts malignant,take
advantage of a relative.
12 Among all dangers the danger of relatives is
to be dreaded.
13 In cows milk and in a Brâhman anger [ are
certain ] ;
14 In women fickleness, in kinsmen remoteness ;
friendship is like a drop of water upon a leaf.
15 The friendly speech of elders, also inspired by
Shâstras, whoso heed not, are inspired by destiny : them,
therefore, let him carefully avoiding dwell afar.
16 What is at variance with convention let him
not practise.
I The four upayas are, of course, war, dissensin,
conciliation, and bribery.

( 30 )
17 Kinsmen, crocodiles among the lotuses of sec-
rets of mantras and sciences; not to act without good
omens; and disasters (?).
18 It must be told with avoidance of the bad : though
possessed of knowledge, he is like a snake in the house.
19 An adherent from the enemy's side one should
not trust.
20 According to merit let him entertain (people)
in his service.
21 Let him test by their sentiments.
22 A hero is not quickly known by the weak :
intelligence let him promptly test in an unknown matter.
23 He may be known by his gestures :
24 A composed person not.
25 One whose mind is without apprehension is calm.
26 And without anger : for even children and so
forth conceal that.
27 Upon learning the fall of his family a wise
man under these circumstances would have recourse
even to an enemy's side, if possessed of wisdom.
28 Unfailingly in the heart the [ effects of ] for-
mer good and evil arise ; [ so ] the bad man would not
on all occasions act as such.
29 The fickle are not to be highly honoured.
30 So says the Preceptor Brihaspati.
So in the Brihaspati Sūtra the Fifth Chapter.

17 The text is here corrupt, some proverbial expression
apparently being involved. The import seems to be that counsel,
study, and secrets, also misfortunes, should not be incautiously
spoken of.
19 Accusative after vi-shvas, as in I. 38.
22 Reading viro' sharaih sahasa na jnayate.
26 ‘Conceal’: vi-vri may, it appears, sometimes have this sense.
27 Reading nayayuktam. The meaning is, however, not clear.

VI ( Naya )
1 He should get to know the action suitable to
place and time, also policy and impolicy :
2 Not what is contrary to Veda, manliness, and pride.
3 Let him observe friendly acts.
4 Policy is carried out after examination by cou-
ncillors.
5 Let him examine what is to be done or not to
be done in conjunction with councillors living by their
intellect.
6 Whoso can design even an unwelcome measure,
he is to be employed in counsel.
7 Let him acquier wealth.
8 Whoso has store of wealth, has friends and
righteousness and knowledge and merit and prowess
and intelligence.
9 By one without riches riches cannot be acqui-
red, as an elephant by one without elephant.
10 In riches is rooted the world.
11 And therein are all things.
12 A man without riches is a dead man and a
Candâla.
13 Likewise let him acquire knowledge, the root
of righteousness.
14 In knowledge is rooted the world.
15 Knowledge again is all.
16 So says the Guru.
So in the Brihaspati Sûtra the Sixth Chapter.
6 Reading api karyam in place of vikaram. The sense
would seem to be that one who would employ his intelligence in
measures which he personally disliked would be a trustworthy
councillor.
F. W. THOMAS.

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