ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त (ब्रह्मगुप्त - शून्य, कुट्टक, बीजगणित एवं सम्पूर्ण २१ अध्याय सान्वय सटीक)

FIGURE OF EARTH 15
owners devoted themselves to other branches of astronomy.
Though Europe owes a debt of gratitude to the Arabs for keeping
alive the flame of science for many centuries and for taking
observations, some of which are still of value, it cannot be
denied that they left astronomy pretty much as they found it.
They determined several important constants anew, but they
did not make a single improvement in the planetary theories.
It will therefore be sufficient to enumerate the improvements
attempted and the opinions held by Arabian astronomers with-
out keeping strictly to the chronological order, although we are
here dealing with a period of about six hundred years and men
belonging to very different nations, who had little in common
except their religion and the language in which they wrote.
Figure of Earth
Turning first to the question of the figure of the Earth, we
find a remarkable contrast between Europe and Asia. In the
world under Islam there was an entire absence of that hostility
to science which distinguished Europe during the first half of
the Middle Ages. Though we learn from Kazwini's Cosmo-
graphy¹ that some of the earlier Arabs believed the Earth to be
shaped like a shield or a drum, still there is no record of any
Arabian having been persecuted for asserting that the Earth is
a sphere capable of being inhabited all over. Whether this was
in consequence of the warriors of the Caliphs having carried
their arms to the centre of France on one side and to the borders
of China on the other while their merchants travelled south-
ward to Mazambique and northward to the centre of Asia, is
another question : anyhow, the fact of the Earth being a sphere
of very small dimensions in comparison to the size of the uni-
verse was accepted without opposition by every Arabian scholar,
and the very first scientific work undertaken after the rise of
astronomy among them was a determination of the size of the
Earth. It was carried out by order of the Caliph Al Mamun
in the plain of Palmyra. According to the account given by
Ibn Junis, the length of a degree was measured by two observers
between Wamia and Tadmor and by two others in another loca-
lity, we are not told where. The first measure gave a degree

1. Zakarija Ben Muhammed Ben Mahmūd El Kazwini's Kosmographie, deutsch
   von H. Ethe, Leipzig, 1868, p. 295.