ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्त (ब्रह्मगुप्त - शून्य, कुट्टक, बीजगणित एवं सम्पूर्ण २१ अध्याय सान्वय सटीक)

DIVISIONS OF ĀRYABHAṬĪYAM 65
day should begin from the month Caitra, Śukla Pratipadā (the
first day of the brighter half of the month Caitra) (11); man-
docca (apex of slowest motion) and śīghrocca (apex of fastest
motion) (17—24).
(iv) The Gola Pāda with 50 verses. In Verse 1, there is
a reference to a point in the Sun's path, the commencement of
meṣa (meṣādi); this must have been vasanta-equinox. The ascen-
ding nodes (pāta) of planets and the shadow of the Earth move
on the path of the Sun (arka-apamaṇḍala) (2-3); the angular
difference in relation to the Sun at the appearance of Moon (12
degree or aṁśa), of the Venus (9 degrees or 9 vināḍika); of the
Jupiter (2 more than the Venus, i.e. 11 vināḍikas); the Mercury
or Budha (13 vināḍikas), of the Saturn or Śani (15 vināḍikas);
and of Mars or kuja (17 vināḍikas).
The half of the Earth, Moon, planets and stars is dark, since
those parts happen to be under their own shadow; the other
half is bright as it faces the Sun (this is not true with respect
to stars—author) (5). The Earth is surrounded with an atmos-
phere of air and water (6, 7). In the Brahma-Divasa (Brahma's
day), the sphere of the Earth is increased by one yojana and
decreased by this amount during the Brahmā's night (8). Just
as a person sitting on a moving boat sees the stationary trees
etc. on the bank of a river moving in the opposite direction,
similarly the stationary stars are seen moving from Laṅkā (or
equator) moving towards the West(9). On account of pravahavāyu
(air) the nakṣatra system and planets rise and set receding towards
the West (10). The dimensions of Sumeru Parvata (North pole)
is given to be one yojana, and it shines like a jewel (11) and in
the next verse is given the position of Sumeru and the Bāḍa-
vamukha (South pole) (12). The four cities situated at a diffe-
rence of 90° each on the equator are given (13). The distance of
Ujjayinī from Laṅkā (thus giving the latitude of Ujjayinī) is
given (14).
On account of the thickness of the Earth-sphere, the
Khagola (celestial sphere) is seen less than the hemisphere (15).
The next verse describes how moving appears the Khagola on
the North and South poles (16). Then is given the measure of day
and night of devas (gods), pitar (fathers), asura (demons) and
manuja (men) (17). Then are given a few technical definitions