मृगपक्षी-शास्त्र (हंसदेव - १३वीं शती का अमर भारतीय वन्यजीव, पक्षी एवं प्राणि-विज्ञान)

ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE
SANSKRIT TEXT OF
Mriga-Pakshi-Sastra.
OR
Science of Animals and Birds
(ZOOLOGY IN INDIA)
BY
Hamsadeva, A Jain Author
OF
13th century A. D.
TRANSLATED BY M. SUNDARACHARYA
AND
PUBLISHED BY. V. KRISHNASWAMY.
KALAHASTI.
Printed by the Manager, P. N. Press.
1927. A. D.
[All Rights Reserved.]

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Note.
IN the 13th Century A.D. Zoology or the Science of animals
and birds, was first composed so extensively, in India by the famous
Jain Poet, Hamsadeva in Sanskrit Language comprising nearly 1700
Slokas in Anushtup metre. Before this, this kind of work could never
be found in India as far as I have seen, save “Varahamihira” in which
such, description given, is not so extensively as this, but very briefly
in respect of all animate objects, as well,a few of the inan'mate objects--
Mountains and the like— I think, it is not out of place and exagge-
ration if I am permitted to say-that a few authors of the Western
Countries—Messrs A.D. Imms, M.A., D. Sc., and Alexander Macalis-
ter, M.D., and others, have fully described the natural qualities etc.,
fo Lions and a few other animals; but, none of them have given age
limit of animals and birds. It is, therefore, very gratifying to say that
Hamsadeva has given age limit to all animals and birds even to hen
and other smaller birds. It is also complimentary to note with un-
bounded joy that this Zoology is an asset to India—in which country
this work and myself are born—nay, it is a gem to be adorned by the
other parts of the world. The opportunity given to the said Jain
Poet for writing this Science is very well described in pages 1 and 2
of this work.
The original work was about to disappear from this world; when
Pandit Sreeman Vijayaraghavachariar (Epigraphist,) who has the
broad mindedness to see its translation and original text published
broad-cast in India and other parts of the world, saved it from its
death and supplied copies of the original text (in manuscript) to
His Highness The Maharaja of Travancore for the use of the State
Museum and to Dr. Caseywood of McGill University of Montreal city

(in N. America.) The said Panditjee has also taken much pains for im-
bibing the sprit or essence of the original work into the mind of its
translator who has to the best of his ability, followed the original work
to produce this. My thanks are chiefly due to the said' Panditjee and
also to the translator Mr. M. Surdarachariar and the publisher
Mr. V. Krishnaswamy.
I have no doubt, that MAHARAJAS, RAJAS, NOBLES,
NAWABS, PROFESSORS, Students and others who admire descrip-
tions of the beauties of nature and qualities of animals and birds,
will not go without patting the said PanditJee and encouraging by
purchaising copies of this work. I believe and also hope that readers
will be so generous as not to mind the gramatical mistakes, style and
other drawbacks in publishing this book and care only for its essence,
as Swan takes milk alone from a mixture of water and milk.
T. SRINIVASARAGHAVACHARLU
$\left.{r}BEZWADA,
10th December 1927\right}$ Editor of the late weekly Telugu journal "Swaraj", Author of Telugu Dramas and compiler to the Andhra-Prasakshara-Nighantuvu. (Dictionary.)

PREFACE.
IT is a great asset to the Oriental Scholars at large and
Professors of Zoology in particular in bringing out the Mriga-Pakshi-
Sastra in Manuscript for the first time by well-known Pandit
V. Vijayaraghavacharya Epigraphist, and published, later on by
Mr V. Krishaswamy. There was an opportunity to bring out the same
MSS. and to publish with an English or German translation by the
profound Scholar Dr.Otto Scherader, Ph.D.formerly Director, Adyar
Library, Madras, and now, Professor of Sanskrit in the University of
Keil, Germany, if the Great War of 1914 would not have occured and
even if he would not have interned at Ahamednagar in India, at
that time. It is a good thing for having secured only one copy of
Hamsadeva's work of 13th Century A.D., and for having published the
text in Devanagari Script as it is and also been translated into English
in the same style of the author, in simple Language, by Mr. M. Sun-
daracharya even without refering to the modern books written by the
Western Naturalists or Indian authors. This is one of the earliest
work ever published in Sanskrit in the subject of Zoology.
I hope, this may be widly read by the Students and Scholars,
since it is found very useful and may be adorned for all public Libraries
In India, Europe, America, and other modern cultural lands in the
Universe.
Religious' Camp,
TULSI GHAT, } T. V. LAKSHMI NRISIMHACHARYA.
Benares, U. P. /

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TABLE NO 1.
This table shows the three qualities of Satwa, Rajas and Tamas
excepting the first, which is seen only in the human beings and the
latter two gunas are the chief characteristic features of all animals
and birds.
SANSKRIT. ENGLISH.
Satwa-guna = The qualities of excellance or goodness.
Rajo-guna = The qualities of much passion and pride.
Tamo-guna = The qualities of mental darkness.
I (a) The following animals and birds have *Rajasa-Uttama quality
[Superior in II class]
1 Lions 11 Sarari birds
2 Elephants. 12 Chataka birds
3 Horses 13 Garuda birds
4 Bulls 14 Parrots
5 Cows 15 Cuckoos
6 Swan 16 Peacocks
7 Ruddy-geese 17 Pigeons
8 Sarasa birds 18 Blue-jays
9 Balaka birds 19 Chataka birds and
10 Chakora birds 20 Karetu birds

• For variety, colour, time of full passion, delivery time, temper,
  main food, utmost age etc., see the statistical table annexed at the
  end of this book.

(b) The following animals and birds have Rajasa-Madhyama quality.
[Middle in II Class]
1 Tigers 3 Deer and
2 Goats 4 Hawks
(c) The following animals and birds have Rajasa-Adhama quality.
[Inferior in II class]
1 Hyenas 3 Rhinoceroses and
2 Bears 4 Buffaloes
II (a) The following animals and birds have Thamasa-Uttama quality.
[Superior in III Class]
1 Camels 4 Cocks
2 Wolves 5 Wagtails and
3 Dogs 6 Sky-larks
(b) The following animals and birds have Tamasa Madhyama quality.
[Middle in III Class.]
1 Eagles 6 Tittiri birds
2 Cranes 7 Kukkubha birds
Owls 8 Lava birds
4 Kausika birds 9 Koyashti birds and
5 Plava birds 10 Harita birds
(c) The following animals and birds have Tamasa-Adhama quality.
[Inferior in III Class]
1 Asses 6 Rats
2 Boars 7 Hares
3 Monkeys 8 Crows
4 Jackals 9 Heron and
5 Cats 10 Darwaghata birds.
— ii —

TABLE NO. 2.
This table shows the utmost age of Animals and Birds men-
tioned in this Zoology.
Name. Utmost age in general accor- ding to this work.
Elephants 100 years
Rhinoceroses 22 years
Camels 30 years
Horses 25 years
Lions, Buffaloes, Bulls and Cows 20 years
Tigers 16 years
Hyenas and Bears 14 years
Asses 12 years
Boars, Monkeys, Jackals, Wolves, }
Dogs, Garuda birds and Hawks. } 10 years
Goats, Dear and Sabaries 9 years
Eagles 8 years
Swan 7 years
Peacocks and Ruddy geese 6 years
Cats, (Indian) Cranes, Crows, Owls, }
Kausika birds, Parrots and Cuckoos } 5 years
Cranes 4 years
Pigeons and Bluejays 3 years
Cocks, Sparrows, Karetu birds, Heron, } 2½ years
Wagtails, Plava and 5 other birds }
Rats and Hares 1½ years
— iii —

TABLE NO 3
This table shows the main temper and nature of all Animals
and Birds according to this Zoology.
A. The following animals and birds have cruel and hot temper.
1 Lions 4 Rhinoceroses
2 Boars 5 Wolves and
3 Tigers 6 Monkeys
B. The following Animals and Birds have bad and mean temper.
1 Hyenas 4 Hares
2 Boars 5 Jackals and
3 Rats 6 Cats
C. The following Animals and Birds have dull nature.
1 Asses 7 Kausika birds
2 Eagles 8 Cocks
3 Hawks 9 Sparrows
4 Cranes 10 Karetu birds
5 Crows 11 Heron and
6 Owls 12 Darwaghata birds
D. The following Animals and Birds have calm temper.
1 Elephants 12 Ruddy-geese
2 Hores 13 Cranes
3 Camels 14 Garuda birds
4 Buffaloes 15 Parrots
5 Bulls 16 Cuckoos
6 Cows 17 Peacocks
7 Goats 18 Pigeons
8 Deer 19 Blue-jays
9 Sabaries 20 Wagtails
10 Dogs 21 Plava and
11 Swan 22 5 other birds
— iv —

TABEL NO. 4
This table contains chiefly Sanskrit proper names of all animals
and birds with the varieties of their group, described in this book.
Name . Kind. Page.
A
Acchhabhalla 2nd variety of Bears 13
Aja 1st variety of Goats 46
Anadwan 5th variety of Bulls 42
Arvan 4th variety of Horses 26
Asva 2nd variety of Horses 25
Akhu 2nd variety of Rats 69
Akhubhuk 4th variety of Cats 67
Ati 2nd variety of Sarari birds 88
Atayi 3rd variety of Eagles 95
Atinaghosha 6th variety of Crows 101
B
Baka 2nd variety of Cranes 97
Balaka 1st variety of Balaka birds 86
Balipushta 3rd variety of Crows 99
Balivarda 2nd variety of Bulls 41
Barhi 2nd variety of Peacocks 113
Bidala 1st variety of Cats 66
Brihatchakora 2nd variety of Chakora birds 87
Bhadra-gaja 6th variety of Elephante 19
Bharadwaja 2nd variety of Skylarks 129
Bhalluka 3rd variety of Bears 13
Bhujangabhuk 4th variety of Peacocks 114
Bhudara 7th variety of Boars 36
Bhringa 2nd variety of Kalinga birds 130
— v —

C
Chakora 1st variety of Chakora birds 87
Chakra 2nd variety of Ruddy-geese 83
Chakranga 2nd variety of Swan 79
Charanāyudha 4th variety of Cocks 121
Chataka 1st variety of Chataka birds 89
Chataka 1st variety of Sparrows 123
Chamara 1st variety of Sabaries 56
Chasha 1st variety of Blue-jays 118
Chhaga 2nd variety of Goats 47
Chilla 4th variety of Eagles 95
Chirajivin 9th variety of Crows 102
China 3rd variety of Sabaries 57
Chuchunduru 4th variety of Rats 70
D
Dantavala 2nd variety of Elephants 17
Danti 1st variety of Elephants 17
Dānshtri 6th variety of Boars 35
Daseraka 3rd variety of Camels 30
Dakshayya 2nd variety of Eagels 94
Darvaghata 1st variety of Darvaghata birds 126
Dronakaka 11th variety of Crows 103
Divabhita 3rd variety of Kausika birds 107
Dwirada 4th variety of Elephants 18
Dweepi 2nd variety of Tigers 8
Dhenu 2nd variety of Cows 45
Dhumyata 3rd variety of Kalinga birds 130
Dhwanksha 5th variety of Crows 100
E
Edaka 5th variety of Goats 48
Ena 13th variety of Deer 54

G
Gaja 5th variety of Elephants 18
Gandaka 1st variety of Rhinoceroses 15
Gardabha 1st variety of Asses 31
Gandharva 6th variety of Horses 27
Gandharva . 1st variety of Musk Deer 55
Garuda 1st variety of Garuda birds 91
Gavaya 5th variety of Musk deer 56
Gradhra 1st variety of Eagles 94
Gokarna 12th variety of Deer 51
Gauh 1st variety of Cows 45
Gramyamriga 6th variety of Dogs 75
Ghuka 2nd variety of Kausika birds 106
Ghotaka 3rd variety of Horses 25
Ghrishti 2nd variety of Wild Boars 36
H
Hava 7th variety of Horses , 27
Hari 6th variety of Lions 6
Haryaksha 4th variety of Lions 5
Hasti 3rd variety of Elephants 18
Harina 4th variety of Deer 51
Hansa 1st variety of Swan 78
Harita A kind of bird 133
I.
Ibha 12th variety of Elephants 22
Ihamriga 3rd variety of Wolves 73
J
Jambuka 5th variety of Jackals 64
— vii —

K
Kandali 2nd variety of Sabaries 57
Kapi 1st variety of Monkeys 58
Kapota 3rd variety of Pigeons 118
Karkaretu 2nd variety of Karetu-Birds 124
Karetu 1st variety of Karetu-Birds 124
Karata 2nd variety of Crows 99
Kalavinka 1st variety of Kalinga-Birds 129
Kalarava 2nd variety of Pigeons 117
Kalahamsa 7th variety of Swan 81
Kalinga 2nd variety of Sparrows 128
Kahwa 1st variety of Kahwa-Birds 97
Kaka 1st variety of crows 99
Kadamba 6th variety of Swan 81
Kasara 4th variety of Buffaloes 39
Kakola 12th variety of crows 103
Kikidivi 2nd variety of Blue-Jays 119
Kiti 5th variety of Boars 35
Keera 2nd variety of Parrots 109
Keesa 7th variety of Monkeys 61
Kukkuta 3rd variety of cocks 121
Kukkubha A kind of Bird 132
Kuncha 2nd variety of Kahwa-Birds 97
Kukkura 2nd variety of Dogs 74
Kuranga 2nd variety of Deer 50
Kurantaka 2nd variety of Heron-Birds 146
Krakavaku 1st variety of Cocks 120
Krishnasara 6th variety of Deer 51
— viii —

Kramelaka 2nd variety of camels 29
Keki 6th variety of Peacocks 115
Kesari 5th variety of Lions 5
Koka 2nd variety of Wolves 72
Koka 1st variety of Ruddy-Geese 83
Kokila 3rd variety of cuckoos 111
Koshtra 4th variety of Jackals 64
Koyashti A kind of Bird 132
Kola 3rd variety of Boar 34
Kausika 1st variety of Kausika-Birds 106
Krauncha 1st variety of cranes 96
Khanjarita 1st variety of Wagtails 128
Khanjana 2nd variety of Wagtails 128
Khadga 2nd variety of Rhinoceroses 15
Khara 2nd variety of Assess 32
L
Lava A kind of Bird 132
Lulaya 2nd variety of Buffaloes 38
Lohapristha 1st variety of Heron-Birds 125
M
Markata 5th variety of Monkeys 60
Matangaja 10th variety of Elephants 21
Mandagaja 7th variety of Elephants 20
Mayura 1st variety of Peacocks 113
Mallikaksha 5th variety of Swan 81
Mahanga 4th variety of camels 30
Mahisha 1st variety of Buffaloes 38
Mahoksha 6th variety of Bulls 43

Marjala 2nd variety of cats 66
Manasavasi 3rd variety of Swan 79
Mushake 3rd variety of Rats 69
Medaka 5th variety of cats (civet cats) 67
Mesha 3rd variety of goats 47
Mriga 1st variety of Deer 50
Mrigada 2nd variety of Hyenas 11
Mrigagaja 8th variety of Elephants 20
Mrigendra 2nd variety of Lions 4
Mrigadhurta 2nd variety of Jackals 63
Mrigadamsaka 4th variety of Dogs (Hounds) 74
Maukali 10th variety of crows 102
N
Nisatana 4th variety of Kausika Birds 107
Nilakantha 3rd variety of Peacobks 114
Nynku 8th variety of Deer 52
O
Otuh 3rd variety of Cats 67
P
Panchasya 3rd variety of Lions 5
Pannagari 3rd variety of Garuda-Birds 92
Padmi 11th variety of Elephants 22
Parabhrit 7th variety of crows 101
Parabhrit 2nd variety of cuckoos 111
Paravata 1st variety of Pigeons 117
Pika 4th variety of cuckoos 112
Priyaka 4th variety of Sabaries 57
Pushkara 1st variety of Sarasa Birds 85
— x —

Pechaka 3rd variety of Owls 105
Pheru 6th variety of Jackals 64
Potri 4th variety of Boars 35
Plava A kind of Bird 131
Plavanga 2nd variety of Monkeys 59
R
Riksha 1st variety of Bears 12
Rishabha 3rd variety of Bulls 42
Ranku 10th variety of Deer 53
Rathanga 3rd variety of Ruddy-Geese 84
Rajahamsa 4th variety of Swan 80
Rama 3rd variety ot Musk deer 55
Rasabha 3rd variety of Asses 32
Ruru 7th variety of Deer 52
Rohitaksha 11th variety of Deer 53
S.
Satapatra 2nd variety of Darwaghata-Birds 126
Sambara 9th variety of Deer 53
Sarabha 2nd variety of Musk deer 55
Salya 3rd variety of Wild-Boars 37
Sasa The Hares 70
Sasada 2nd variety of Syena-Birds 93
Sakhamriga 3rd variety of Monkeys 59
Sardula 1st variety of Tigers 8
Sarika 3rd variety of Parrots 109
Swanah 1st variety of Dogs 73
Swavit 1st variety of Wild Boars 36
— xi —

V
Vanchaka 3rd variety of Jackals 63
Vanapriya 1st variety of cuckoos 110
Vanauka 8th variety of Monkeys 61
Varaha 1st variety of Boars 34
Valimukha 4th variety of Monkeys 59
Vaha 5th variety of Horses 26
Vatamriga 5th variety of Deer 51
Vatayu 3rd variety of Deer 50
Vanara 6th variety of Monkeys 60
Vayasa 8th variety of crows 102
Vayasadwit 2nd variety of Owls 105
Vahadwit 3rd variety of Buffaloes 39
Vainateya 2nd variety of Garuda-Birds 91
Vrika 1st variety of Wolves 72
Vrisha 4th variety of Bulls 42
Vrishni 4th variety of goats 48
Vyaghra 3rd variety of Tigers 9
Vyaghrata 1st variety of Sky-larks 128
— xiii —

TABLE NO. 5
This alphabetical table contains chiefly English proper
names of all animals and birds described in this Zoology.
Name Group Pages
A
Asses 9th group 31—33
B
Balaka-Birds 24th group 86—87
Bears 4th group 11—14
Blue-jays 31st group 118—119
Boars 10th group 33—37
Buffaloes 11th group 37—40
Bullocks 12th group 40—44
C
Camels 8th group 28—30
Cats 19th group 65—68
Cows 13th group 44—46
Cranes (Indian) 24th group 85
Cranes 26th group 96—97
Crows 27th group 98—104
Cocks 32nd group 119—121
Cuckoos 29th group 110—112
Chataka-birds 24th group 89—90
Chakora-birds 24th group 87—88
D
Darvaghata-birds 34th group 125—127
Deer 15th group 49—56
Dogs 21st group 73—76
—xiv —

E
Eagles 26th group 93—96
Elephants 6th group 16—23
G
Garuda birds 25th group 90—92
Geese 26th group 97
Goats 14th group 46—48
H
Hares 20th group 70
Harita birds 36th group 133
Heron 34th group 125—126
Horses 7th group 24—28
Hawks 25th group 92—93
Hyenas 3rd group 10—11
J
Jackals 18th group 62—65
K
Kalinga birds 35th group 129—130
Karetu birds 33rd group 124
Karkaretu birds 33rd group 124
Kukkubha birds 36th group 132
Koyashti birds 36th group 132
Kausika birds 28th group 106—107
L
Lava birds 36th group 132
Lions 1st group 3—7
Leopards 3rd group 11
M
Monkeys 17th group 58—62
— xv —