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Maharana
Sāngā.

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/n
1920
vS
4/-
Digitized by the Internet Archive
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http://www.archive.org/details/maharanasangahin00sardrich

Maharana Sāngā.

To.
Vincent A. Smith, Esquire,
M.A., I.C.S. &c.
116 Banbury Road,
Oxford,
With Har Bilas Sarda's
compliments.
Ajmer, India,
27 May 1918.

Maharana Sāngā,
The Hindupat
The Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race.
BY
HAR BILAS SARDA, F.R.S.L.,
Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Fellow
of the Royal Statistical Society of London; Fellow of the Statistical
Society of Boston, United States, America, &c.; and Author of
Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive; Maharana Kumbha,
and Other Works.
AJMER:
Scottish Mission Industries Company, Limited,
1918.
(All Rights Reserved).

DS461
.9
S4S3
Frontispiece.
Kindly supplied by Rao Bahadur Pandit Sukhdeva Prasada,
C.I.E., K.H., Prime Minister, Mewar.
Carpentier

Dedicated
to
L. W. Reynolds, Esquire,
C.I.E., M.C., I.C.S.,
Commissioner, Ajmer-Merwara.
446883

CONTENTS.
PAGE.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ... ... ... ... ... ... v
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS... ... ... ... ... vi
FOREWORD ... ... ... ... ... ... ... vii
MAHARANA SĀNGĀ ... ... ... ... ... ... 1
MAHARANA RAI MAL ... ... ... ... ... ... 4
SĀNGĀ AND HIS BROTHERS ... ... ... ... ... 12
KANWAR PRITHVIRAJ ... ... ... ... ... ... 20
EARLY YEARS OF SĀNGĀ’S REIGN ... ... ... ... 45
WAR WITH SULTAN IBRAHIM LODI ... ... ... ... 56
CAPTURE OF MALWA AND SULTAN MAHMUD KHILJI II... 63
INVASION AND CONQUEST OF GUJARĀT ... ... ... 78
GUJARĀT PRINCES TAKE SHELTER WITH THE MAHARANA ... 89
BĀBUR ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 98
SĀNGĀ AND BĀBUR ... ... ... ... ... ... 118
WAR WITH BĀBUR : BATTLE OF KHĀNUĀ ... ... ... 126
“ LAST DAYS OF SĀNGĀ ” ... ... ... ... ... 153
INDEX ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 159

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Colonel James Tod's Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan,
Volumes I and II.
W. Erskine's Memoirs of Bābur.
Bhavanagar Inscriptions by Peter Peterson (English and
Sanskrit).
Epigraphia Indica (Sanskrit and English).
W. Erskine's History of India, Volumes I and II.
Major Luard's Bibliography of Literature dealing with the
Central India Agency, &c.
Sir E. C. Bayley's History of Gujarāt (Local Muhammadan
Dynasties, Gujarāt).
M. Elphinstone's History of India.
A. K. Forbes' Rās Mālā.
J. Brigg's Tarikhi Ferishta.
C. Mabel Duff's Chronology of India.
Sir H. Elliot's History of India (Muhammadan Period).
Stanley Lane Poole's Bābur.
Tabqati Akbari by Nizamuddin Ahmad (Persian).
Maharana Yash Prakash by T. Bhur Singh of Malsisar
(Hindi).
Chaturkula Charitra by T. Chatur Singh of Rupāheli,
Mewar (Hindi).
Mirati Sikandari (Persian).
Muntakbabul Tawarikh by Badāuni (Persian).
Rai Mal Rāsā (a Sanskrit Manuscript).
Barwa Devidan's Geneological Record (Hindi Manuscript).
Mehta Nanisi's Chronicles (Marwadi Manuscript).
R. B. P. Gauri Shanker Ojha's History of Sirohi (Hindi).
Kaviraj Shyamaldas' Vir Vinod (a most valuable History of
Mewar in Hindi).
Tarīkh-i-Salatīn-i-Afghana (Persian).
Tarīkh-i-Daudi (Persian).
Marwar Khyāt (Hindi Manuscript).

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 1.—Bābur is generally written Babar. Mr. Vincent
Smith in his admirable work, “Akbar, the Great Mogul,” p. 9,
gives the correct spelling as Bābur.
Pages 4 and 31.—For Gujrat read Gujarāt.
Pages 50, 56, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67.—For Sikander read Sikandar.
Page 62, footnote.—For prefidiously read perfidiously.
Page 67, line 9.—For Bhojat read Bohjat.
Pages 70, 71, 93 and 144.—For Gagrone read Gagroon.
Page 78, line 5.—For Husein read Husain.
Page 96, line 3.—For Mewar read Marwar.
Page 99, line 12.—For Sultan Mahmud Mirza read Sultan
Muhammad Mirza.
Pages 103, 109 and 110.—For Tambal read Tambol.
Page 109, line 15.—For Jehangir read Jahangir.
Pages 129, 137 and 145.—For Silhiddi read Silhidi.

FOREWORD.
MAHARANA SANGA, the Hindupat (Chief of the Hindus),
flourished at one of the most critical periods in Indian
history. Towards the end of the twelfth century A.D.,
the Afghans usurped supreme power in Upper India
and Hindu supremacy came to an end. With the
rise, however, of Mewar and the rapid expansion of the
Rāthors in Western Rajputana, the Rajputs gathered
strength and the Afghan power gradually declined,
and the political horizon of India showed unmistake-
able signs that the time was not distant when the
Rajputs would recover their lost supremacy in the
country. At this juncture, Sāngā appeared on the scene
to lead them to their patrimony. He was at once
recognised as the leader of the Hindus. His patriot-
ism and a high sense of duty, his generosity and
high-mindedness, his heroism and his position as the
head of the most powerful kingdom in Hindustan
marked him out as the person best fitted to hold the
exalted position to which he was called by universal
consent.
Sāngā was the last of the Indian sovereigns under
whom all the Rajput tribes combined to repel the foreign
invader. Though leaders arose in later times and heroes
performed deeds of unsurpassed valour, waged great
wars, and defied the might of the mightiest empire of
those times, yet never again did a Rajput arise who
commanded the willing homage of the entire Rajput
race and led the chivalry of Rajputana, composed of all

viii FOREWORD.
the various Rajput tribes, to contest the crown of
India with the invaders from Central Asia, whose
kindred had overrun the whole of Southern Europe.
The times in which Sāngā lived were no piping times
of peace or of peaceful development. They were
troublous times of strife and hostility, of perpetual
warfare, of heroic deeds and valourous feats, and
above all, of strenuous endeavours for the maintenance
of national life. Noble ideals inspired men to activity,
duty and achievement. High character was held in
greater esteem than cleverness or high position;
honour was prized above money or advancement.
Weakness, cowardice, servility were despised and
spurned. Courage, manliness, valour were demanded
by the times and were encouraged and appreciated.
Sturdy manhood was the order of the day. Men
like Prithviraj, Ajjaji, Chonda, Kanh Singh and Bida
Jaitmalot flourished and beautified life. A study of
those times and of the men that flourished in those
days will undoubtedly enrich life in the present and
help us to understand and appreciate the domestic,
social and political institutions and usages of the
country in the past.
This volume is the second of the series of the mono-
graphs on the great men of Rajputana who have made
their mark on the History of India.
H. B. Sarda.

CHAPTER I.
—————
Maharana Sāngā.
Maharana Sangram Singh, popularly
called Rana Sanga, was one of the
greatest of the Maharanas of Mewar.
It was during his reign that Mewar
reached the zenith of its power and pros-
perity. Sanga "was the kallas (pinnacle) of
Mewar's glory." He was the acknowledged
leader of the Hindu kings and chiefs of
Western India. He is styled Hindupat,
or the "Chief of the Hindus." Bābur,
the founder of the Turk power in India,
says in his Memoirs that Rana Sāngā was
the most powerful sovereign in Hindustan
when he invaded it, and that "he attained
his present high eminence by his own
valour and sword."¹ Eighty thousand horse,
7 Rajas of the highest rank, 9 Raos and
¹ Erskine's Memoirs of Bābur, page 312.
1

Maharana Sāngā.
104 chieftains bearing the titles of Rawal
and Rawat, with 500 war elephants, followed
him into the field. The princes of Marwar
and Amber (Jodhpur and Jaipur) did him
homage, and the Raos of Gwalior, Ajmer,
Sikri, Raisen, Kalpi, Chanderi, Boondi,
Gagroon, Rampura and Abu served him as
tributaries or held of him in chief.”¹
Maharana Sāngā was a worthy grandson
of the celebrated Maharana Kumbha. He
not only fully upheld the great traditions
of the royal house of Mewar, as illustrated
by the work and achievements of Bappa,
Jaitra Singh, Hammir and Kumbha, but
added fresh lustre to them and carried them
to a pinnacle of greatness and glory never
associated with any Rajput family since the
passing of the Chauhān family of Ajmer.
Next to the immortal Pratap, he
is the most famous of the Maharanas
of Chitor. In personal heroism, chival-
rous character and greatness of soul,
he ranks as one of the greatest kings
who have ever ruled in India. His
¹ Tod’s Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol. I, p. 299.
2

Maharana Sāngā.
valour, high character and political fore-
sight, commensurate with the necessities
of the troublous times in which he was
born, raised him to the highest position
in Rajputana; and if he failed to drive
out of India the Turk invaders from the
North-west, bring the whole of Hindustan
"under one umbrella," and re-establish
Hindu supremacy in India, it was due not
to want of ability in him, but to the
deterioration of Hindu national character, to
the spirit of disunion and exclusiveness then,
as now, rampant in Hindu society.
3

CHAPTER II.
MAHARANA RAI MAL.
MAHARANA SĀNGĀ was the third son of
Maharana Rai Mal, whose father, Maharana
Kumbha, had humbled the pride of Malwa
and Gujrat, the two greatest monarchies of
the time in India, and raised Mewar to a
position of great power and prosperity.
Kumbha's assassination in A.D. 1468
by his son Udai Singh, known as Uda the
Hatiaro (parricide), gave a terrible shock
to the chieftains and people of Mewar which
reverberated throughout Rajputana. Though
the parricide ascended the throne at Kum-
bhalgarh, uneasy lay his head, and he lived in
constant fear of losing the throne. Not
meeting with support amongst his own
vassals in Mewar, he began to squander
the resources of the country to purchase the
4

Maharana Sāngā.
support of the neighbouring chiefs. He
gave Abu to the Deora chief of Sirohi to
win him to his side, and bribed Rao Jodha
of Marwar with the celebrated fortress of
Taragarh (Ajmer) to abstain from molesting
him. The deference thus shown by Uda to
the Deoras and the Rāthors, however, failed
to win their regard or support. Rao Jodha's
son Duda, who had established himself at
Merta in Baisakh of S. 1519 (A.D. 1462),
took possession of the prosperous town of
Sambhar, driving out the Maharana's gar-
rison from the place. The chiefs and the
people of Mewar declined to have such a
blood-stained monster as their king, and he
was driven from the throne¹ by the people
who recalled Udai Singh's younger brother
Rai Mal from Idar, ² and by common
¹ The following couplet is current in Mewar :—
उदा बाप न मारजे * लिखियो लाभे राज ।
देश बसायो रायमल * सया न एको काज ॥
Uda, you should not have killed your father.
Sovereignty comes if it is one's destiny. Rai Mal
populated the country; you gained absolutely nothing.
² Rai Mal, since his banishment by his father
Maharana Kumbha, had been living with his father-
in-law, the Raja of Idar.
5

Maharana Sāngā.
consent crowned him as Maharana of Mewar
in A.D. 1473 at Chitor.
Uda, with his two sons, Suraj Mal and
Sahas Mal, wandered about the country for
a while, but found no support anywhere.
At last he betook himself to the
hereditary enemy of his family, the Khilji
Sultan of Mandu, for help to regain the
throne of Mewar, and went so far as to agree
to give his daughter in marriage to the
Sultan. Sultan Ghiyasuddin promised assist-
ance, but the gods decreed otherwise.
Just as Udai Singh was leaving the
Sultan’s palace to return to his residence
Indra’s bolt smote him, and the parricide
lay lifeless on the ground.¹ The Sultan,
however, started with a large army to assist
Suraj Mal and Sahas Mal to the throne of
Mewar and arrived near Chitor. Rai Mal
issued from the fort and attacked the Sultan,
who, being utterly defeated, fled to Mandu.
He felt the disgrace of the defeat
¹ Mehta Nainsi, however, says that he resided for a
time at Sojat, where he married the daughter of Prince
Bagha, the son of Rao Suja of Marwar and eventually
went away to Bikaner, where he died.
6